Modems are devices that modulate analog carrier signals to encode digital data for transmission and demodulate carrier signals to decode received digital data. There are different types of modems including external modems connected via cable and internal modems installed as expansion cards. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technologies like Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) and Symmetric DSL (SDSL) provide broadband internet over standard copper telephone lines using frequency separation techniques. While ADSL provides asymmetric bandwidth, SDSL offers symmetric speeds but requires a four-wire connection. Variants include Very High Bitrate DSL (VDSL) for short copper connections and High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL).
This slide describe the data communication and model, including transmission media (Guided, Unguided) and communication types. This slides also describe different topologies
CND_22634_UNIT1_MSBTE_Computer network and Data CommunicationPranoti Doke
1.1 Data communication and its
characteristics
1.2 Components of data communication Transmitter, Receiver, Medium, Message, Protocol. Standards, Standard organizations. Basic block diagram of data communication system
1.3 Data Transmission: Serial, Parallel Synchronous, Asynchronous, Isochronous transmission
1.4 Transmission characteristics: Signaling rate, data rate, bit rate, baud rate
1.5 feed of computer networks, Network criteria, advantages of networking
1.6 Network topologies: Mesh, Star, Bus, Tree, Ring and Hybrid topologies - Schematic diagram, working, ad viint‹i disadvantages and applications
1.7 Network Classification:
Based on Transmission Technology
Point to-point, Multipoint, Broadcast
Based on physical size(scale):
PAN, BAN, LAN, MAN, WAN,VPN
based on Architecture: Peer to Peer, client Server, off a esC ent Se er over Peer-to-Peer Model.
This slide describe the data communication and model, including transmission media (Guided, Unguided) and communication types. This slides also describe different topologies
CND_22634_UNIT1_MSBTE_Computer network and Data CommunicationPranoti Doke
1.1 Data communication and its
characteristics
1.2 Components of data communication Transmitter, Receiver, Medium, Message, Protocol. Standards, Standard organizations. Basic block diagram of data communication system
1.3 Data Transmission: Serial, Parallel Synchronous, Asynchronous, Isochronous transmission
1.4 Transmission characteristics: Signaling rate, data rate, bit rate, baud rate
1.5 feed of computer networks, Network criteria, advantages of networking
1.6 Network topologies: Mesh, Star, Bus, Tree, Ring and Hybrid topologies - Schematic diagram, working, ad viint‹i disadvantages and applications
1.7 Network Classification:
Based on Transmission Technology
Point to-point, Multipoint, Broadcast
Based on physical size(scale):
PAN, BAN, LAN, MAN, WAN,VPN
based on Architecture: Peer to Peer, client Server, off a esC ent Se er over Peer-to-Peer Model.
Academic course on Computer Network Chapter -1 for BCA, Tribhuwan University
** Applicable for other courses as well
Includes the Basic of Computer Network, Topologies, Types of Network
Data communication : entails electronically exchanging data or information. It is the movement of computer information from one point to another by means of electrical or optical transmission system. This system often is called data communication networks.
Presentation on DATA COMMUNICATION by Cj SubhamSubham Mojumdar
Data Communication Topic for 5th semester ETC branch.
SKDAV Govt. Polytechnic, Rourkela
CONTENTS:-
(i) Introduction
(ii) Basic Parts of Data Communication
(iii)Data Transmission Types
(iv)Types of Serial Data Transmission
(v)Data Transmission Modes
(vi)Bibliography
(vii)Conclusion
Academic course on Computer Network Chapter -1 for BCA, Tribhuwan University
** Applicable for other courses as well
Includes the Basic of Computer Network, Topologies, Types of Network
Data communication : entails electronically exchanging data or information. It is the movement of computer information from one point to another by means of electrical or optical transmission system. This system often is called data communication networks.
Presentation on DATA COMMUNICATION by Cj SubhamSubham Mojumdar
Data Communication Topic for 5th semester ETC branch.
SKDAV Govt. Polytechnic, Rourkela
CONTENTS:-
(i) Introduction
(ii) Basic Parts of Data Communication
(iii)Data Transmission Types
(iv)Types of Serial Data Transmission
(v)Data Transmission Modes
(vi)Bibliography
(vii)Conclusion
Various types of dsl broadband internet connectionsAJAL A J
Stands for "Digital Subscriber Line." DSL is a communications medium used to transfer digital signals over standard telephone lines. Along with cable Internet, DSL is one of the most popular ways ISPs provide broadband Internet access.
When you make a telephone call using a landline, the voice signal is transmitted using low frequencies from 0 Hz to 4 kHz. This range, called the "voiceband," only uses a small part of the frequency range supported by copper phone lines. Therefore, DSL makes use of the higher frequencies to transmit digital signals, in the range of 25 kHz to 1.5 MHz. While these frequencies are higher than the highest audible frequency (20 kHz), then can still cause interference during phone conversations. Therefore, DSL filters or splitters are used to make
DSL - Digital Subscriber Line is a technical term that is used in many ways to describe a fixed fee of hybrid technical services packaged and delivered via your ISP, telecommunications provider for both commercial businesses and residential homes.
Broad band theologies are now available all over the word. Because of the technological development is giving more opportunities to improve communication development such as xDSL technologies. Implementation of Digital Subscriber Line technology originally was part of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) specification and it was published by published in 1984 CCITT and ITU.xDSL represents individual varieties of DSL technology such as ADSL,VDSL,RADSL…. etc.
C programming_MSBTE_Diploma_Pranoti DokePranoti Doke
"1.1 Structure of ‘C’program, Assembler, Linker, Compiler, Interpreter.
1.2 ‘C’character set-keywords, identifiers, types of constants (Integer, single character, string, and real) variables, scope of variables, concept of ASCII.
1.3 Data types: integer- unsigned, signed, long, float- float, double, character char, string, octal, hexadecimal
1.4 Algorithm and flow chart.
1.5 Formatted input and output statements. Input and output function.
1.6 Operators and expressions:
a. Operators in ‘C’- arithmetic, logical, assignment, relational, increment and decrement, conditional, bit wise, special operators
b. Expressions
c. Precedence and associatively."
"2.1 Decision making if statement (if, if-else, nested if-else), switch –case statement.
2.2 Repetition in ‘C’ (loop control
statement) while, do-while and for loop, break and continue statement, nested loops
"
"3.1 Introduction to Array and its types
3.2 Declaration, initialization of array,
accessing elements of an array, adding,
deleting, sorting & searching.
3.3 Introduction to string Initializing,
declaring and display of string
3.4 String handling functions from standard library (strlen (), strcpy (), strcat (), strcmp(), strlwr(),strupr()):
"
"4.1 Concept and need of functions
4.2 Library functions: Math functions,
String handling functions, other
miscellaneous functions.
4.3 Writing User defined functions, scope of variables.
4.4 Parameter passing: call by value, call by reference.
4.5 Recursive functions
"
"5.1 Concept of pointer and pointer variables, initialization of pointer, call-by reference.
5.2 Pointer arithmetic.
5.3 Handling arrays using pointers
5.4 Handling functions using pointers
"
"6.1 Introduction and Features and Syntax of structure
6.2 Declaration and Initialization of
Structures
6.3 Initializing, assessing structure members using pointers
6.4 Type def, Enumerated Data Type,
using structures in C Program
6.5 Operations on structure."
2.1 TCP/lP protocol suite with define protocols in respective Layers: Physical layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Application Layer
2.2 Addressing in TCP/IP: Physical, logical, Port and specific
2.3 The ISO-OSI model: Physical layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. Modems
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates
an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also
demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted
information.
The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily
and decoded to reproduce the original digital data.
Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog
signals, from light emitting diodes to radio.
3. Modems
Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can
send in a given unit of time, usually expressed in bits per
second (bit/s, or bps).
The most familiar example is a voice band modem that turns
the digital data of a personal computer into modulated
electrical signals in the voice frequency range of a telephone
channel.
These signals can be transmitted over telephone lines and
demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover
the digital data.
5. Types of Modems
External Modem: This is a modem separated from the system
unit in the computer case. It is connected to the serial port of
the computer by means of a cable. It is connected to the
telephone wall jack by another cable.
Internal Modem: An internal modem is a circuit board (a
modem card) that can be added to the system unit of the
computer. It takes one of the expansion slots.
6. Types of Modems
Standard Modems: Most modems used today are called
standard modems. These modems are usually operated by
commands entered from a microcomputer keyboard.
Intelligent Modems: Intelligent modems are also called
advanced modems. These modems can accept new instructions
and then respond to the commands while transmitting data
and information.
7. Broadband, DSL, ADSL and SDSL
‘Broadband’, ‘DSL’, ‘SDSL’, ‘ADSL’, ‘HDSL’ and ‘VDSL’ are all
types of line connection to a public telecommunications
network for high speed internet access.
The term ‘broadband’ is generally applied to any type of high
speed internet access line. Thus all types of ‘DSL’, ‘ADSL’ and
‘ADSL2+’ lines are also ‘broadband connections’. ‘Broadband’
might also be used to describe high speed Internet access via
Cable TV network (in this case not using ‘DSL’ technology).
8. DSL: Digital Subscriber Line
‘DSL’ stands for ‘Digital Subscriber Line’. The term is a
general term applied to a variety of different technologies used
to achieve ‘broadband’ or high speed digital transmission over
2-wire or 4-wire ‘standard copper’ public telephone network
access lines – usually for the purpose of high speed Internet
connection. All DSL technology can be subdivided into one of
two types:
SDSL (symmetric digital subscriber line) and
ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line)
9. The prime difference between ‘SDSL’ and ‘ADSL’ is the speed
of transmission in the ‘downstream’ direction (the direction
from the network towards the user) – relative to the speed
of transmission in the ‘upstream’ direction (the direction
from the user towards the network). In SDSL the
transmission rate in downstream and upstream directions is
the same (i.e. symmetric). In ADSL, the downstream rate of
transmission is greater than the upstream bitrate (i.e.
asymmetric). The commonest form of DSL is ADSL.
DSL: Digital Subscriber Line, ADSL, SDSL
11. ‘SDSL’ (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
‘SDSL’ stands for ‘symmetric digital subscriber line’. An SDSL
line provides for transport of digital data simultaneously in
both directions across the line – the same bitrate being
available in both directions (thus ‘symmetric’). SDSL
connections typically allow transmission of up to 6 Mbit/s in
both directions, but usually require a 4-wire connection
(equivalent to two standard telephone lines).
12. SDSL service is typically more expensive than ADSL and is
usually provided by telephone companies as a ‘business
service’ – either as a private ‘lease line’ connection between two
different company locations or as a high speed Internet access
line at a site which sends as much data to the Internet as it
receives (e.g. the company’s web server is located at the site: so
a high volume of data is sent upstream to the network.
Meanwhile, Internet ‘surfing’ activity of company employees at
the site demand that a high downstream data rate is also
available – so that Internet pages appear quickly).
‘SDSL’ (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
14. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
In ADSL (‘asymmetric digital subscriber line’ - the most common
form of DSL), the total available capacity of the high speed digital
subscriber line is split asymmetrically between downstream and
upstream directions of transmission – there is a much higher bitrate
made available for downstream transmission – at the expense of the
upstream transmission rate. The advantage of this is that information
transferred downstream (e.g. delivery of webpages, software
downloads etc. out of the Internet to the user’s PC) can be delivered
much more quickly. Since little information is sent upstream by the
typical Internet surfer (e.g. only the odd ‘click’ message or short
email), the asymmetry of ADSL benefits the user.
15. ADSL is a particular type of DSL: indeed ADSL is often referred to
simply as ‘DSL’, since ADSL is the commonest form of DSL. (Note:
All ADSL lines are ‘DSL’ lines – and many ADSL services are simply
marketed as ‘DSL’. E.g. T-DSL, Deutsche Telekom’s German version
of DSL is actually an ADSL service. But remember that not all DSL is
ADSL). ADSL is a technology used to provide a digital highspeed
internet access line over a ‘normal 2-wire telephone line’. Over an
established telephone or IDSN (digital telephone) line, the public
telephone company uses ADSL technology to provide the high speed
ADSL internet access line sharing the same 2-wire connection to the
public network.
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
16. The fact that the ADSL line can share the same 2-wire connection
as the user’s (analogue) telephone or ISDN (integrated services
digital network) telephone line is important, since it affects the
equipment which must be provided for the ADSL service (DSL
splitter/filter and DSL modem) and the economics (price to the
user).
When ADSL is operated on a 2-wire analogue telephone (standard
telephone) or ISDN line (e.g. BRI or ISDN2), the telephone service
operates normally in the ‘baseband’ of the connection. The high
speed data connection provided by ADSL uses only the high
frequency signal transmission capabilities of the connection.
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
18. To keep the the telephone/ISDN
and ADSL services apart, high
frequency filters or splitters are
used at both ends of the user’s
connection. At the customer’s
premises, the splitting device is
called simply a DSL splitter or
DSL filter. This may take a
number of different forms, but
is generally a small device:
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
19. DSL: Digital Subscriber Line, ADSL, SDSL
upstream and downstream
flows: the difference between
ADSL and SDSL
20. Other types of DSL: HDSL, VDSL
As well as SDSL and ADSL, a number of other DSL abbreviations
and ‘types of DSL’ have been invented over time. These include:
HDSL, XDSL, VDSL. In reality, these are all variants of the basic
SDSL and ADSL types of DSL or simply alternative terminology:
HDSL (High Speed Digital Subscriber Line) is a particular type
of SDSL – usually providing 2 Mbit/s transmission in both
downstream and upstream directions
21. VDSL (Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line) is able to
operate at very high speed (e.g. up to 50 Mbit/s) over copper
cable – but only over short distances. Typically VDSL is used in
‘hybrid’ networks, comprising short copper cable connections
from VDSL customer premises to locally placed street cabinets
and then by means of glass fiber to the network operator’s
exchange building site (this type of hybrid network is
sometimes referred to as ‘fiber-to-the-curb’ (FTTC)).
Other types of DSL: HDSL, VDSL