The document discusses different types of market structures and investments. It describes the four main types of market structures - perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly - based on factors like the number of producers, product similarity, and barriers to entry. It also outlines different investment options like bonds, CDs, stocks, and mutual funds, noting their characteristics, risks, and potential returns. The stock market and different stock types are explained. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of market structures and common investment vehicles.

1. Business Organization, Market Structure & Investment Unit 3

2. Market Structure Market Structure – the organization of a market that is based upon the degree of competition among businesses 4 Market Structures Perfect (Pure) Competition Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Monopoly

3. Characteristics of Market Structure Number of Producers Markets with more businesses will be more competitive Similarity of Products Similar products create more competition Ease of Entry Markets that are easy to get into are more competitive Control over Prices Ability to influence price gives a company more market power

4. - A market where a large number of firms produce essentially the same product Characteristics Many producers & consumers Identical Products Easy entry into the market No control over prices (price takers) #1 Perfect Competition

5. IMPORTANT – *If these competitors can make you buy into their “brand”, they can raise their prices within a narrow range* #2 Monopolistic Competition Characteristics Many producers Differentiated Products Could be real or “perceived differences” Use nonprice competition Few barriers to entry Some control over prices - A market where a large number of firms produce goods that are similar but varied

6. REVIEW Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competitive Oligopolies Monopolies

7. **IMPORTANT – Each firm has the ability to cause a change in output, sales, & prices of entire industry!!** #3 Oligopoly - A market where a few firms produce similar or identical products Characteristics Few Producers Similar Products (minor variations) High barriers to entry Some control over prices Independent Behavior Price Leadership/War Collusion

8. #4 Monopoly Characteristics One producer Unique Product High barriers to entry Substantial control over prices (price setters) - A market where there is a single producer of a product that has no close substitutes Do we have monopolies in the U.S.?

9. Resource Monopoly Exist when a single producer owns or controls a key natural resource Government-created Monopoly Exist when the government grants a single firm or individual the exclusive right to provide a good/service Ex. Patents & copyrights, public franchises, and licenses Natural Monopoly Exist when a single firm can supply a good or service more efficiently and at a lower cost than two or more firms could. Governments see these as beneficial! Geographic Monopoly Occurs when a town is too small to support two or more of the same business Types of Monopolies

10. REVIEW Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competitive Oligopolies Monopolies

11. INVESTMENT 1. What can you invest in? Which are the best/worst? 2. What investments do you have? Your parents? 3. What are the risks and rewards of investing?

12. People invest to make money off of their savings! Investment allows businesses to expand! All of this leads to ECONOMIC GROWTH People invest their money in financial securities (also called investment options or financial assets) Financial Securities - Investments that give their holders some form of return, or profit Importance of Investment

13. Risk vs. Return Relationship Risk – situation in which the outcome is not certain, but probabilities can be estimated = the higher the risk (of losses rather than gains), then the higher the possible returns Other Considerations Investor objectives What to know before investing!

14. What are my investment options? Some of the major investment options are Bonds CDs Stocks Mutual Funds

15. Bonds – certificate issued in exchange for borrowed money plus interest Characteristics: Interest (coupon) – borrower promises to pay this on top of repayment (cost of borrowing!) Maturity – the life of the bond (“stated period of time”) Principal – amount of borrowed money (original amount is repaid at maturity) Investment Option #1: Bonds

16. Example: Offer: 6%, 20 year, $1,000 bond w/ interest semi-annually (.06 x 1,000) / 2 = 30 Earnings on Bond: Interest Payment is $30, twice a year, for 20 years = $1200 Get back initial investment = $1000 You get back: $2200 How do we calculate the worth of a bond?

17. Most corporate bonds are rated on the financial health of the issuer, the ability to make future interest and principal payments, and the issuer’s past credit history. Bond ratings , ranging from D (lowest) to AAA (highest), indicate the quality of the bond. AAA to BBB are usually higher quality bonds while Junk Bonds (like BB to D) are the riskiest! Which bonds are best??? = Bond Ratings

18. U.S. Government Bonds (Saving Bonds & T-Notes, T-Bills, & T-Bonds) Issued by the Federal Government when it needs money All of these investments are the safest & most attractive because have no risk of default These bonds usually have low interest rates = low returns Municipal Bonds Issued by state and local governments and are regarded as a safe, tax-exempt investment. Corporate Bonds Issued by corporations and are usually used for long-term investment This is a riskier bond to invest in = businesses go bankrupt! Types of Bonds

19. Investment Option #2: CDs Certificates of Deposit (CDs) These are loans (savings deposits) that you make to financial institutions (banks!) You choose the length of maturity, and usually receive a good interest rate for your CD (a higher rate than a normal savings account) Payment at Maturity = Original Amount + Interest

20. Investment Option #3: Stocks What are they? Stocks represent shares of ownership in a corporation Who issues stock? Corporations Why issue stock? To raise funds to help out the business How do investors make money by buying stocks? Two ways of making money 1. Capital gains – buy low, sell high (stock value appreciates) 2. Dividends - payments of corporate profits to its stockholders

21. Investment Option #4: Mutual Funds A mutual fund is just a SPECIAL stock A mutual fund company pools the money of investors in order to buy stocks, bonds, or other investments in a variety of OTHER COMPANIES Advantages of Mutual Funds Your holdings become more diverse Your money is more safe because losses in the value of one stock can be made up by gains in the value of another stock

22. LIFE Capital Market: money is loaned for more than one year Money Market : loans of less than a year ABILITY TO BE RESOLD Primary Market: nontransferable investments Secondary Markets: transferable investments Characteristics of Securities

23. Wait…don’t corporations already raise money by issuing bonds? Yes, you’re right! Corporations use both bonds & stocks to raise money. But here are some differences between the two: Stocks represent ownership - Bonds represent debt Stocks don’t have a fixed return rate – Bonds have a fixed return rate Stocks do not have a maturity date – Bonds do have a maturity date

24. The Stock Market

25. 1. What type of stock represents ownership in a corporation? 2. Which type of stock gives its owner voting rights in the corporation? Two Types of Stocks: What are the major differences between common stock and preferred stock???

26. Stock Market Terms Who are stockholders/shareholders ? People who have invested in a corporation by purchasing stocks Who are stockbrokers ? Buying & selling middle man that helps to conduct securities transactions

27. Stock Exchange – places where buyers & sellers meet to trade stocks The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Physical Exchange located on Wall Street in NYC Oldest, largest, most prestigious Stock Exchange lists the shares of more than 3,000 large companies, and has 1,400 seats or memberships with access to the trading floor.

28. Other Stock Exchanges Global Stock Exchanges Include exchanges throughout the world (major cities) Regional Stock Exchanges Focused around major cities Usually smaller corporations or new ones Ex.’s: Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago

29. Other Stock Exchanges Majority of stocks are traded OVER-THE-COUNTER = electronic marketplace for securities that are not listed or traded on an organized exchange Virtual Exchanges – NASDAQ – largest American virtual exchange where trading is done through network of computers Lists stock prices for about 3,800 companies Many of these companies are high-tech

30. What determines a stock’s price? Investors perceptions of what a stock is worth influenced by: Company earnings Recent company news State of the U.S. and world economy Trends or World Events

32. How do we measure the performance of the entire market? Use a market index Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) Publishes the average closing price for 30 representative stocks Look at % change to see how market is doing Uses only stocks on NYSE Standard & Poor’s 500 (S&P 500) Stock performance index that uses price changes of 500 representative stocks as indicator of market performance Measures stocks from more than one stock exchange Nasdaq Composite Index Stock performance index that uses price changes of over 3,000 representative stocks from Nasdaq ONLY

33. BULL MARKET Market in which prices are rising BEAR MARKET Market in which prices are falling BULL MARKET VS. BEAR MARKET!!! What type of market do we have now? How do you know?

34. What is day trading? Buying and selling a particular stock in the same day!

35. What’s insider trading? Occurs when an insider (person who owns a large portion of company or is employed there) trades on NON-PUBLIC information This gives them an advantage over normal investors!!!

36. Investment Techniques Long positions (“going long”) Buying a security at a lower price with the expectation that it will increase in value over time and then you can sell for profit Short positions (“short sell”) act of selling stock that you don't own at a high price by borrowing it from a brokerage and then buying it back at a lower price in the future. The expectation is that the price of the stock falls and you can buy it back at a lower value, thus profiting! Options contracts that give investors the option to buy or sell securities at some point in the future at a price agreed upon today Call Option vs. Put Option Call option – right to buy in future Put – right to sell in future

37. Time Frame of Trading Spot Markets Market in which a transaction is made immediately at the prevailing price Futures Markets markets in which futures are bought & sold Futures: contracts to buy or sell at a specific date in the future, at a price specified today Options Markets Markets in which options are traded Options: contracts that give investors the option to buy or sell securities at some point in the future at a price agreed upon today Call Option vs. Put Option Call – buy in future Put – sell in future

38. Why is diversity important? Downfalls of Investing The Efficient Market Hypothesis states that it is not possible to “beat the market” regularly. “ Don’t put all of your eggs in one basket” Solution Instead of trying to beat the market, investors should diversify their portfolios by holding a large number of different stocks, bonds, assets, etc. or enlist the assistance of a stockbroker.