The document provides an introduction to measurements and discusses key concepts related to measurements including:
- The definition of measurement as determining the value of an unknown quantity by comparing it to a known standard.
- The basic requirements for measurement including having a known standard of the physical quantity.
- Types of measurements being direct and indirect and classifications within each type.
- Characteristics of measuring instruments both static like accuracy, precision, sensitivity and dynamic like speed of response.
- Sources and types of errors in measurements.
- Transducers being devices that convert one form of energy to another, with classifications like primary/secondary.
Learn about practical solutions for automating temperature calibration in the field and at the bench. Transcat and Fluke Calibration cover how to set-up each solution and the pros and cons of each.
How to Calibrate an IR Thermometer Webinar Presented by Fluke CalibrationTranscat
How do you know that your infrared calibrations are accurate?
Topics discussed will include:
-Sources of uncertainty
-Calibration equipment required
-Overview of the calibration procedure
-Review of a sample uncertainty budget
-Recommendations for reporting results
This document provides an overview of qualification of gas chromatography. It defines qualification and describes the types, which include design qualification, installation qualification, operational qualification, and performance qualification. It then gives details on qualification levels for gas chromatography equipment, including level III periodic checks. Examples of specific tests are provided to check parameters of the inlet system, oven, and detector against typical tolerance limits. Overall tests 1, 2A, and 2B are also described that can check multiple parameters at once.
Fluke Calibration on How to Calibrate an RTD Using a Dry block Calibrator Web...Transcat
This document provides guidance on how to calibrate an RTD (resistance temperature detector) using a dry-block calibrator. It discusses potential sources of error from a dry-block like immersion depth, stem conduction, contact issues and temperature non-uniformity. It recommends fully immersing probes, maintaining consistent depths between the RTD and reference probe, and accounting for uncertainties. The document then walks through calculating uncertainties, addressing odd shaped probes, temperature ranges, and provides an example of a three-point RTD calibration using a dry-block and software.
The document discusses the qualification of gas chromatography equipment. It defines qualification and describes the types including design, installation, operational, and performance qualification. It provides details on installation qualification, operational qualification, and performance qualification. The document then discusses qualification of GC equipment specifically, outlining the objectives and levels of qualification. It provides examples of tests and parameters to check at each level, including for the inlet system, oven, and detector, with typical tolerance limits. The tests include overall tests to check multiple parameters at once.
This document provides a standard operating procedure for calibrating thermometers used at an EPA microbiology laboratory. It describes annual calibration of NIST-traceable thermometers against each other and periodic point checks of laboratory thermometers against the NIST thermometers. Any differences in readings are recorded. Digital thermometers are verified as being NIST traceable without requiring correction factors. Personnel must be trained and qualified to perform the calibrations according to this SOP.
The document provides details on qualifying a gas chromatography (GC) instrument. It discusses the four levels of qualification: design qualification, installation qualification, operational qualification, and performance qualification. Specific tests and acceptance criteria are proposed to qualify different modules of the GC like the inlet system, oven, and flame ionization detector. These include tests to check parameters like injector leak, temperature accuracy and stability, peak area precision, retention time repeatability, and more. The document aims to help laboratories properly qualify their GC instruments and ensure they are functioning as intended for use in pharmaceutical analysis applications.
Calibration of contact temperature sensors like thermocouples and RTDs. Primary and Secondary Calibration.
Fixed point method in primary calibration.
Stable temperature sources, master sensors and calibrated meter in secondary calibration.
Learn about practical solutions for automating temperature calibration in the field and at the bench. Transcat and Fluke Calibration cover how to set-up each solution and the pros and cons of each.
How to Calibrate an IR Thermometer Webinar Presented by Fluke CalibrationTranscat
How do you know that your infrared calibrations are accurate?
Topics discussed will include:
-Sources of uncertainty
-Calibration equipment required
-Overview of the calibration procedure
-Review of a sample uncertainty budget
-Recommendations for reporting results
This document provides an overview of qualification of gas chromatography. It defines qualification and describes the types, which include design qualification, installation qualification, operational qualification, and performance qualification. It then gives details on qualification levels for gas chromatography equipment, including level III periodic checks. Examples of specific tests are provided to check parameters of the inlet system, oven, and detector against typical tolerance limits. Overall tests 1, 2A, and 2B are also described that can check multiple parameters at once.
Fluke Calibration on How to Calibrate an RTD Using a Dry block Calibrator Web...Transcat
This document provides guidance on how to calibrate an RTD (resistance temperature detector) using a dry-block calibrator. It discusses potential sources of error from a dry-block like immersion depth, stem conduction, contact issues and temperature non-uniformity. It recommends fully immersing probes, maintaining consistent depths between the RTD and reference probe, and accounting for uncertainties. The document then walks through calculating uncertainties, addressing odd shaped probes, temperature ranges, and provides an example of a three-point RTD calibration using a dry-block and software.
The document discusses the qualification of gas chromatography equipment. It defines qualification and describes the types including design, installation, operational, and performance qualification. It provides details on installation qualification, operational qualification, and performance qualification. The document then discusses qualification of GC equipment specifically, outlining the objectives and levels of qualification. It provides examples of tests and parameters to check at each level, including for the inlet system, oven, and detector, with typical tolerance limits. The tests include overall tests to check multiple parameters at once.
This document provides a standard operating procedure for calibrating thermometers used at an EPA microbiology laboratory. It describes annual calibration of NIST-traceable thermometers against each other and periodic point checks of laboratory thermometers against the NIST thermometers. Any differences in readings are recorded. Digital thermometers are verified as being NIST traceable without requiring correction factors. Personnel must be trained and qualified to perform the calibrations according to this SOP.
The document provides details on qualifying a gas chromatography (GC) instrument. It discusses the four levels of qualification: design qualification, installation qualification, operational qualification, and performance qualification. Specific tests and acceptance criteria are proposed to qualify different modules of the GC like the inlet system, oven, and flame ionization detector. These include tests to check parameters like injector leak, temperature accuracy and stability, peak area precision, retention time repeatability, and more. The document aims to help laboratories properly qualify their GC instruments and ensure they are functioning as intended for use in pharmaceutical analysis applications.
Calibration of contact temperature sensors like thermocouples and RTDs. Primary and Secondary Calibration.
Fixed point method in primary calibration.
Stable temperature sources, master sensors and calibrated meter in secondary calibration.
AlGaN/GaN Chemical Sensors in High Temperature and Pressure ApplicationsJeremy Gillbanks
A PhD proposal to fabricate AlGaN/GaN transistor-based chemical sensors in high temperature and pressure applications at the University of Western Australia.
Testing and Troubleshooting 4-20 mA Control Loops Presented by Fluke and Tra...Transcat
This webinar will explore:
-What a control loop is and how it works.
-The most common culprits that can negatively impact the performance of a loop – and how to avoid them.
-Different methodologies and tools to calibrate and troubleshoot 4 to 20 mA control loops.
How to Calibrate an RTD Using a Dry Block Calibrator v2Transcat
Transcat and Ron Ainsworth of Fluke Calibration detail the steps and considerations necessary for the calibration of an RTD with a Dry Block Calibrator.
The document discusses measurement, calibration, and units of measurement. Some key points:
- Measurement is the first step to control and improvement. If you can't measure something, you can't understand or control it.
- The International System of Units (SI) defines seven base units including the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. Other units are derived from these base units.
- Calibration establishes the relationship between measurement instruments and reference standards under specific conditions. Regular calibration helps ensure accuracy and traceability to national standards.
- Factors like instrument specifications, use, environment, and measurement accuracy needed should be considered when determining calibration frequency.
For efficient control of combustion and drying processes
Simultaneous or as individual measurement: the GM35 gas analyzer measures CO2, H2O and CO, or N2O, as well temperature and pressure – and it does this reliably, quickly, and economically. As an in-situ gas analyzer, the GM35 detects these gas components directly in the gas stream without gas sampling. Reliability, precision, and short response time of the GM35 offer a key advantage for efficient control loops in all CO and CO2-generating processes.
Meet the demanding needs of high-purity water measurements and high-acid cation exchange applications with the Thermo Scientific™ Orion™ 2111XP Sodium Analyzer. This system offers unmatched reliability in analyzing critical sample streams throughout the power/steam generation and industrial water industry. It is an all-in-one system from one of the most trusted names in sodium monitoring.
Calibration of air pollution monitoring instruments is important to ensure reliable measurements. Instruments can drift over time so they need to be calibrated regularly according to a schedule. Calibration involves comparing the instrument to absolute standards to check for any variation and ensure precise and accurate readings. Recognizing the need for reliable data, Envirotech has set up various reference and calibration facilities, including for flow, temperature, humidity, vacuum, time, and more. They calibrate their own instruments using these facilities to validate measurements at low cost according to requirements.
Calibration of air pollution monitoring instruments is important to ensure reliable measurements. Instruments can drift over time so they need to be calibrated regularly according to a schedule. Calibration involves comparing the instrument to absolute standards to check for any variation and ensure precise and accurate readings. Recognizing the need for reliable data, Envirotech has set up various reference and calibration facilities, including for flow, temperature, humidity, vacuum, time, and more. They calibrate their own instruments using these facilities to validate measurements at low cost according to customers' needs.
Industrial Temperature Calibration Selection Guide by Fluke CalibrationFluke Calibration
The Industrial Temperature Calibration Selection Guide includes information on:
Field metrology wells
Infrared calibrators
Handheld and field dry-wells
Micro-baths
Environmental monitoring
Thermometer readouts
Reference sensors Industrial temperature calibration selection guide Tools
This document provides an overview of concepts related to measurement systems. It defines key terms like instrument, transducer, sensor and actuator. It describes measurement units including fundamental and derived units. It also discusses measurement standards and classification of instruments. Measurement methods like direct comparison and indirect comparison are introduced. The document outlines typical elements of a measurement system and provides examples of different types of instruments.
Using a Portable Bath to Improve Calibration of Sanitary RTD's and Transmitte...Transcat
Travis Porter from Fluke Calibration will describe how Portable Calibration Baths can improve the calibration throughput and accuracy of sanitary temperature sensors and transmitters.
Precious Instruments, is engaged in manufacturing, supplying and exporting Control Panels, Indicators, Transmitters, Enclosure, Sensors and other Electrical Products. Offered temperature controllers are known for their efficiency.
Datasheet Fluke 1750. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
Datasheet fluke Three-Phase Power Recorder. Informasi lebih detail hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika, Jakarta Office : 021-45850618 atau Surabaya Office : 031-8421264
The document describes two pH meters, the 780 pH Meter and 781 pH/Ion Meter, produced by Metrohm. Both devices combine high quality with advanced design and offer numerous measurement and calibration functions. The 781 meter allows for additional ion concentration measurements using ion-selective electrodes. Both meters feature easy operation, automated quality control functions, and compatibility with Metrohm accessories for enhanced measurement capabilities.
This document describes different types of process analyzers and analysis techniques. It discusses destructive vs non-destructive analysis, online vs inline analysis, and specific analyzer types like tunable diode laser analyzers, oxygen analyzers, dust monitoring systems, gas chromatography, and the operating principles of thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors. The key techniques covered are spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, infrared absorption, light scattering, gas partitioning behavior, and ion detection.
This document provides an overview of a course on basics of instrumentation and control. The course covers topics such as pressure, flow, level, and temperature measurement, as well as control valves, process control loops, and control systems. It describes the components of a basic control loop including the process variable, sensor, controller, and final control element. Measurement terminology such as range, span, accuracy, and repeatability are also defined. Finally, common types of measurement instruments such as gauges, regulators, transducers, and transmitters are outlined.
Datasheet Fluke 5502A. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
The 5502A Multi-Product Calibrator is a robust and transportable calibrator that can calibrate a wide variety of electrical test equipment. It has protection circuits to prevent damage from operator errors and ergonomic handles for easy transport. The 5502A can calibrate DMMs up to 4.5 digits, current clamps, panel meters, thermometers, chart recorders, and more. It can be automated with calibration software for efficient calibration.
Datasheet Fluke Super-Thermometer. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
Datasheet Fluke 1594A. Datasheet Fluke 1595A. Informasi lebih detail hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika, Jakarta Office : 021-45850618 atau Surabaya Office : 031-8421264
The document discusses program education objectives (PEOs) for graduates and measurement concepts. The PEOs are for graduates to become professional engineers, start their own companies, be employed in high-ranking positions, and conduct research. The document then summarizes key concepts of measurement including comparing an unknown quantity to a standard, instrumentation transforming physical variables into measurable signals, and requirements for measuring instruments. It provides examples of measurement systems and discusses static and dynamic instrument characteristics.
1. Measurement involves comparing an unknown value to a known standard using an instrument. Common instruments include indicators, recorders, and integrators.
2. Calibration ensures accurate measurements by comparing instrument readings to a primary or secondary standard over the measurement range.
3. Damping minimizes oscillations to provide steady, accurate readings by introducing opposing forces through methods like air friction, eddy currents, or fluid friction.
EXPERT SYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Project Center For Research in Power Electronics and Power Systems
IEEE 2010 , IEEE 2011 BASED PROJECTS FOR FINAL YEAR STUDENTS OF B.E
Email: expertsyssol@gmail.com,
Cell: +919952749533, +918608603634
www.researchprojects.info
OMR, CHENNAI
IEEE based Projects For
Final year students of B.E in
EEE, ECE, EIE,CSE
M.E (Power Systems)
M.E (Applied Electronics)
M.E (Power Electronics)
Ph.D Electrical and Electronics.
Training
Students can assemble their hardware in our Research labs. Experts will be guiding the projects.
EXPERT GUIDANCE IN POWER SYSTEMS POWER ELECTRONICS
We provide guidance and codes for the for the following power systems areas.
1. Deregulated Systems,
2. Wind power Generation and Grid connection
3. Unit commitment
4. Economic Dispatch using AI methods
5. Voltage stability
6. FLC Control
7. Transformer Fault Identifications
8. SCADA - Power system Automation
we provide guidance and codes for the for the following power Electronics areas.
1. Three phase inverter and converters
2. Buck Boost Converter
3. Matrix Converter
4. Inverter and converter topologies
5. Fuzzy based control of Electric Drives.
6. Optimal design of Electrical Machines
7. BLDC and SR motor Drives
AlGaN/GaN Chemical Sensors in High Temperature and Pressure ApplicationsJeremy Gillbanks
A PhD proposal to fabricate AlGaN/GaN transistor-based chemical sensors in high temperature and pressure applications at the University of Western Australia.
Testing and Troubleshooting 4-20 mA Control Loops Presented by Fluke and Tra...Transcat
This webinar will explore:
-What a control loop is and how it works.
-The most common culprits that can negatively impact the performance of a loop – and how to avoid them.
-Different methodologies and tools to calibrate and troubleshoot 4 to 20 mA control loops.
How to Calibrate an RTD Using a Dry Block Calibrator v2Transcat
Transcat and Ron Ainsworth of Fluke Calibration detail the steps and considerations necessary for the calibration of an RTD with a Dry Block Calibrator.
The document discusses measurement, calibration, and units of measurement. Some key points:
- Measurement is the first step to control and improvement. If you can't measure something, you can't understand or control it.
- The International System of Units (SI) defines seven base units including the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. Other units are derived from these base units.
- Calibration establishes the relationship between measurement instruments and reference standards under specific conditions. Regular calibration helps ensure accuracy and traceability to national standards.
- Factors like instrument specifications, use, environment, and measurement accuracy needed should be considered when determining calibration frequency.
For efficient control of combustion and drying processes
Simultaneous or as individual measurement: the GM35 gas analyzer measures CO2, H2O and CO, or N2O, as well temperature and pressure – and it does this reliably, quickly, and economically. As an in-situ gas analyzer, the GM35 detects these gas components directly in the gas stream without gas sampling. Reliability, precision, and short response time of the GM35 offer a key advantage for efficient control loops in all CO and CO2-generating processes.
Meet the demanding needs of high-purity water measurements and high-acid cation exchange applications with the Thermo Scientific™ Orion™ 2111XP Sodium Analyzer. This system offers unmatched reliability in analyzing critical sample streams throughout the power/steam generation and industrial water industry. It is an all-in-one system from one of the most trusted names in sodium monitoring.
Calibration of air pollution monitoring instruments is important to ensure reliable measurements. Instruments can drift over time so they need to be calibrated regularly according to a schedule. Calibration involves comparing the instrument to absolute standards to check for any variation and ensure precise and accurate readings. Recognizing the need for reliable data, Envirotech has set up various reference and calibration facilities, including for flow, temperature, humidity, vacuum, time, and more. They calibrate their own instruments using these facilities to validate measurements at low cost according to requirements.
Calibration of air pollution monitoring instruments is important to ensure reliable measurements. Instruments can drift over time so they need to be calibrated regularly according to a schedule. Calibration involves comparing the instrument to absolute standards to check for any variation and ensure precise and accurate readings. Recognizing the need for reliable data, Envirotech has set up various reference and calibration facilities, including for flow, temperature, humidity, vacuum, time, and more. They calibrate their own instruments using these facilities to validate measurements at low cost according to customers' needs.
Industrial Temperature Calibration Selection Guide by Fluke CalibrationFluke Calibration
The Industrial Temperature Calibration Selection Guide includes information on:
Field metrology wells
Infrared calibrators
Handheld and field dry-wells
Micro-baths
Environmental monitoring
Thermometer readouts
Reference sensors Industrial temperature calibration selection guide Tools
This document provides an overview of concepts related to measurement systems. It defines key terms like instrument, transducer, sensor and actuator. It describes measurement units including fundamental and derived units. It also discusses measurement standards and classification of instruments. Measurement methods like direct comparison and indirect comparison are introduced. The document outlines typical elements of a measurement system and provides examples of different types of instruments.
Using a Portable Bath to Improve Calibration of Sanitary RTD's and Transmitte...Transcat
Travis Porter from Fluke Calibration will describe how Portable Calibration Baths can improve the calibration throughput and accuracy of sanitary temperature sensors and transmitters.
Precious Instruments, is engaged in manufacturing, supplying and exporting Control Panels, Indicators, Transmitters, Enclosure, Sensors and other Electrical Products. Offered temperature controllers are known for their efficiency.
Datasheet Fluke 1750. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
Datasheet fluke Three-Phase Power Recorder. Informasi lebih detail hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika, Jakarta Office : 021-45850618 atau Surabaya Office : 031-8421264
The document describes two pH meters, the 780 pH Meter and 781 pH/Ion Meter, produced by Metrohm. Both devices combine high quality with advanced design and offer numerous measurement and calibration functions. The 781 meter allows for additional ion concentration measurements using ion-selective electrodes. Both meters feature easy operation, automated quality control functions, and compatibility with Metrohm accessories for enhanced measurement capabilities.
This document describes different types of process analyzers and analysis techniques. It discusses destructive vs non-destructive analysis, online vs inline analysis, and specific analyzer types like tunable diode laser analyzers, oxygen analyzers, dust monitoring systems, gas chromatography, and the operating principles of thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors. The key techniques covered are spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, infrared absorption, light scattering, gas partitioning behavior, and ion detection.
This document provides an overview of a course on basics of instrumentation and control. The course covers topics such as pressure, flow, level, and temperature measurement, as well as control valves, process control loops, and control systems. It describes the components of a basic control loop including the process variable, sensor, controller, and final control element. Measurement terminology such as range, span, accuracy, and repeatability are also defined. Finally, common types of measurement instruments such as gauges, regulators, transducers, and transmitters are outlined.
Datasheet Fluke 5502A. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
The 5502A Multi-Product Calibrator is a robust and transportable calibrator that can calibrate a wide variety of electrical test equipment. It has protection circuits to prevent damage from operator errors and ergonomic handles for easy transport. The 5502A can calibrate DMMs up to 4.5 digits, current clamps, panel meters, thermometers, chart recorders, and more. It can be automated with calibration software for efficient calibration.
Datasheet Fluke Super-Thermometer. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
Datasheet Fluke 1594A. Datasheet Fluke 1595A. Informasi lebih detail hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika, Jakarta Office : 021-45850618 atau Surabaya Office : 031-8421264
The document discusses program education objectives (PEOs) for graduates and measurement concepts. The PEOs are for graduates to become professional engineers, start their own companies, be employed in high-ranking positions, and conduct research. The document then summarizes key concepts of measurement including comparing an unknown quantity to a standard, instrumentation transforming physical variables into measurable signals, and requirements for measuring instruments. It provides examples of measurement systems and discusses static and dynamic instrument characteristics.
1. Measurement involves comparing an unknown value to a known standard using an instrument. Common instruments include indicators, recorders, and integrators.
2. Calibration ensures accurate measurements by comparing instrument readings to a primary or secondary standard over the measurement range.
3. Damping minimizes oscillations to provide steady, accurate readings by introducing opposing forces through methods like air friction, eddy currents, or fluid friction.
EXPERT SYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Project Center For Research in Power Electronics and Power Systems
IEEE 2010 , IEEE 2011 BASED PROJECTS FOR FINAL YEAR STUDENTS OF B.E
Email: expertsyssol@gmail.com,
Cell: +919952749533, +918608603634
www.researchprojects.info
OMR, CHENNAI
IEEE based Projects For
Final year students of B.E in
EEE, ECE, EIE,CSE
M.E (Power Systems)
M.E (Applied Electronics)
M.E (Power Electronics)
Ph.D Electrical and Electronics.
Training
Students can assemble their hardware in our Research labs. Experts will be guiding the projects.
EXPERT GUIDANCE IN POWER SYSTEMS POWER ELECTRONICS
We provide guidance and codes for the for the following power systems areas.
1. Deregulated Systems,
2. Wind power Generation and Grid connection
3. Unit commitment
4. Economic Dispatch using AI methods
5. Voltage stability
6. FLC Control
7. Transformer Fault Identifications
8. SCADA - Power system Automation
we provide guidance and codes for the for the following power Electronics areas.
1. Three phase inverter and converters
2. Buck Boost Converter
3. Matrix Converter
4. Inverter and converter topologies
5. Fuzzy based control of Electric Drives.
6. Optimal design of Electrical Machines
7. BLDC and SR motor Drives
The document provides an introduction to measurement and instrumentation. It defines key terms like measurement, instrumentation, transducers, sensors and calibration. It discusses different types of measurements and instruments, including direct comparison and indirect comparison methods. The document also reviews units of measurement and standards. It describes general instrumentation system structures and the stages of detection, signal conditioning and readout. Finally, it discusses applications of measurement and instrumentation in various domains like home, vehicles and industry.
EMI Introduction types of measurements static dynamicGopalakrishnaU
Classification of instruments
• Analog instrument
The measured parameter value is display by the moveable pointer. The pointer will
moved continuously with the variable parameter/analog signal which is measured.
The reading is inaccurate because of parallax error (parallel) during the skill reading.
E.g: ampere meter, voltage meter, ohm meter etc.
• Digital instrument
The measured parameter value is display in decimal (digital) form which the reading can
be read thru in numbers form. Therefore, the parallax error is not existed and terminated.
The concept used for digital signal in a digital instrument is logic binary ‘0’and ‘1’.
1.2 Characteristic of instruments
Figure 1.1 presents a generalized model of a simple instrument. The physical process to
be measured is in the left of the figure and the measurand is represented by an observable
physical variable X.
Figure 1.1: Simple instrument mode
Two basic characteristic of an instrument is essential for selecting the most suitable
instrument for specific measuring jobs:
1. Static characteristic
2. Dynamic characteristic
Static characteristic of an instrument are, in general, considered for instruments which are
used to measure an unvarying process condition.
Several terms of static characteristic that have discussed:
1. Instrument – A device or mechanism used to determine the present value of a
quantity under observation.
2. Measurement – The process of determining the amount, degree, capacity by
comparison (direct or indirect) with the accepted standards of the system units
being used.
3. Accuracy – The degree of exactness (closeness) of a measurement compared to
the expected (desired) value.
4. Resolution – The smallest change in a measured variable to which instruments
will response. Also known as ‘Threshold’.
5. Precision – A measure of consistency or repeatability of measurements, i.e.
successive readings do not differ or the consistency of the instrument output for a
given value of input. A very precise reading though is not perfectly an accurate
reading.
X
X X
ecision n − Pr = 1− with Xn = measured value
X = average value or expected value
Process of measurement
Measurement is essentially the act, or the result, of a quantitative comparison between a
given quantity and a quantity of the same kind chosen as a unit. The result of
measurement is expressed by a number representing the ratio of the unknown quantity to
the adopted unit of measurement.
The step taken before measure:
1. Procedure of measurement: Identified the parameter or variable to be measured,
how to record the result
2. Characteristic of parameter: Should know the parameter that to be measured; ac,
dc, frequency or etc.
3. Quality: Time and cost of equipment, the instrument ability, the measurement
knowledge and suitable result.
4. Instrument: Choose a suitable equipment; multimeter, voltmeter, oscilloscope or
etc.
This document provides an introduction to sensors and instrumentation. It discusses key concepts such as measurement, standards, direct and indirect measurement methods, types of instruments including mechanical, electrical and electronic. It also covers performance characteristics of instruments like accuracy, sensitivity, static and dynamic errors. Common sensors are described along with their applications. The roles of transducers and elements of a measurement system are explained. Methods for instrument calibration using standards are also summarized.
The document discusses calibration, including defining calibration as checking the accuracy of measuring instruments against a standard. It describes various calibration laboratories and standards in India such as NPL, ERTL, and ETDC. It explains the importance, purpose, and types of calibration, as well as requirements for calibration management systems and common instrument calibrations.
This document provides information about basic electrical and instrumentation engineering. It discusses measurement systems and their components. It describes static characteristics such as accuracy, precision, tolerance, range, bias, linearity, sensitivity, dead space, resolution, and threshold. Dynamic characteristics like response time are also covered. Types of errors in measurements like gross errors, systematic errors, and random errors are defined. Transducers that convert one form of energy to another are explained, including variable resistive transducers like strain gauges, thermistors, and RTDs. Their applications are also summarized.
1. The document discusses the basics of metrology and measurement including the elements that affect precision and accuracy in measurement.
2. It describes the key elements of a metrology system as the standard, workpiece, instrument, person, and environment. Variations in any of these elements can introduce errors.
3. Several types of errors are also outlined including systematic, random, environmental, loading, and dynamic errors. Understanding error sources is important for achieving accurate measurements.
CONTENTS
Measurements
Significance of Measurement system
Fundamental methods of Measurement
The generalized measurement system
Definitions & basic concepts
Errors in Measurements
Sources of errors
Accuracy Precision
Resolution
Linearity
Hysteresis
Impedance loading
Introduction to Transducers
Classification of transducers
Capacitive
Inductive
Resistive
Electromagnetic
Piezoelectric
Photoconductive
Photovoltaic
Please refer this file just as reference material. More concentration should on class room work and text book methodology.
Introduction to Mechanical Measurement
This document discusses electrical measurement and instrumentation. It covers topics such as the definition of measurement, types of instruments, measurement standards, direct and indirect measurement methods, characteristics of measurement including accuracy, precision, sensitivity and more. It also discusses systematic, random and gross errors in measurement. The purpose of measurement in industrial processes is described relating to quality, efficiency and operation. The key elements of a measurement system including the sensing element, signal conditioning, processing and presentation are outlined.
This document discusses key concepts in measurements for thermal engineering. It defines measurement and instrumentation, and describes the purpose of a measurement system as obtaining information about physical quantities being measured. A measurement system generally involves sensors to detect the quantity, signal conditioning devices, and a display. The document outlines different types of instruments and measurements, including direct comparison, indirect comparison, active instruments which require an external power source, and passive instruments which derive their output solely from the measured quantity. It also discusses transducers, analog versus digital instruments, calibration standards and the calibration process.
This lecture introduces measurement and instrumentation. It defines measurement and instrumentation, discusses types of measurements and instruments. It reviews units of measurement, standards of measurement, and calibration. Measurement and instrumentation are used in various applications including home appliances, vehicles, and industrial processes to monitor and control parameters and improve operations.
Measurement involves comparing an unknown quantity (measurand) to a standard unit of measurement. There are direct and indirect methods of measurement. Direct methods directly compare the measurand to a standard, while indirect methods use measurement systems that require an indirect method. Measurement systems have elements like primary sensing elements, variable conversion elements, and data presentation elements. Instruments are classified based on their static and dynamic characteristics like accuracy, sensitivity, speed of response, and errors. Calibration involves comparing an instrument to a known standard to determine errors and accuracy. Standards can be primary, secondary, or working standards of a known physical quantity.
This document provides an overview of measurement and instrumentation concepts. It discusses topics such as measurement definitions, standards of measurement, generalized measurement systems, instruments, static and dynamic characteristics, and errors in measurements. Examples of measurement systems like pressure gauges and thermometers are provided. Measurement applications in processes and experimentation are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of instrumentation systems and measurement concepts. It discusses key elements of measurement systems including primary sensing elements, variable conversion elements, and signal processing elements. It also defines important measurement terms like range, accuracy, sensitivity and resolution. Measurement techniques are classified as analog or digital systems. The roles of instrumentation systems in process monitoring and automatic control are introduced.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of mechanical engineering measurements and control systems. It introduces various measurement techniques including pressure, temperature, mass flow rate, strain, force, and torque. Concepts such as accuracy, precision, resolution, and errors are discussed. An introduction to mechatronic systems including sensors, transducers, and actuation systems like gears, belts, and bearings is provided. Common pressure measurement instruments such as Bourdon tubes and manometers are described. Measurement characteristics such as accuracy, precision, resolution, and different types of errors are also summarized.
This document outlines the course objectives and syllabus for a Measurements and Instrumentation course.
The course aims to: [1] Familiarize students with measuring instrument characteristics and concepts of analog and digital instruments; [2] Teach students how to evaluate instrument performance using bridges, transducers, and different measurement techniques; and [3] Demonstrate various transducers and sensors used to measure physical quantities.
The syllabus covers 5 units - science of measurements, analog instruments, digital instruments, comparative measurement methods, and transducers and data acquisition systems. Key topics include instrument elements, static and dynamic performance, error analysis, and an overview of common measurement devices.
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2. COURSE OUTCOMES
a. Use relevant instrument for
measuring displacement.
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3. UNIT OUTCOMES
1a. Identify different characteristics of the given
instruments.
1b. Identify the error in the given instrument.
1c. Classify the transducers for the given application.
1d. Identify the given contact and non-contact
transducer with justification.
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4. What is Measurement ?
Measurement is the process of determining the value of
magnitude of an Unknown quantity by comparing it with
similar quantity whose magnitude is known.
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5. Measurement is the process of determining the value of magnitude of an
Unknown quantity by comparing it with some predetermine standard of
reference.
OR
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6. BASIC REQUIREMENT
A)A piece of equipment having known measure
of physical quantity.
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7. TYPE OF MEASUREMENTS
TYPES OF
MEASUREMENTS
1. Direct Measurement
2. Indirect
Measurement
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8. 1. Direct Measurement
The Measurand (unknown quantity) is directly compared with a
standard
E.g - weight, distance, Length etc
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9. 2. Indirect Measurement
It is Measuring Something by measuring another
or
measurement is converted into analogous signal
which is processed & fed to the end device that
represent the result of measurement
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11. Indirect Measurement
Primary measurement- that made by direct
observation without involving any conversion.
Secondary measurement - that involve one
translation are called
Tertiary measurement- involving two conversion
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12. Also Classified as
1. Contact Type
Sensing Element of Measuring Device has Contact with medium
whose parameters are to be measured.
2. Non- Contact Type
Sensing Doesn’t Contact Physically with Medium
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13. Instruments
It is device which senses a physical parameter, processes and translates it
into a final result
Or
Which allow the observer to observe & measure aspect of physical
quantity
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14. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
• Contact Type
• Non Contact Type
I) Method
of Contact
• Manual Operated Instrument
• Automated Operated instrument
ii) Mode of
Operation
• Self-operated instrument or
active instrument
• Power operated instrument
iii) Source
of Energy
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15. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
• Mechanical Type
Instruments
• Electrical Type
Instruments
iv)
Application
• Analog Instruments
• Digital Instruments
v) Output
Signal
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16. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
I) Method of Contact
a) Mercury Thermometer
b) Infrared Thermometer
a) Contact Type
A Contacting type of instrument is one which m
akes a physical contact with the whole magnitu
de is to be determined
b) Non Contact Type
These Instruments are placed remotely i.e away
from the measuring Medium
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17. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
ii) Mode of Operation
a) Manual Operated Instrument
It Requires the service of an operator
b) Automated Operated instrument
These Devices do not require manual help for their
Running
b)
a)
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18. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
iii) Source of Energy
a) Self-operated instrument or active instrument
These Instruments do not require any outside
power in performing its function.
b) Power operated instrument
These Instruments require external power
source such as electricity, Compressed air etc
for their operation.
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19. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
v) Output Display
a) Null Type Instruments
In these types of instruments , Deflection is made
ZERO by applying an effect opposing that
generated by the measured quantity.
b) Deflection Type Instruments
In these type of instruments, the measurement is
done by relative displacement between pointer and
dial.
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20. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
vi) Output Signal
a) Analog Instruments
In these type of instruments , signal can
take infinite Number of values and vary in a
continuous fashion
b) Digital Instruments
In these type of instruments, signal varies
in discrete steps and take finite number of
values in given range
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21. STATIC TERMS AND CHARACTERISTICS
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22. Range –
It is Defined as region between lower limit to upper limit of an
instrument , within which it is designed to operate.
E.g: If thermometer is used to measure temperature between 0º C to
100º C.
Then Range is 0º C to 100º C
Span –
It is Algebraic Difference between the upper and lower limits of instrument
E.g: If thermometer is used to measure temperature between 35º C to 42º C.
Then SPAN = 42º C - 35º C
= 07º C
1) Range and Span
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23. Accuracy
It is Defined as Conformity with or Closeness to an accepted value
(standard)
Precision
It is defined as the repeatability of measuring process.
High accuracy
High precision
Low accuracy
High precision
High accuracy
Low precision
Low accuracy
Low precision
2) Accuracy and Precision
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25. Iv) Reliability
The reliability of instrument is defined as the possibility that it will
perform its assigned functions for a specific period of time
under given conditions
v) Calibration
Calibration is the process of establishing the reliability of a
Measuring instrument.
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26. VII) Dead Time
Dead time is defined as the time required for an instrument
To begins to respond to a change in the measurand Quantity.
VIII) Dead Zone
Dead Zone defines the largest change of the input quantity to
which the instrument does not respond.
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27. ix) Drift
a) It is an undesired gradual departure of an instrument output over a
period of a time that is unrelated to changes in input, operating
condition or load.
b) An instrument is said to have no drift if it reproduces same reading at
different times for same variation in measured variables.
x) Sensitivity
Sensitivity of an instrument is defined as the ratio of its
magnitude of the response and the magnitude of the quantity
being measured.
Sensitivity (K)
Change in Output
Change in Input
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28. xiii) Linearity
Linearity is defined as the ability to reproduce the input
characteristics symmetrically and linearly.
xiv) Repeatability
Repeatability is the property of instrument to give the same output
value each time the measurement of a given quantity is repeated,
under the same conditions
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29. xv) Reproducibility
Closeness bet successive measurement of the same
measured quantity where measurement made by
different operator, location with different measuring
instrument.
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30. xi) Threshold
When the input signal to an instrument is gradually increased
from zero, there will be some minimum value input before
which the instrument will not detect any output change. This
minimum value is called the threshold of the instrument.
xii) Resolution
The resolution is defined as the smallest change of input
for which there will be a change of output.
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33. I) Speed of Response
Measuring instrument the speed of response is defined as
the value of the rapidity with which an instrument
responds to a change in the value of the quantity being
measured.
ii) Fidelity
Degree to which measurement system indicate change in
measured quantity without any error.
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34. ii) Overshoot
The overshoot is defined as the maximum amount by which the pointer
moves beyond the steady state.
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36. ERROR
It is the difference between the true value of the size
being measured and the value found by measurement.
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37. Sources of Error
1. Defect in instrument.
2. Adjustment of an instrument.
3. Imperfection in instrument design.
4. Method of location of instrument.
5. Environmental effects.
6. Observation error.
7. Error caused by measuring forces of instruments.
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38. Measurement of Error
Static error-
The difference between the measured value and the true value of
the quantity represents static error.
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39. Classification of errors
1. Instrument error.
2. Environmental error.
3. Observation error.
4. Operational error.
5. System, Random, residual error.
6. Translation and signal transmission error.
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40. (a) Instrument Errors
1. Improper selection, poor maintenance of the instrument.
2. Fault in construction of instrument.
3. Mechanical friction wear, backlash and hysteresis.
4. Assembly error.
(b) Environmental Errors
1. Different condition for manufacturing and use.
2. Different condition of temperature, pressure, humidity.
(c) Observation Errors
1. Parallax Unit Conversion
2. Personal bias Estimate
3. Wrong Scale reading.
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41. (d) Operational Errors
1. The differential type of flow meter will read inaccurately if it is placed immediately after valve or
a bend.
2. A thermometer will not read accurately if the sensitive portion is not properly installed.
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42. (f) Translation and signal transmission error.
1. The instrument may not sense or translate the measurement effect with complete fidelity
2. The error also include the non capability of instrument to follow effects
3. The error may also result from unwanted disturbances such as noise,ripple etc.
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43. Transducers
Transducer is defined as conversion of a physical phenomenon or chemical
properties into an electrical form.
OR
It is devices , which converts energy from one form to another
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44. Classification of Transducers
1. Resistance transducer.
2. Capacitive transducer.
3. Inductive transducer.
4. Strain gauge transducer.
5. Photoelectric transducer.
6. Piezoelectric transducer.
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45. Also Classified as
1. Primary / Secondary Transducers.
2. Active / Passive Transducers.
3. Analog / Digital Transducers.
4. Mechanical- electrical Transducers.
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46. Primary / Secondary Transducers
• The mechanical device converts the physical quantity to be
measured into a mechanical signal. Such mechanical device are
called as the primary transducers, because they deal with the
physical quantity to be measured.
• The electrical device then convert this mechanical signal into a
corresponding electrical signal. Such electrical device are
known as secondary transducers.
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47. For example, in pressure measurement, as shown in the above figure,
Bourdon’s tube acts as a primary transducer which converts pressure into
displacement and LVDT acts as a secondary transducer which converts this
displacement into an equivalent quantity of electrical signal
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48. ACTIVE TRANSDUCERS
These transducers do not need any external source of power for
their operation. Therefore they are also called as self generating
type transducers
The active transducer are self generating devices which operate
under the energy conversion principle.
As the output of active transducers we get an equivalent electrical
output signal e.g. temperature or strain to electric potential,
without any external source of energy being used.
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50. Passive Transducer
These transducers need external source of power for their operation. So they
are not self generating type transducers.
A DC power supply is used as an external power source.
These transducers produce the output signal in the form of variation in
resistance, capacitance, inductance or some other electrical parameter in
response to the quantity to be measured.
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52. Mechanical Transducer- like as dial gauge, Bourdon tube pressure
gauge
Commonly used sensing elements- spring, bellow, torsion bar,
bimetallic strip
Electrical Transducer- in which sensing device which convert a
physical quantity into an equivalent electrical signal.
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53. ANALOG & DIGITAL
TRANSDUCERS
Analog transducers converts input signal into output signal, which is a
continuous function of time such as THERMISTOR ,strain gauge, LVDT ,
thermocouple etc.
Digital transducers converts input signal into the output signal in the form
of pulses e.g. it gives discrete output
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56. 1. Observational Error due to
a) Parallax
b) Improper selection and poor maintenance of instrument
c) Excessive friction at the mating parts
d) None of above
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57. 2. The desirable static characteristics of a
measuring system are
a) Accuracy and reproducibility
b) Accuracy, sensitivity and reproducibility
c) Drift and dead zone
d) Static error.
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58. 3. Function of transducer is to convert
a) Electrical signal into non electrical quantity
b) Non electrical quantity into electrical signal
c) Electrical signal into mechanical quantity
d) All of these
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59. A null type instrument compared to a
deflection type instrument has
a) A higher accuracy
b) A lower sensitivity
c) A faster response
d) All of above
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60. Error of measurement =
True value – Measured value
Precision – True value
Measured value – Precision
None of the above
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61. The ability by which a measuring device can detect small
differences in the quantity being measured by it, is called its
Damping
Sensitivity
Accuracy
None of the above
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62. The following term(s) is (are) associated with
measuring devices
A Sensitivity
B Damping
C Both ‘a’ and ‘b’
D None of the above
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63. The degree of closeness of the measured value of a certain
quantity with its true value is known as
Accuracy
Precision
Standard
Sensitivity
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64. Self generating type transducers are _____ transducers.
a) Active
b) Passive
c) Secondary
d) Inverse
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65. Difference bet the upper and lower range value of the instrument called
as
Range
Span
Accuracy
Precision
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66. Ratio of change in o/p to change in i/p
signal called as
Reliability
Sensitivity
Linearity
Reproducibility
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67. Largest change of measured quantity to which
the instrument does not respond called as
Dead time
Dead one
Drift
overshoot
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68. Instrumental errors due to
Wear of part
Friction
Improper calibration
All of above
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69. Which measurement method does not involve any conversion
of measured quantity
Secondary measurement
Tertiary measurement
Primary measurement
None of above
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