The document discusses transportation networks in Europe and retail trade. It provides details on: 1) The Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) which aims to ensure cohesion, interconnection and interoperability of transport networks across the EU, including roads, railways, inland waterways, ports and airports. 2) Changes in retail since the 1980s with the rise of large retail stores like supermarkets and shopping centers offering self-service and a variety of goods, competing with traditional small shops. 3) International trade patterns between more developed countries that import raw materials and export manufactured goods, and less developed countries that engage less in global trade and mainly import manufactured items.

4. WHO DELIVERS
THEM?
FUNCTION
DEGREE OF
SPECIALISATION
PRIVATE PUBLIC
LOW-SKILLED
SKILLED
HIGHLY-
SKILLED

5. STRATEGIC SECTOR
DEFENSE
TERRITORIAL
INTEGRATION
ECONOMY
CULTURAL
IMPORTANCE

10. Transport network: transport routes create different networks across geographic space.
These are formed up by nodes -points of departure and arrival- and pathways –lines that
link the nodes together.

12. TEN T SCHEME
European Union
The TEN-T programme consists of
hundreds of projects – defined as
studies or works – whose
ultimate purpose is to ensure the
cohesion, interconnection and
interoperability of the trans-
European transport network, as
well as access to it. TEN-T
projects, which are located in
every EU Member State, include
all modes of transport

13. EUROPEAN MAIN
ROAD NETWORK

14. EUROPEAN HIGH-
SPEED TRAIN
NETWORK

15. EUROPEAN MAIN
INLAND
WATERWAYS AND
PORTS NETWORK

16. EUROPEAN MAIN
PORTS

17. EUROPEAN MAIN
AIRPORTS

18. US ROUTES

27. Tourism in % of GDP

33. Since the 1980s ‘Commercial revolution’:
SUPPLY
DEMAND
TYPE OF SALE
TECHNOLOGIES
- Increasing diversification
- Globalisation increase of foreign
trade.
- Increase of purchasing power  Increase of demand.
- Mode diversity: age, gender, background, etc.
- Shopping  Leisure activity.
- Change of retail spaces
- Adoption of self-service and
large retail stores.
- Retail equipment: card payment
terminals, barcode readers, computers,
etc.
- Purchasing: vending machines, Internet,
etc.
- Payment methods: payment cards,
Internet applications, etc.).

34. Retail: it sells directly to consumers
from a range of establishments.
Domestic trade  Trade undertaken within a country’s borders.
Wholesale: it involves buying large
quantities of merchandise directly
from manufacturers and then selling
them to other traders or businesses.

35. TRADITIONAL
BUSINESS
- Specialised shops, grocery shops, municipal markets,
street markets, etc.
- Small-scale operation.
- Limited rotation of products.
- Personalised service.

36. LARGE RETAIL
STORES
- Different typologies.
- Large-scale operations.
- Great variety of products.
- Self-service basis
Supermarkets: food and cleaning
products, mostly, at low prices.
Superstores: greater variety than
supermarkets, and they also include
household appliances, textiles, etc.

37. Shopping parks: a number of shopping centres
grouped into one place and organised into
independent areas.
Department stores: large range of product
types organised into different departments
Shopping centres: combining a superstore and a
large variety of shops and leisure facilities such as
cinema and restaurants

38. URBAN CENTRE
Traditional retail  Now,
competition from large retail
stores.
PERIPHERY
Site for large area retail stores.

39. Foreign trade is undertaken between countries, involving the purchase (import) or the sale (export) of goods.

41. • Majority of the world’s goods (50 %) and services (75 %).
• Main exports: manufactured goods and technology.
• Main imports: import of energy and raw materials.
• The increase of offshored industries means that the number of imported goods rises every year.

42. • Greater role in the world’s economy.
• Main imports: semi-finished and finished goods and technology.
• Main exports: finished products.
• With less-developed areas, they import raw materials and energy and
they export manufactured products and low-cost technology products.

43. Economies by size of merchandise trade, 2016 (WTO)
Russia
Underdeveloped Latin
American countries
Oceania
Lesser participation in global
trade.
Imports: manufactured
goods.
Exports: energy and food
production.
Sub-Saharan Africa 
Marginal region due to
poverty.