Forces in Turns: When an aircraft banks in a turn, lift acts both inward toward the center of the turn and upward. For constant altitude turns, the vertical component of lift must equal weight. Forces in Climbs: Raising the aircraft's nose increases its angle of attack and temporarily increases lift above weight. Thrust must exceed drag to maintain airspeed during climbs. More power is required at steeper climb angles. Basic Propeller Principles: Several factors cause a left turning tendency in airplanes, including p-factor, gyroscopic effect, corkscrew slipstream, and torque reaction based on Newton's Third Law. Flight instructors remind pilots to "Right rudder,

1. Unit 1 Aerodynamics
Part II

2. Aerodynamic Forces in Flight
Maneuvers
• Forces in Turns
– Newton’s First Law of Motion, Law of Inertia:
“Objects at rest or moving in a straight line remains at
rest or continues to moves in a straight line until acted on by
some other force”.

3. Forces in Turns
When the aircraft banks, lift acts inward toward the center of the turn, as
well as upward.
When making a constant altitude turns is that the
vertical component of lift must be equal to the
weight to maintain altitude.

4. Forces in Climbs
Raising the aircraft’s
nose increases the AOA
and momentarily
increases lift.
LIFT > WEIGHT
DRAG > THRUST
Power (TRUST) is required to maintain airspeed
during climb.
The amount of power depends on the angle of climb.

5. Basic Propeller Principles

6. Basic Propeller PrinciplesLeft Turning Tendency of the Airplane:
• P-Factor
• Accelerated Airstream (Gyroscopic Effect)
• Spiraling Slipstream (Corkscrew Effect)
• Torque Reaction
Flight Instructors says:
“Right Rudder, Right Rudder”

7. Basic Propeller Principles
P-Factor
Asymmetrical loading of the propeller.

8. Basic Propeller Principles
Accelerated Airstream (Gyroscopic Effect)

9. Basic Propeller Principles
Spiraling Slipstream (Corkscrew Effect)

10. Basic Propeller Principles
Torque Reaction
Newton’s Third Law:
“For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.”

11. QUESTIONS????