Unit 16 workbook part 1

UNIT 16: FILM
AND VIDEO
EDITING
TECHNIQUES
Author: Sally Pickford 2015
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Understandthe developmentandprinciplesof editing.
L3 BTEC Certificate
Creative MediaProduction[TV andFilm]

Unit 16: Film and Video Editing Techniques
Section 1: Understand the development and principles of editing.
Learning Objective 1: Understand the development and principles of
editing.
You must have an understanding of the following: in-camera editing; following
the action; multiple points of view; shot variation; manipulation of diegetic time
and space; film, video; analogue; digital
Research question 1: Can you name some of the pioneers of film making
in the late 19th
Century and early 20th
Century? Why were they
pioneers?
Early pioneers of film
making.
Why were they
considered film
pioneers?
Examples of their film
production with
images and
references.
Thomas Edison
[American inventor]
The Lumiere Bros
[French inventors]
R.W Paul [English
electrician]
Cecil Hepworth [British
film director]

Edwin Porter
[American producer and
director]
Georges Méliès
[French illusionist and
film maker]
D.W Griffith
[American Film Director]
Research question 2: Can you list some examples of early film
production? Include screen shots where necessary. Why are these good
examples?
Give early examples of
film production.
Discuss why these were good examples
and detail specific scenes/shots which
are interesting and demonstrate
pioneering developments.
Come Along, Do! (1898)
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=Sbje9K0KsBQ
The motion picture is just one long shot. this
is also the first use of the continuity
technique in film
A Trip to the Moon (1902)
atch?v=_FrdVdKlxUk
This was the first film to used jump cuts
because the creator of the movie, georges
melies was a French illusionist
The Great Train Robbery
(1903)
atch?v=BINBZE5XFR4
(Cross cutting method) this was pioneering
because the film was mostly filled with long
shots and used cross cutting as well
The Big Swallow (1901)
atch?v=WxcVzs88xRg
This was pioneering because it was the first
film to use the extreme close up
Stop Thief! (1901)
atch?v=0Kcc6eux9Qg
This was pioneering because it uses jump
cuts and was seamlessly edited
Tarzan of the Apes (1918)
atch?v=dFwhKVRpC8Q
Its uses a number of movie technique. Note:
it is the best movie creator of the novel
The Jazz Singer (1927)
atch?v=LkUKloVCzcM
(First ‘talkie’) this was the first film that had
sound eg talking in it
Blackmail (1929)
atch?v=C4UkbBUOOcg
This was pioneering because it was the first
successful British sound film.

Research Question 3: What would you say are some of the
characteristics of early film production? Think about the type of shots,
framing, pacing..
List the
characteristics of
early film production.
Why was this technique used? Provide
examples.
Framing
This is important because the audience is eye will always be
on the centre of the scene so framing the screen is import
so the audience is not looking at nothing
Lighting
Lighting is import because if you have a really dark scene
but you give it happy lighting than it will not work.
Shot times
In terms of camera distance with respect to the object
within the shot, there are basically 7 types of shots;
extreme close-up, close-up, medium close-up, medium
shot, medium long shot, long shot and extreme long shot
or distance shot
Movement
This technique is useful because the camera movement of
something is used in 6 different ways tilt, pan, zoom,
pedestal, dolly and truck
Analogue editing
Analogue editing was around before it all changed into
digital editing. Before computers were created they used
analogue editing which was all done by hand, nothing was
done by using software. You had a copy of the positive film
where all the footage went onto when it was filmed. They
then took the film and cut it in different parts using a
splicer and pasted it onto different pieces of film to create
the cutaways. With analogue editing it then had to be fed
through a machine, this shows how much the editing
techniques has changed over the years how now it can all
be done on a computer and no messing around is needed.
Research question 4: Modern Day Film Makers
An auteur is a filmmaker who has an individual style and has complete
control over all elements of production which gives a film its personal
and unique stamp. Using the stimulus table below discuss some of these
key modern day directors and their key films which demonstrate their
style.
Modern auteurs of
film making.
Why are they
considered auteurs?
Examples of their film
production with
images.
Alfred Hitchcock
often nicknamed "The
Master of Suspense", he

pioneered many elements
of the suspense and
psychological thriller genres.
After a successful career in
British cinema with both
silent films and early talkies,
renowned as England's best
director
Martin Scorsese
Part of the New Hollywood
wave of filmmaking, he is
widely regarded as one of
the most significant and
influential filmmakers in
cinema history. Scorsese's
body of work addresses
such themes as Sicilian-
American identity, Roman
Catholic concepts of guilt
and redemption,[7]
machismo, modern crime,
and gang conflict.
Quentin Tarantino
His films are characterized
by non-linear storylines,
satirical subject matter, and
an aestheticization of
violence, as well as features
of neo-noir film.
Stanley Kubrick
Kubrick is noted for his
attention to detail and
evocative use of music. A
demanding perfectionist, he
assumed control over most
aspects of the filmmaking
process, from direction and
writing to editing, and took
painstaking care with
researching his films and
staging scenes, working in
close coordination with his
actors and other
collaborators. Many times,
he eventually asked for
several dozen retakes of the
same scene in a movie
Steven Spielberg
In a career spanning more
than four decades,
Spielberg's films have

covered many themes and
genres. Spielberg's early
science-fiction and
adventure films were seen
as archetypes of modern
Hollywood blockbuster
filmmaking
Activity 5: Create a timeline of the development of editing. Use a site
such as Popplet or Padlet to present the development. Use images and
state why this was a key development in the editing process. Use the
following subheadings to gather your research:
Editing Development Why was this significant in the
development of editing and can you
think of examples of each? Look back at
your research above.
In-camera editing;
Eg. Hitchcock ‘Rope’. Think
about how he achieved this
and why?
Quite possibly one of the first things learned about
editing, whether in a class or on the job, is that
"good" editing is invisible. The classicalHollywood
style of editing doesn't call attention to itself,
because to do that would take the audience out of
the story space and shift their focus onto the
techniques used to make the film they're watching.
Of course, you could avoid all of the pitfalls of bad
editing by just -- not editing your footage (that's a
joke,) which is the illusion Alfred Hitchcock created
in his 1948 crime thriller Rope. How did ol' Hitch pull
it off? Vashi Nedomansky of Vashi Visuals shows us
how.Right of the bat, let's get something straight --
there is editing in Rope. Any movie filmed on 35mm
has cuts, because a 35mm magazine can only hold
10 minutes of footage. In fact, there are blatant
hard cuts that weren't even attempted to be
hidden, but the scarcity of edits, as well as the use
of handheld camerawork, are what make Rope so
important to cinema.
following the action; shot
variation;
Think about how as films
developed directors became
more creative with their shot
variation (multi camera
techniques) and how this adds
pace to the scene. Use
The fight scene in the 1999 film the matrix
uses this technique in this video here.
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=0o7WUnnDzIc

specific examples.
manipulation of diegetic
time and space; multiple
points of view;
Remember this is how an
editor creates a sense of time,
space and unfolding narrative
for the audience. Think about
why this is an important factor
in film making and identify
SPECIFIC examples and
techniques employed by
directors.
This is where, in a film, the editor changes the speed
of which the filmgoes to show the audience a long
period of time into a relatively short time. films use
this to skip through hours, days or even months. a
good example of this would be the new version of
‘the karate kid’ as through the time he learns to
train, it speeds up to make it last about 15 minutes,
when it would have lasted days or even weeks. As it
lets the audience know it’s been a long period of
time, it also allows the director and editor to add
more footage into the film as it’s shortened down
what would have been a long piece of film, showing
the days/weeks of training day by day a good
explain of this is the 2009 remake of the karate kid
film,
Early editing meant that
editors had to be very precise
when cutting the film.
Invention of the ‘splicer’ meant
that this sped up the editing
time.
(Video, Analogue and
Digital all tie in together so
because of this I will be
writing a paragraph to show
all 4 of the techniques)
Early film editing involved
splicing the film which is
analogue editing
(chronological order)
however with the
advantage of technical
advancement digital has
made it easier to edit.
Some met argue that
analogue editing is more
important than digital
editing.
video;
Video is an electronic medium
for the recording, copying and
broadcasting of moving visual
images. Early video tapes
could record up to one hour.
WE have since now moved on
to digital which is a cheaper
method of video production.
analogue;
Eg. Tape based editing. Editing
in linear fashion. Flatbed
editing, ‘Splicing’
Digital
Modern method of editing
using computers. Allows for
more creativity and special
effects. Final Cut, Avid etc.

Section 2: Purposes of Film and Video Editing
You must have an understanding of the following: storytelling, eg engaging the
viewer, development of drama, relationship to genre, creating motivation;
combining shots into sequences; creating pace.
Activity 1: Using appropriate terminology (use your editing convention
glossary) give examples of the techniques and the purpose of these techniques
in a range of media.
Media Techniques used Purpose of these
techniques
Film
We Need To Talk About
Kevin [Dir. Lynne
Ramsey, 2011]
Advert
John Lewis Christmas
advert 2014
Use Montage, emotions,
time laps and CGI
The use of montage is to
put a bunch of clips
together in order to
create emotion, this is a
Hollywood style
technique, this also
loops in time laps
Music promo video
Lady Gaga “Bad
Romance”/
Makes References,
continuity editing
It breaks the laws of
continuity edit to appal
to it target audi
TV Drama
The Missing [BBC1,
2014]
Uses Flashbacks, Non-
Liner Editing, Voice
Overs and
Unconventional Editing
Flashbacks are used as a
form of looking at the
backstory of characters
or the movie itself, A
explain of this is in the
kill bill movies they’re
also a explain of non-
liner. Unconventional
Editing is where it goes
against normal editing

Section 3: Conventions and Techniques
You must have an understanding of the following: seamless; continuity;
motivated; montage; jump-cutting; parallel editing; 180o rule; splicing;
transitions, eg cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; cutaways; point of view shot; shot-
reverse-shot; providing and withholding information; editing rhythm;
crosscutting; cutting to soundtrack
Activity 1: Create a glossary of key editing and camera terminology and
give examples of each. Remember to fully reference each film.
Technique Why would this
technique be used?
Give a detailed film example
and discuss the purpose of
this and the effect this has
on the audience.
Seamless Cuts between shots are
matched to action with
seamless editing. It makes
you watch something and
not even realise that it is
edited
The award winning film
birdman is a good explain of
the seamless editing
Continuity editing These are cuts that take
us seamlessly and
logically from one
sequence or scene to
another. This is an cut
that serves to move the
narrative along
An example of continuity editing is
in Alfred Hitchcock’s Rear Window
made in 1954
Motivated Cutting from one shot to
the nest for a reason
A motivated scene in the green
mile is when Michael Clarke
Duncan’s character gives tom
hanks character support and
reassuring.
Montage the process or technique
of selecting, editing, and
piecing together separate
sections of filmto form a
continuous whole.
The rocky series is famous for
it montages the most famous is
the original rocky montage and
then shorty followed by rocky
iv
Jump Cutting (in filmor television) an
abrupt transition from
one scene to another.
An number of jump cuts are in
the 1960’s theme, psycho
Parallel editing/cross
cut
Parallel editing is a
technique whereby
cutting occurs between
two or more related
The movie inception has a
cross cutting scene in which
one of the characters is fighting
in a hotel while the other is

actions occurring at the
same time in two
separate locations or
different points in time.
D. W. Griffith is often
cited for his use of this
technique.
being chased in a car by guys
on bikes
180 degree rule In film making, the 180-
degree rule is a basic
guideline regarding the
on-screen spatial
relationship between a
character and another
character or object within
a scene.
The first mission and multiple
cut scenes in gta v uses the
180 degree rule
Splicing To join (two pieces of
film, for example) at the
ends.
He is a image of a old splicing
machine used for original film
editing
Transitions eg.
Dissolve, fade, wipe
A technique used in post
production combining
scenes or shots
One of the best examples of
transitions used in a tv show is
breaking bad, he is a list by
watch mojo of some of it best
transitions.
watch?v=sm7bkc1REUI
Cutaways in filmand video, a
cutaway shot is the
interruption of a
continuously filmed
action by inserting a view
of something else. it is
usually, although not
always, followed by a cut
back to the first shot,
when the cutaway avoids
a jump cut.
Cutaways are used regularly as
a gag in the popular tv show,
family guy two great examples
of the first chicken
fighthttps://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=xrziHnudx3g and the
Italian teacher
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=IJ9bCzGXZQ0
Point of view shot A point of view shot (also
known as POV shot or a
subjective camera) is a
short filmscene that
shows what a character
(the subject) is looking at
(represented through the
camera).
The point of view technique is
used a lot in the telltales

games such as the walking
dead and game of thrones
game. He is asher, a character
in the game of thrones telltales
game that the player can
control
Shot reverse shot Shot reverse shot (or
shot/countershot) is a
film technique where one
character is shown
looking at another
character (often off-
screen), and then the
other character is shown
looking back at the first
character. Since the
characters are shown
facing in opposite
directions, the viewer
assumes that they are
looking at each other.
A prime exampleof thistechniqueisin
the dark knightrisesduringthe two
fightscene betweenbatmanandbane.
Anotherexplainof thisisinthe movie
the avengers2: age of ultron . he is the
firstfightbetweenbatmanandbane in
the dark knightriseswhere this
technique isused:
watch?v=yII39GDEGsI
Providing and
withholding
information
Providing and
Withholding information
is a technique used by
film makers to decide
when it is the right time
for the audience to find
things out. Providing
information to an
audience does not
necessarily mean that you
find out information the
same time as the
protagonists on the
screen.
For example, in the film The Sixth
Sense Dr Malcom Crowe believes he
is just living his normal life and
dealing with a young boy called
Cole who thinks he can see dead
people. We discover that Dr Crowe
is in fact dead too and he has been
in denial about his demise. This is a
good example of withholding
information because we see subtle
clues through out the filmthat Dr
Crowe could be dead aswell (e.g.
when Cole enters his house Dr
Crowe is sitting with his Cole's mum
but she does not acknowledge
him). If film makers use the
providing and withholding
information technique it needs to
be done well otherwise it could be
quite a cliche.

Editing rhythm Rhythmic Editing:
Definition: Rythmic
editing is when the
relations between shots
function to control film
pace. Characteristics: a
shot's physical length
corresponds to a
measurable duration.
rythmic function occurs
when several shot lengths
form a discernable
pattern.
A example of this technique is
in Alfred Hitchcock 1963 film
the birds where Melanie
Daniels(played by tippi hedren)
is watching the lighted gasoline
head towards the gas station
with a shocked expression on
her face with each edit.
watch?v=5-HYj5cLfEI
Cutting to soundtrack Cutting to soundtrack is
the technique where each
cut is influenced by the
style of music heard in
the background. So if the
scene is a sad one,
perhaps at a funeral, a
slow song will be heard. If
there is a car chase scene,
the music will be fast and
upbeat.
The lord of the rings and hobbit
film’s are a example of this
technique a example of this is
where the characters in the
hobbit fight smaug in the dwarf
city of erebor.
watch?v=RrIREFgYPyk

Unit 16 workbook part 1

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