What constitutes waste depends on the eye of the beholder; one person's waste can be a resource for another person.[1] Though waste is a physical object, its generation is a physical and psychological process.[1] The definitions used by various agencies are as below.
United Nations Environment Program
According to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal of 1989, Art. 2(1), "'Wastes' are substance or objects, which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law".[2]
United Nations Statistics Division
The UNSD Glossary of Environment Statistics[3] describes waste as "materials that are not prime products (that is, products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded."
European Union
Under the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, Art. 3(1), the European Union defines waste as "an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard."[4] For a more structural description of the Waste Directive, see the European Commission's summary.
Types of Waste
Municipal Waste
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development also known as OECD defines municipal solid waste (MSW) as “waste collected and treated by or for municipalities”. [5] Typically this type of waste includes household waste, commercial waste, and demolition or construction waste. In 2018, the Environmental Protection Agency concluded that 292.4 tons of municipal waste was generated which equated to about 4.9 pounds per day per person. Out of the 292.4 tons, approximately 69 million tons were recycled, and 25 million tons were composted. [6]
Household Waste and Commercial Waste
Household waste more commonly known as trash or garbage are items that are typically thrown away daily from ordinary households. Items often included in this category include product packaging, yard waste, clothing, food scraps, appliance, paints, and batteries.[7] Most of the items that are collected by municipalities end up in landfills across the world. In the United States, it is estimated that 11.3 million tons of textile waste is generated. On an individual level, it is estimated that the average American throws away 81.5 pounds of clothes each year.[8] As online shopping becomes more prevalent, items such as cardboard, bubble wrap, shipping envelopes are ending up in landfills across the United States. The EPA has estimated that approximately 10.1 million tons of plastic containers and packaging ended up landfills in 2018. The EPA noted that only 30.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Unidad Nº1 - LEYES QUÍMICAS
1. Isobárico= Pcte
NOTAS: Isocórico= Vcte
Isotérmico= Tcte
UnidadNº 1 “Leyesquímicas”
Temperatura:eslaenergíacinéticamediaque tiene unamoléculaencadauna de sus
partículas:
De gradoscentígradosa kelvin:T(ºK)=T(ºC)+273,15
De gradoscentígradosa fahrenheit:T(ºF)=1,8. T(ºC)+32(ºF)
Fuerza:estodo agente capazde modificarlacantidadde movimientoentre lasmoléculas:
Presión:eslafuerzaque haydentrode un área:
1atm=760torr=101325Pa=1,01325bar=760mmHg.
Condicionesnormalesde temperaturaypresión(CNTP)=1atma0(ºC)
Leyde laconservaciónde lamateria(Lavoisier,mediadosdelsiglo18):lamasa de un
sistemapermanece invariable cualquierasealatransformaciónquímicaque ocurradentrode
él;por ejemplo:si reaccionan32g de O2 con 4g de H2 se obtendrá36g de H2O
Leyde lasproporcionesdefinidas(Proust,1801):cuando doso más elementosse
combinanpara formarun determinadocompuesto,lohacenenproporcionesfijasydefinidas;
por ejemplo:el Hyel O formanagua con una proporciónde
1
8
= (
2𝐻
1𝑂
=
2
16
=
𝑃𝑀𝐻2=2
𝑃𝑀0=16
)
Leyde lasproporcionesmúltiples(Dalton,1803): lascantidadesde unelementoque se
unencon unacantidadfijade otroelementoparaformarencada caso un compuesto
diferente,estánenrelación de númerosenterossencillos;porejemplo:el H2Otiene distinta
proporciónque el H2O2, la proporcióndel H2O=
1→𝐻
8→𝑂
y la del H202= 1→𝐻
16→𝑂
Leyde lasproporcionesreciprocas(Ritcher):lasmasasde elementosdiferentesque se
combinanconuna mismamasa de un elementodado,sonlasmasasrelativasde aquellos
elementosque se combinanentre síobienmúltiplosde estospesos;porejemplo:2gde H se
combinancon16g de Opara formar18g de H2O.
Propiedadesde losgases:
Su densidadpuedeacrecentarse porunaumentode presión
Debe ejercerse presiónparaconfinarlos.
Se expandensinlímite alguno(adquierencualquierforma)
Puedenmezclarse contodotipode elementosconmuchafacilidad
2. Isobárico= Pcte
NOTAS: Isocórico= Vcte
Isotérmico= Tcte
La cantidadypropiedadesde losgasesse describenentérminos de lapresión,
volumenocupadoymoléculaspresentes
Leyde losvolúmenesde combinación(Gay-Lussac,1808):en cualquierreacciónquímica
losvolúmenesde todaslassustanciasgaseosasque intervienenenlamismaestánenuna
relaciónde númerosenterossencillos;porejemplo:1Lde O2 se combinacon2L de H2 para
formar 2L de H2O medidosenCNTP
Leyde Boyle-Mariotte (1676):el volumende ungasa temperaturaconstante es
inversamenteproporcional alapresiónal cual está sometido; P1.V1=P2.V2 donde los 1 son
inicialesylos2 sonfinales.
Leyde CharlesyGay-Lussac:
Primera:P1.T2(ºK)=P2.T1(ºK)
Segunda:a presiónconstante el volumende ungasesproporcional asu temperatura;
V1.T2(ºK)=V2.T1(ºK)
Leycombinadade losgases:una masa de un gas ocupa un volumenque está
determinadoporlapresiónylatemperaturade dichogas; P1.V1.T2(ºK)=P2.V2.T1(ºK)
Leyde Avogadro:a lamismatemperaturaypresiónvolúmenesigualesde todoslos
gasestienenel mismonúmerode moléculas.Unmol de cualquiergasa las CNTPmide un
3. Isobárico= Pcte
NOTAS: Isocórico= Vcte
Isotérmico= Tcte
volumende 22,414L (volumenmolarnormal de ungas); V1.n1=V2.n2 donde nsonlos
númerosde moles.
Leygeneral del estadogaseosooleyde losgasesideales:parauna cantidadinvariable
de un gas, el productode la presiónque soportaporel volumenque ocupadivididoenla
temperaturaabsolutaesunaconstante;PV=n.R.T(ºK) donde Resla constante de losgasesy
essiempre: R= (
𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙.22,414𝐿
1𝑚𝑜𝑙.273,15º𝐾
)
Leyde Daltonde las presionesparciales:lapresióntotal de unamezclade gasesque
no reaccionanentre si esigual a la sumade laspresionesque cadagasejerceríasi estuviese
soloenel mismovolumende lamezclasiempre ycuandolatemperaturasealamisma;
Ptotaldeunamezcla= Pgas1+Pgas2+…+Pgasn;
Presiónqueejerceuncomponente(=)ק fmolardelcomponente.Ptotaldelamezcla
Leyde Amagat:el volumentotal de unamezclade gasesque no reaccionanentre si es
igual a la sumade losvolúmenesque ocuparíacada gas si estuviese soloala mismapresiónde
la mezclasiempre ycuandolatemperaturasealamisma;
Vtotoldeunamezcla= Vgas1+Vgas2+…+Vgasn;
volumenqueocupauncomponente(ט)=fmolardelcomponente.Vtotaldelamezcla