The document discusses various chemical and electro-chemical based machining processes. It describes the principles and processes of chemical machining, electro-chemical machining (ECM), electro-chemical grinding (ECG), and electro-chemical honing (ECH). ECM involves removing metal from a workpiece through controlled chemical dissolution using an electrolyte solution, with the workpiece as the anode. ECG combines 90% chemical dissolution with 10% conventional grinding, allowing for high-precision machining of hard materials. ECH similarly combines electro-chemical attack with honing to internally grind with less pressure and tool wear.
Unit 4 ADVANCED NANO FINISHING PROCESSESShanmathyAR2
Abrasive flow machining, chemo-mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto
rheological finishing, magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing their working principles, equipments,
effect of process parameters, applications, advantages and limitations.
UNIT 3 CHEMICAL AND ELECTRO-CHEMICAL ENERGY BASED PROCESSES.pptxDineshKumar4165
Chemical machining and Electro-Chemical machining (CHM and ECM)- Etchants – Maskant - techniques of applying maskants - Process Parameters – Surface finish and MRR-Applications. Principles of ECM- equipments-Surface Roughness and MRR - Electrical circuit-Process Parameters- ECG and ECH - Applications.
Non-traditional manufacturing processes is defined as a group of processes that remove excess material by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy or combinations of these energies
Unit 4 ADVANCED NANO FINISHING PROCESSESShanmathyAR2
Abrasive flow machining, chemo-mechanical polishing, magnetic abrasive finishing, magneto
rheological finishing, magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing their working principles, equipments,
effect of process parameters, applications, advantages and limitations.
UNIT 3 CHEMICAL AND ELECTRO-CHEMICAL ENERGY BASED PROCESSES.pptxDineshKumar4165
Chemical machining and Electro-Chemical machining (CHM and ECM)- Etchants – Maskant - techniques of applying maskants - Process Parameters – Surface finish and MRR-Applications. Principles of ECM- equipments-Surface Roughness and MRR - Electrical circuit-Process Parameters- ECG and ECH - Applications.
Non-traditional manufacturing processes is defined as a group of processes that remove excess material by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy or combinations of these energies
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. INTRODUCTION
• The metal is removed from the work piece
through controlled etching or chemical attack
of the work piece material in contact with a
chemical solution
3. CHEMICAL MACHINING
In this method , the metal is removed by ion
displacement of the work piece material in
contact with a chemical solution
8. CLEANING
• Trichloroethylene vapour
Or
• Solution of mild alkaline at 85 – 90 degree
celcius
The above solutions are used to remove oil and dust
from the work piece
10. Dipping in Chemical solution
• Caustic soda - for Aluminium
• Hydrochloric acid and nitric acid – for steel
• Iron chloride – for stainless steel
The metal is removed by the chemical conversion of
metal into metallic salt
Dipping time will varies from amount of material to
removed from work piece
11. Stirring & Heating
For obtain uniform depth of metal removal ,
temperature control and stirring of chemical
reagent is important
12. washing
• To prevent further reaction after require
shape obtained, the metal is cleaned properly
18. Photo resists
Maskants
• For close tolerance and
dimensional accuracy
needed places
• Paint spray type work is
done for preparing
master copy
• The master drawing is
photographed and it
reduced to the size of
the finished part
19. Photo resists
Maskants
• Then the material is
placed over the work
piece.
• And it exposed to UV
light to harden
• Then its dipped in
organic solution for
maskanting.
• Finally it dipped in
chemical solution for
machining
22. Principle
Faraday,s Law of Electrolysis
FIRST LAW
Amount of metal deposited directly
proportional to quantity of electricity
SECOND
LAW
Amount of Change in metal is directly
proportional to its electrochemical
equivalent of the material
23. Basic electroplating concept
• So work piece Negative terminal (Cathode)
• Things to be coated is connected to positive Terminal
(Anode)
24. ECM – REVERSE OF
ELECTROPLATING
Our objective is - Metal should be removed
from the work piece
So work piece positive terminal (Anode)
Tool is connected to Negative Terminal (Cathode)
When current is passed , the work piece loses metal
and the dissolved metal is carried out by circulating
an electrolyte between them
25. .
TOOL
- Titanium , stainless steel,
brass and copper
ELECTROLYTE
-Sodium Nitrate
SERVO MOTOR
- To Control Tool Feed
Rate
Tool and Work piece
Gap 0.05 – 0.5mm
26. Electrochemical Machining (ECM)
• Reverse of electroplating
• Work material must be a conductor
• Material removal by anodic dissolution
• Electrical energy + chemical energy
Voltage 5-30 volts
Tool Velocity 30 – 60 m/s
Current 20 -300A/cm2
27. During process -------
• Due to applied voltage, the current flows through
the electrolyte with positively charged ions and
negatively charged ions.
• The positive ions move towards the tool (Cathode)
while negative ions move towards work piece (Anode)
So , Electro-chemical Reaction takes place due to this flow.
29. PRINCIPLE
Machining operation by the combined
action of Electro-chemical effect and
conventional grinding operation
90 % - Metal removed by chemical Action
10 % -Metal removed by Grinding Action
32. PROCESS PARAMETERS
1. Current Density
100 – 200 A / cm2
The MRR increases with the Increase of Current
Density – which results high Surface Finish
33. PROCESS PARAMETERS
2. Electrolyte
Sodium Nitrate
Sodium Chloride
Potassium Nitrate
The MRR increases with the correct composition
of electrolyte with water – which results high
Surface Finish
Maintained at a Temperature
of 15 – 30 Degree Celcius
34. PROCESS PARAMETERS
3. Feed Rate
Slow feed Poor Surface Finish
High feed Excess Tool Wear –
Poor Surface Finish
Optimum feed Good Surface Finish
35. ADVANTAGES OF ECG
1. Life of the grinding wheel is high (because 90% material
removed by chemical process)
2. No heat is produced in the process so the work surfaces
are free from cracks.
3. Less cutting force only required
4. Good surface finish is obtained.
5. Work material not subjected to any structural changes
6. Burr free and stress free components are made.
7. No Frequent dressing of grinding wheel required.
36. DIS -ADVANTAGES OF ECG
1. High initial cost
2. Power consumption is high
3. MRR is lower than conventional method
4. Non – conducting material cannot be machined.
5. Need safety things for acid usage in process.
6. Maintenance cost is high
37. Applications of ECG
Its best suited for
1. precision grinding on hard materials
2. Cutting of hard material with thin sections
without any damage
39. MRR is 10 times faster than conventional internal
Grinding
Less tool Wear
Less Pressure is required between Honing tool and
work piece
Burr Free and Stress free Components are produced
Tolerance 0.012mm
40. Work Piece + Ve Terminal (Anode)
Tool -Ve Terminal (Cathode)
Gap = 0.075 to 0.125 mm
Electrolyte Supply = 112 lit /min
Voltage = 25 V
