2. Key Points :
Personality; its definition and type-trait and type (Sheldon and Jung classification) and
big five theory.
Motivation, its type and techniques
Exercise Adherence; Reasons to Exercise, Benefits of Exercise.
Strategies for Enhancing Adherence to Exercise.
Meaning, concept and types of Aggressions in sprots
2
3. Sports Psychology
The word psychology refers to the study of human behaviour and sports
psychology denotes a sub-category of psychology that deals with the
behavior of athletes and teams engaged in competitive sports.
3
4. Important of Sports psychology
analyses the behavior of sportsmen
identifies talent for specific sports
creates a better learning situation
stabilizes the performance of athletes for a longer period
encourages players to make a comeback in professional sports
is important from the research point of view
4
5. Personality
The word personality is derived from Latin word persona meaning the mask. In ancient Greece, the actors
used to wear masks to hide their identities while portraying their roles in a theatrical play. To an ordinary
person, the word personality conveys the meaning of one’s physical appearance, his habits, his ways of
dressing, his reputation, his manners and other similar characteristics.
Definitions of Personality
According to Macionis, “It is the constant pattern of thinking, feeling and actions.”
According to Ogburn and Minkoff, “The totality of sentiments, attitudes, ideas, habits, skills and behaviors of
an individual is personality.”
5
6. Traits of Big-5 Theory of personality
Openness Traits: The assessment of openness traits shows that how the person is
Imaginative
Insightful
having variety of interest
with degree of intellectual curiosity
creative
able to enjoy the new experiences
able to learn new changes & concept
6
7. Traits of Big-5 Theory of personality
Conscientiousness: The assessment of this trait shows that how the person
is able to
Compete with life challenges
control self-discipline
To act dutifully
To plan & to organize
Work independently
To do hard work
7
8. Traits of Big-5 Theory of personality
Extraversion: The assessment of this trait shows that how the person.
is energetic
has positive emotions
has Assertiveness
is sociable
is talkative
is fun loving
has friendly nature or has tendency to make new friends
able to get affection from other
8
9. Traits of Big-5 Theory of personality
Agreeableness: The assessment of this trait shows that how the person.
has sense of cooperation
is systematic
is kind
is friendly
is gentle
9
10. Traits of Big-5 Theory of personality
Neuroticism: The assessment of this trait shows. How the person.
has emotional stability
is able to control anger
is able to control the level of anxiety
is able to protect himself from depression
10
11. Role of Sports in Personality Development
Team spirit
Leadership skill
Fair play
Never give up
Great leveler
Focus
Process and result
Planning
Earnestness and sincerity
Observation and analysis
Positive attitude
Strength and abilities
11
12. Types of Personality
The concept of personality and its types have been formulated by many psychologists. The
personality type on the basis of physical attributes is given by William Herbert Sheldon.
It is as follows
classification of personality given by Herbert Sheldon
12
13. Endomorphy
PHYSICALLY
ROUND
WIDE HIPS
NARROW SHOLDER
EXTRA FAT
BELL SHAPED
PSYCHOLOGICALLY
FUN LOVING
LOVE OF FOOD
TOERANT (सहनशील)
EVENTEMPERED (समममजाज शाांत)
SOCIABLE
GOOD HUMORED
RELAXED
13
14. Ectomorphy
PHYSICALLY
NARROW SHOULDER
A NARROW FACE
NARROW CHEST
LEGS AND ARMS
LITTLE FAT
SKINNY
PSYCHOLOGICALLY
SELF – CONSCIOUS (सांकोची)
PRIVATE
INTROVERTED (अांतममुखी)
INHIBITED (हहचकते)
ARTISTIC (कलात्मक)
THOUGHTFUL
SOCIALLY ANXIOUS (असाधारण)
EMOTIONALLY RESTRAINRDD
14
15. Mesomorphy
PHYSICALLY
BROAD SHOULDERS
NARROW WAIST
LARGE HEAD
LITTLE FAT
STRONG ARMS AND LEGS
STRONG MUSCULAR BODY
PSYCHOLOGICALLY
COMPETITIVE
COURAGEOUS (साहमसक)
INDIFFERENT
ASSERTIVE (ममखर)
DESIRE FOR POWER
ZEST FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
ADVENTUROUS
LOVE OF RISK
15
16. Jung’s classification of human personality
According to carl a. Jung’s human personality can be classified into three categories.
Introvert: If an individual is motivated or energized by the internal world of thoughts, feelings and
reflections is known as Introvert. They are having poor self-confidence, moody, unsocial, quiet and
pessimist.
Extrovert: This kind of individual associated with external world of object and other people. They
believe in action, social settings, interacting. They are friendly, confident responsive and lively leader.
Ambivert: This kind of people have the mix trait of Introvert and Extrovert: They are having few
friends.
16
17. Motivation
Motivation is a process through which an individual is inspired m
stimulated to act in a particular fashion or manner towards a
particular direction.
Motivation is of two types
Internal Motivation or Intrinsic Motivation
External Motivation or Extrinsic Motivation
17
18. Internal Motivation or Intrinsic Motivation
This motivation is within an individual and guides one to perform better to satisfy one’s own
personal feelings.
Internal motivation depends upon basic needs like biological needs (thirst, hunger), social needs
(family, friends etc.),
Psychological needs (interest, attitude, love, self-esteem)
Personal needs (safety, personality, economical etc).
18
19. External Motivation or Extrinsic Motivation
This motivation depends upon environmental factors. External motivation has great
impact on an individual’s performance.
It is of various types like
Rewards
Punishment
Active participation
Equipment and surroundings
Teaching methods
Audio-Visual aids
Test-evaluations and competitions
Teacher-pupil relationship
19
20. Techniques of Motivation
Various techniques of motivation are applied on sportspersons which can enable them to achieve the
top positions in the field of sports and games.
These techniques of motivation are
Evaluation :- Evaluation make and aware the sportsmen from his abilities and motivate him/her
for higher position.
Variety :- Variety in the training programmed make the practice more interesting and always to
motivate the sportsman to perform better to best.
Role of Spectators :- The presence of audience / spectators helps to sportsman to perform in
dynamic form too.
Criticism :- Criticism for the poor performance of an athlete motivate to perform better.
Cash Prizes, Scholarship etc. :- Good incentive to the sports persons always motivate and strives
hard to achieve better in the competitions.
20
21. Techniques of Motivation
Latest Equipment’s :- Use of latest equipment’s in training make the training more
interesting and motivated the athlete to achieve the goal.
Practice Session :- By reducing the length of practice an athlete is motivated to be
continue in their training and to achieve the goals.
Resetting of Goal : - Resetting of goal from easy to complex motivate the athlete to
continue in training to achieve the goals.
Awards :- Awards for good performance of athlete motivate him to do better.
Praise :- Praise given by the society for the performance of athlete always motivate
athlete to do better.
21
22. Exercise Adherence
Exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health
and wellness.
Exercise adherence refers to maintaining an exercise regimen for a prolonged period of
time following the initial adoption phase.
Exercise adherence is voluntary, self-regulated and largely a psychological issue.
22
23. Reasons to Exercise
Psychological Reason Superiority, frustration
Biological and physiological Reason -struggle for survival
Social Reason - Cooperation, compete
Economical Reason - earn to live
To perform daily task efficiently.
To prevent from discase and disorder.
To improve working efficiency of all organs.
To adjust with working place or society.
To slowing down aging process
23
24. Benefits of Exercise
Physiological Benefits :- Improve the working of various system such as
Cardiovascular system
Cardiac output and stroke volume increased
Elasticity of blood arteries increased
Normal blood pressure
Heart rate per minute decreased
Respiratory system
Min. volume and Tidal volume increased
Respiratory rate per min decreased
Vital capacity and total lung capacity increased
Muscular system
Size of the muscles increased
Storage capacity of muscle increase
Maintained muscle tone
24
25. Psychological Benefits
Stress and anxiety level: Participation in exercise release good hormone in our body which helps
to reduce the stress and anxiety level.
Personality: Participation in exercise promote all the dimension of personality such as physical,
mental, social and emotional
Intelligence and memory: Participating in exercise has good effect on the working on nervous
system which help to increase the level of intelligence and memory.
Recreation: Participation in exercise is one of good source of recreation so helpful to recover from
mental fatigue.
Group behavior: Participation in exercise is helpful to improve group behaviours as at the time of
exercise person has to do exercise with his/her group member which is helpful in improving group
behavior.
25
26. Health & fitness related benefits
Helpful to prevent from diseases like cancer, coronary heart diseases, diabetes etc.
Helpful to improve the components of physical fitness such as strength, speed, flexibility,
endurance etc.
Helpful to improve the components of health-related fitness such as muscular strength, cardio
vascular endurance, body composition etc.
Helpful to maintain healthy weight.
26
27. strategies which are used to enhance
adherence to exercise
Discussion : With the discussion on the benefits of exercise, adherence to exercise can be improved.
External motivation : With the help of the positive reinforcement as praise, prize, records the such to
exercise can be improved.
Suitable environment : At the time of exercise training programme suitable environment should be
provided. If environment is with latest facilities, it will to improve adherence to exercise.
Realistic plan : Planning & Goal setting should be realistic Goal setting should be according to the capability
of the athlete such type of planning and goal setting improve the adherence to exercise.
Social support : From family, school and society is helpful to enhance adherence to exercise.
Exercise with other : Company of exercise partner improve the adherence to exercise.
Make exercise interesting, challengeable and enjoyable : Exercise plan should be interesting it should
not be repeated daily. It should be challengeable and enjoyable.
Intrinsic motivation : Intrinsic motivation for good health and good fitness is helpful to promote exercise
adherence.
Time and money : Sufficient availability of money and availability of time helpful to promote exercise
adherence
27
28. Aggression in sports
Any physical or verbal behaviour that is intended to harm another either physically or
psychologically intentionally or unemotionally.
Concept— Different phycologists have given different meaning to the term
aggression. As per instinct theory, aggression is an inbuilt emotion in human being, as
per social learning theory, it is acquired. Frustration theory point out that frustration is
the cause of aggression.
28
29. Types of Aggression
(a) Hostile Aggression: Any physical behavior which is aimed to physically injured the living being
intentionally is known a Hostile Aggression.
(b) Instrumental Aggression: Any physical behavior which is aimed to achieve high performance
but unintentionally physically harm to the living being is known as instrumental Aggression.
(c) Assertive Aggression: Any verbal behavior under the Rules & Regulation of the sport which is
used to harm psychological to living being. In these only legitimate forces are used.
29