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Isobárico= Pcte
NOTAS: Isocórico= Vcte
Isotérmico= Tcte
UnidadNº 1 “Leyesquímicas”
Temperatura:eslaenergíacinéticamediaque tiene unamoléculaencadauna de sus
partículas:
 De gradoscentígradosa kelvin:T(ºK)=T(ºC)+273,15
 De gradoscentígradosa fahrenheit:T(ºF)=1,8. T(ºC)+32(ºF)
Fuerza:estodo agente capazde modificarlacantidadde movimientoentre lasmoléculas:
 Presión:eslafuerzaque haydentrode un área:
1atm=760torr=101325Pa=1,01325bar=760mmHg.
Condicionesnormalesde temperaturaypresión(CNTP)=1atma0(ºC)
Leyde laconservaciónde lamateria(Lavoisier,mediadosdelsiglo18):lamasa de un
sistemapermanece invariable cualquierasealatransformaciónquímicaque ocurradentrode
él;por ejemplo:si reaccionan32g de O2 con 4g de H2 se obtendrá36g de H2O
Leyde lasproporcionesdefinidas(Proust,1801):cuando doso más elementosse
combinanpara formarun determinadocompuesto,lohacenenproporcionesfijasydefinidas;
por ejemplo:el Hyel O formanagua con una proporciónde
1
8
= (
2𝐻
1𝑂
=
2
16
=
𝑃𝑀𝐻2=2
𝑃𝑀0=16
)
Leyde lasproporcionesmúltiples(Dalton,1803): lascantidadesde unelementoque se
unencon unacantidadfijade otroelementoparaformarencada caso un compuesto
diferente,estánenrelación de númerosenterossencillos;porejemplo:el H2Otiene distinta
proporciónque el H2O2, la proporcióndel H2O=
1→𝐻
8→𝑂
y la del H202= 1→𝐻
16→𝑂
Leyde lasproporcionesreciprocas(Ritcher):lasmasasde elementosdiferentesque se
combinanconuna mismamasa de un elementodado,sonlasmasasrelativasde aquellos
elementosque se combinanentre síobienmúltiplosde estospesos;porejemplo:2gde H se
combinancon16g de Opara formar18g de H2O.
Propiedadesde losgases:
 Su densidadpuedeacrecentarse porunaumentode presión
 Debe ejercerse presiónparaconfinarlos.
 Se expandensinlímite alguno(adquierencualquierforma)
 Puedenmezclarse contodotipode elementosconmuchafacilidad
Isobárico= Pcte
NOTAS: Isocórico= Vcte
Isotérmico= Tcte
 La cantidadypropiedadesde losgasesse describenentérminos de lapresión,
volumenocupadoymoléculaspresentes
Leyde losvolúmenesde combinación(Gay-Lussac,1808):en cualquierreacciónquímica
losvolúmenesde todaslassustanciasgaseosasque intervienenenlamismaestánenuna
relaciónde númerosenterossencillos;porejemplo:1Lde O2 se combinacon2L de H2 para
formar 2L de H2O medidosenCNTP
Leyde Boyle-Mariotte (1676):el volumende ungasa temperaturaconstante es
inversamenteproporcional alapresiónal cual está sometido; P1.V1=P2.V2 donde los 1 son
inicialesylos2 sonfinales.
Leyde CharlesyGay-Lussac:
 Primera:P1.T2(ºK)=P2.T1(ºK)
 Segunda:a presiónconstante el volumende ungasesproporcional asu temperatura;
V1.T2(ºK)=V2.T1(ºK)
Leycombinadade losgases:una masa de un gas ocupa un volumenque está
determinadoporlapresiónylatemperaturade dichogas; P1.V1.T2(ºK)=P2.V2.T1(ºK)
Leyde Avogadro:a lamismatemperaturaypresiónvolúmenesigualesde todoslos
gasestienenel mismonúmerode moléculas.Unmol de cualquiergasa las CNTPmide un
Isobárico= Pcte
NOTAS: Isocórico= Vcte
Isotérmico= Tcte
volumende 22,414L (volumenmolarnormal de ungas); V1.n1=V2.n2 donde nsonlos
númerosde moles.
Leygeneral del estadogaseosooleyde losgasesideales:parauna cantidadinvariable
de un gas, el productode la presiónque soportaporel volumenque ocupadivididoenla
temperaturaabsolutaesunaconstante;PV=n.R.T(ºK) donde Resla constante de losgasesy
essiempre: R= (
𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙.22,414𝐿
1𝑚𝑜𝑙.273,15º𝐾
)
Leyde Daltonde las presionesparciales:lapresióntotal de unamezclade gasesque
no reaccionanentre si esigual a la sumade laspresionesque cadagasejerceríasi estuviese
soloenel mismovolumende lamezclasiempre ycuandolatemperaturasealamisma;
Ptotaldeunamezcla= Pgas1+Pgas2+…+Pgasn;
Presiónqueejerceuncomponente(‫=)ק‬ fmolardelcomponente.Ptotaldelamezcla
Leyde Amagat:el volumentotal de unamezclade gasesque no reaccionanentre si es
igual a la sumade losvolúmenesque ocuparíacada gas si estuviese soloala mismapresiónde
la mezclasiempre ycuandolatemperaturasealamisma;
Vtotoldeunamezcla= Vgas1+Vgas2+…+Vgasn;
volumenqueocupauncomponente(‫ט‬)=fmolardelcomponente.Vtotaldelamezcla

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Unidad Nº1 - LEYES QUÍMICAS

  • 1. Isobárico= Pcte NOTAS: Isocórico= Vcte Isotérmico= Tcte UnidadNº 1 “Leyesquímicas” Temperatura:eslaenergíacinéticamediaque tiene unamoléculaencadauna de sus partículas:  De gradoscentígradosa kelvin:T(ºK)=T(ºC)+273,15  De gradoscentígradosa fahrenheit:T(ºF)=1,8. T(ºC)+32(ºF) Fuerza:estodo agente capazde modificarlacantidadde movimientoentre lasmoléculas:  Presión:eslafuerzaque haydentrode un área: 1atm=760torr=101325Pa=1,01325bar=760mmHg. Condicionesnormalesde temperaturaypresión(CNTP)=1atma0(ºC) Leyde laconservaciónde lamateria(Lavoisier,mediadosdelsiglo18):lamasa de un sistemapermanece invariable cualquierasealatransformaciónquímicaque ocurradentrode él;por ejemplo:si reaccionan32g de O2 con 4g de H2 se obtendrá36g de H2O Leyde lasproporcionesdefinidas(Proust,1801):cuando doso más elementosse combinanpara formarun determinadocompuesto,lohacenenproporcionesfijasydefinidas; por ejemplo:el Hyel O formanagua con una proporciónde 1 8 = ( 2𝐻 1𝑂 = 2 16 = 𝑃𝑀𝐻2=2 𝑃𝑀0=16 ) Leyde lasproporcionesmúltiples(Dalton,1803): lascantidadesde unelementoque se unencon unacantidadfijade otroelementoparaformarencada caso un compuesto diferente,estánenrelación de númerosenterossencillos;porejemplo:el H2Otiene distinta proporciónque el H2O2, la proporcióndel H2O= 1→𝐻 8→𝑂 y la del H202= 1→𝐻 16→𝑂 Leyde lasproporcionesreciprocas(Ritcher):lasmasasde elementosdiferentesque se combinanconuna mismamasa de un elementodado,sonlasmasasrelativasde aquellos elementosque se combinanentre síobienmúltiplosde estospesos;porejemplo:2gde H se combinancon16g de Opara formar18g de H2O. Propiedadesde losgases:  Su densidadpuedeacrecentarse porunaumentode presión  Debe ejercerse presiónparaconfinarlos.  Se expandensinlímite alguno(adquierencualquierforma)  Puedenmezclarse contodotipode elementosconmuchafacilidad
  • 2. Isobárico= Pcte NOTAS: Isocórico= Vcte Isotérmico= Tcte  La cantidadypropiedadesde losgasesse describenentérminos de lapresión, volumenocupadoymoléculaspresentes Leyde losvolúmenesde combinación(Gay-Lussac,1808):en cualquierreacciónquímica losvolúmenesde todaslassustanciasgaseosasque intervienenenlamismaestánenuna relaciónde númerosenterossencillos;porejemplo:1Lde O2 se combinacon2L de H2 para formar 2L de H2O medidosenCNTP Leyde Boyle-Mariotte (1676):el volumende ungasa temperaturaconstante es inversamenteproporcional alapresiónal cual está sometido; P1.V1=P2.V2 donde los 1 son inicialesylos2 sonfinales. Leyde CharlesyGay-Lussac:  Primera:P1.T2(ºK)=P2.T1(ºK)  Segunda:a presiónconstante el volumende ungasesproporcional asu temperatura; V1.T2(ºK)=V2.T1(ºK) Leycombinadade losgases:una masa de un gas ocupa un volumenque está determinadoporlapresiónylatemperaturade dichogas; P1.V1.T2(ºK)=P2.V2.T1(ºK) Leyde Avogadro:a lamismatemperaturaypresiónvolúmenesigualesde todoslos gasestienenel mismonúmerode moléculas.Unmol de cualquiergasa las CNTPmide un
  • 3. Isobárico= Pcte NOTAS: Isocórico= Vcte Isotérmico= Tcte volumende 22,414L (volumenmolarnormal de ungas); V1.n1=V2.n2 donde nsonlos númerosde moles. Leygeneral del estadogaseosooleyde losgasesideales:parauna cantidadinvariable de un gas, el productode la presiónque soportaporel volumenque ocupadivididoenla temperaturaabsolutaesunaconstante;PV=n.R.T(ºK) donde Resla constante de losgasesy essiempre: R= ( 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙.22,414𝐿 1𝑚𝑜𝑙.273,15º𝐾 ) Leyde Daltonde las presionesparciales:lapresióntotal de unamezclade gasesque no reaccionanentre si esigual a la sumade laspresionesque cadagasejerceríasi estuviese soloenel mismovolumende lamezclasiempre ycuandolatemperaturasealamisma; Ptotaldeunamezcla= Pgas1+Pgas2+…+Pgasn; Presiónqueejerceuncomponente(‫=)ק‬ fmolardelcomponente.Ptotaldelamezcla Leyde Amagat:el volumentotal de unamezclade gasesque no reaccionanentre si es igual a la sumade losvolúmenesque ocuparíacada gas si estuviese soloala mismapresiónde la mezclasiempre ycuandolatemperaturasealamisma; Vtotoldeunamezcla= Vgas1+Vgas2+…+Vgasn; volumenqueocupauncomponente(‫ט‬)=fmolardelcomponente.Vtotaldelamezcla