Unhcr intro and handy guide of unhcr for slideshare

UNHCR
United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees
UNHCR presents itself as UN refugees’ agency.
Author: Mamata PATHAK
Graduate Master in International
Business
Student Master in Migration Studies
University Cote d’Azur
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Find the same content in Youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1U8xmOK0lzY&feature=youtu.be

History of UNHCR
➢The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) was created in 1950, during the aftermath of the Second
World War, to help millions of Europeans who had fled or lost their
homes.
➢UNHCR’s first task in 1951 was to help an estimated 1 million mainly
European civilians, including these refugees in a camp in Germany,
still uprooted in the aftermath of World War Two.
Source:https://www.unhcr.org/history-of-unhcr.html, https://www.unhcr.org/4565a5742.pdf

Nature of UNHCR
It is full UN organization,
It was created as per UN general resolution in 1950 for the duration of 2
years to settle European refugees after world war II. And then renewed for
three years and then renewed for 5 years and then later renewed till
refugees exists. Like UN General assembly created them it can also be
deleted.
Mission: It has two pillars since established.
International protection of the refugees and for this to collaborate with
states the problems of the refugees and promote protection of refugees.
To provide resolution or assist in the durable solution by helping refugees to
return to their own country or to settle permanently in another country.

About UNHCR
➢In 1954, UNHCR won the Nobel Peace Prize for its groundbreaking work in Europe.
But it was not long before we faced our next major emergency.
➢In 1956, during the Hungarian Revolution, 200,000 fled to neighboring Austria.
Recognizing the Hungarians as 'prima facie' refugees, UNHCR led efforts to resettle
them. This uprising and its aftermath shaped the way humanitarian organizations
would deal with refugee crises in the future.
➢During the 1960s, the decolonization of Africa produced the first of that continent's
numerous refugee crises. We also helped uprooted people in Asia and Latin
America over the following two decades. In 1981, we received a second Nobel Peace
Prize for what had become worldwide assistance to refugees.

About UNHCR
➢The start of the 21st century has seen UNHCR help with major refugee
crises in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. We have also been asked to use
our expertise to help many internally displaced by conflict and expanded
our role in helping stateless people. In some parts of the world, such as
Africa and Latin America, the 1951 Refugee Convention has been
strengthened by additional regional legal instruments.
➢UNHCR now has more than 17,324 personnel. We work in a total of 135
countries and our budget, which in its first year was US$300,000, grew to
US$8.6 billion in 2019.
➢Year 2020 marks the 70th anniversary of the organization. UNHCR have
helped well over 50 million refugees to successfully restart their lives in
course of its operation.

Who are helped by UNHCR?
Primary purpose of UNHCR is to safeguard the rights and well-being of
people who have been forced to flee. Together with partners and
communities, UNHCR work to ensure that everybody has the right to
seek asylum and find safe refuge in another country. We also strive to
secure lasting solutions.
For over half a century, UNHCR has helped millions of people to restart
their lives. They include refugees, returnees, stateless people,
the internally displaced and asylum-
seekers. Our protection, shelter, health and education has been crucial,
healing broken pasts and building brighter futures.

Details of the group helped by UNHCR
➢An asylum-seeker is an individual who is seeking international
protection.
➢The internally displaced People seek safety in other parts of their
country.
➢Refugees are people fleeing conflict or persecution.
➢Stateless people do not have a nationality and can struggle to
realize their human rights.
➢Returnees are people who have finally returned home.
➢Safeguarding Individuals: Every human being deserves a life free
from persecution and discrimination.

1951 Refugee Convention
➢The United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, adopted in 1951,
is the centerpiece of international refugee protection today.
Link to Declaration Documents: https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10
➢This convention is grounded in Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of human
rights 1948, which recognizes the right of persons to seek asylum from persecution
in other countries,
➢The core principle is non-refoulement, which asserts that a refugee should not be
returned to a country where they face serious threats to their life or freedom. This
is now considered a rule of customary international law.
➢The Convention is both a status and rights-based instrument and is underpinned by
a number of fundamental principles, most notably non-discrimination, non-
penalization and non-refoulement.

1967 Protocol
➢The 1951 Refugee Convention entered into force on 22 April 1954, and it
has been subject to only one amendment in the form of a 1967 Protocol,
which removed the geographic and temporal limits of the 1951 Convention.
➢Link to 1967 Protocol documents: https://www.unhcr.org/5d9ed66a4
➢The 1951 Convention, as a post-Second World War instrument, was
originally limited in scope to persons fleeing events occurring before 1
January 1951 and within Europe.
➢The 1967 Protocol removed these limitations and thus gave the Convention
universal coverage.

Statue of 1950
➢States undertake to cooperate with UNHCR in the exercise of its
functions, which are set out in its Statute of 1950 along with a range of
other General Assembly resolutions, and, in particular, to facilitate this
specific duty of supervising the application of these instruments. By its
Statute, UNHCR is tasked with, among others, promoting international
instruments for the protection of refugees, and supervising their
application.
➢In 2001, States parties issued a Declaration reaffirming their
commitment to the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol, and they
recognized in particular that the core principle of non-refoulement is
embedded in customary international law.

Work of UNHCR
➢UNHCR work in 135 countries around the world, from major capitals to
remote and often dangerous locations.
➢Wherever refugees arrive, we work closely with governments to ensure
the 1951 Refugee Convention is honoured.
➢Over ten per cent of UNHCR personnel are based at UNHCR’s Geneva
headquarters along with the Global Service Centres in Budapest,
Copenhagen and Amman, these people provide support for the rest of
UNHCR, including key administrative functions. While 90 per cent of
UNHCR’s workforce is based in the field, assisting the most vulnerable
victims of displacement.

Refugees by Continent according to UNHCR
1) Africa
➢Sub-Saharan Africa hosts more than 26 per cent of the world’s
refugee population.
➢Over 18 million people in this region are of concern to UNHCR.
➢Note: That number has soared in recent years, partly due to ongoing
crises in the Central African Republic (CAR), Nigeria and South Sudan.
It has also grown as a result of new conflicts erupting in Burundi and
Yemen.
Source:https://www.unhcr.org/africa.html

2)Americas
➢Organised crime, armed groups, statelessness and decades of
conflict all pose a serious risk to populations in the Americas.
➢Over seven million people are now displaced and asylum
applications, particularly from Central American countries such as El
Salvador and Guatemala, have sharply increased.
➢At UNHCR, we work hard to facilitate this, focusing on targeted
interventions within countries of origin, as well as countries of transit
and asylum. We also work with partners to find durable solutions
which includes Complementary pathways for admission to third
countries, Local Integration, Resettlement, Voluntary Repartition).
Source: https://www.unhcr.org/americas.html

3)Asia and the Pacific
➢The Asia and Pacific region is home to 7.7 million people of concern to
UNHCR.
➢They include 3.5 million refugees, 1.9 million IDPs and 1.4
million stateless people.
➢The majority of refugees originate from Afghanistan and Myanmar.
High Commissioner Guterres made remarks that Nepal has shown solidarity
in the durable solution(resettlement) of refugees from Bhutan to Nepal since
two decades and put forth the contribution made by Bhutanese refugees
during earthquake crisis in Nepal. He put forth that government refugees can
contribute the government through their skills, creativity.
https://www.unhcr.org/asia-and-the-pacific.html

4)Europe : UNHCR’s Regional Bureau for Europe covers 49 countries.
UNHCR work in cluster with a range of organizations and partners, including
the European Union and its agencies, the Council of Europe, the Organization
for Security and Cooperation in Europe, other UN agencies, civil society and
NGOs. The Bureau also engages with supranational legal institutions,
including the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of
the European Union.
The number of people seeking protection in Europe has grown considerably
in recent years. As conflicts and violence in other parts of the world fuel
large-scale and protracted displacement, some refugees are seeking safety
beyond the immediate region.
Many refugees and migrants continue to take dangerous journeys across the
Mediterranean. Many have lost their lives at sea or seen loved ones drown
while trying to reach safety.

5) The Middle East and North Africa
➢ This region continues to pose overwhelming challenges, with multiple and
complex emergency situations on an unprecedented scale.
➢The humanitarian situation in Syria remains volatile. After more than six
years of conflict, there are over five million Syrian refugees in the region
and counting.
➢Elsewhere, violence and instability in countries such as Iraq and Yemen is
triggering new waves of displacement.
➢ Across the region, UNHCR staff deliver life-saving assistance to
millions who have been driven from their homes.
Source: https://www.unhcr.org/middle-east-and-north-africa.html

Different actions of UNHCR as per its website
➢The Global Compact on Refugees
since 17 December 2018.
➢Advocacy
➢Cash Based Interventions
➢Education
➢Environment, Disasters and Climate
Change
➢Livelihood and Economic inclusion
➢Public Health and Shelters
➢Fight against Sexual Exploitation,
Abuse and Harassment
➢Asylum and Migration
➢Coordinating Assistance
➢Ending Statelessness
➢Innovation
➢Protection
➢Safeguarding Individuals
➢Solutions
Source: https://www.unhcr.org/what-we-do.html

World Refugee Day
➢It falls each year on June 20 and celebrates the strength and courage
of people who have been forced to flee their home country to escape
conflict or persecution.
➢On 2020, Refugee Day was celebrated with the Slogan, “Everyone can
make a difference. Every action counts.”
➢World Refugee Day was held globally for the first time on June 20,
2001, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the 1951 Convention
relating to the Status of Refugees. It was originally known as Africa
Refugee Day, before the United Nations General Assembly officially
designated it as an international day in December 2000.
Source:https://www.unhcr.org/world-refugee-day.html

Current High Commissioner of UNHCR:
Filippo Grandi
➢He was the 11th United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees.
➢Elected by the UN General Assembly on
1 January 2016 to serve a five-year term,
until 31 December 2020.
➢He was born in Milan, Italy in 1957
➢Grandi holds a degree in modern history from
the State University in Milan, a BA in
Philosophy from the Gregorian University in
Rome and an honorary doctorate from the
University of Coventry.
➢ He has been engaged in refugee and
humanitarian work for more than 30 years,
served as Commissioner-General
of UNRWA(United Nations Relief and Work
Agency), the UN Agency for Palestine
refugees from 2010 to 2014, having
previously been its Deputy Commissioner-
General since 2005.
➢He also served as Deputy Special
Representative of the UN Secretary-General
in Afghanistan and has worked with NGOs
and UNHCR in Africa, Asia, the Middle East
and at our Geneva headquarters.
Source: https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/u-n-high-commissioner-for-refugees-filippo-grandi/

What is there in the Handy Guide of UNHCR
• Original version is the UNCHR Handbook for Emergencies (UNHCR, Geneva,
2nd edition)
• A Handy Guide to UNHCR Emergency Standards and Indicators: It is an
extract from Handbook for Emergencies, United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva, 2000. It was prepared by The Regional
Centre for Emergency Training in International Humanitarian Response, or
eCentre, that was established by UNHCR in Tokyo in 2000.
http://www.the-ecentre.net
• Handy Guide clearly shows that UNHCR is an emergency rescue
organization. UNHCR spends most in the emergency situation, providing
immediate help, tent, sack of food, blankets, clothes etc.

Source:https://www.refworld.org/docid/3dee456c4.html

Key Emergency Indicators:
1)Crude Mortality rate (CMR)
2)Mortality rate among children under 5 years old
Source: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3dee456c4.html, page 5

KEY EMERGENCY STANDARDS
Any Pattern of Severe Cases
Source: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3dee456c4.html, page 6 and 7

PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY: MAJOR KILLERS

PROTECTION AS PER THE HANDY GUIDE
REFUGEE DEFINITION
➢A refugee is defined as any person who is outside his/her country of origin and
who is unwilling or unable to return there or to avail him/herself of its protection
because of:
i) a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of
❖Race,
❖ Religion,
❖ Nationality
❖membership of a particular social group or political opinion; OR
ii. a threat to life or security as a result of armed conflict and other forms of
widespread violence which seriously disturb the public order. Whether a person is a
refugee is not dependent on formal recognition, but on the fact of meeting the
definition of refugee.
Whether a person is a refugee is not dependent on formal recognition, but on the
fact of meeting the definition of refugee.

KEY LEGAL DOCUMENTS OF UNHCR
➢Statute of the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees
➢1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and
its 1967 Protocol
➢1969 Convention Governing the Specific Problems of
Refugee Problems in Africa of the Organization of African
Unity (OAU)

ADMISSION AND NON-REFOULEMENT
➢“No Contracting State shall expel or return (“refouler”) a refugee in any
manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom
would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality,
membership of a particular social group or political opinion.”
(This principle is set out in Paragraph 1 of Article 33 of the 1951 Convention).
➢The aim of international protection in emergencies is to:
i. Ensure admission and at least temporary asylum
ii. Prevent forcible return (“refoulement”)
iii. Ensure refugees are treated according to basic human rights standards
Note: In an emergency it must first be established that the persons
endangered are of concern to UNHCR and thus entitled to protection.

BASIC PROTECTION STANDARDS
These were adopted by UNHCR’s Executive Committee in 1981, Conclusion No. 22.
Refugees should not be penalized:
Refugees and asylum seekers should not be penalised or exposed to any
unfavourable treatment solely on the ground that their presence in the
country is considered unlawful; they should not be subjected to
restrictions on their movements other than those which are necessary
in the interest of public health and public order.
Civil Rights should be accorded:
Refugees should enjoy the fundamental civil rights internationally
recognised, in particular those set out in the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights.

Necessary assistance should be provided:
Refugees should receive all necessary assistance and be provided with
the basic necessities of life including food, shelter and basic sanitary and
health facilities; in this respect the international community should
conform with the principles of international solidarity and burden-
sharing.
Treatment should be humane
Refugees should be treated as persons whose tragic plight requires
special understanding and sympathy. They should not be subjected to
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.

There should be no discrimination
There should be no discrimination on the grounds of race, religion, political opinion,
nationality, country of origin or physical incapacity.
Refugees are persons before the law
Refugees are to be considered as persons before the law, enjoying free access to courts of law
and other competent administrative authorities.
Refugees and asylum-seekers should be located in a safe place
The location of asylum seekers should be determined by their safety and well-being as well as
by the security needs of the receiving State. Asylum seekers should, as far as possible, be
located at a reasonable distance from the frontier of their country of origin. They should not
become involved in subversive activities against their country of origin or any other State.

Family unity should be respected
Family unity should be respected and all possible assistance should be given for
the tracing of relatives.
Children should be protected
Adequate provision should be made for the protection of minors and
unaccompanied children.
Sending and receiving mail should be allowed
Refugees should be allowed to receive material assistance from friends or
relatives and the sending and receiving of mail should be allowed.

Civil registration should be permitted
Appropriate arrangements should be made, where possible, for the registration
of births, marriages and deaths.
Access to a durable solution should be allowed: Refugees should be granted all
the necessary facilities to enable them to obtain a satisfactory durable situation.
All steps should be taken to facilitate voluntary repatriation.
Transfer of assets should be permitted
Refugees should be permitted to transfer assets which they have brought into a
territory to the country where the durable solution is obtained.

SCREENING OF NEW ARRIVALS: RECEPTION ACTIVITIES
Health Screening
➢Nutritional screening: Children 1 to under 5 years
▪ Measure the mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)
▪ Any children with MUAC below 12.5 cm should be immediately referred
to health or nutrition services for weighing and measuring and for
nutritional assistance if required.
➢Measles immunization: Children aged 6 months to 12 (even 15) years
Immunize entire group and issue “Road to Health” or other immunization
record card
Note: It is often impractical to vaccinate at the same time as screening.
However, screening could be used to evaluate the vaccine coverage.

SCREENING OF NEW ARRIVALS: RECEPTION ACTIVITIES
Health Screening
➢Vitamin A prophylaxis: Given along with measles vaccine, but should not
delay measles vaccination if vitamin A is not available.
➢Basic curative care: As required
▪ On-site first-line care for dehydration, respiratory infections, presumed
malaria, trauma and other life-threatening conditions
▪ Referral to existing health care facilities

DEMOGRAPHIC SCREENING
➢ Population estimation: Everyone
▪ Estimate total population broken down by sex and age (0-4,
5-14, 15- 44, and 44 years and over)
▪ Estimate numbers of vulnerable persons such as children up
to 5 years old, pregnant/lactating women, handicapped,
female heads of households, single women and
unaccompanied minors

TYPICAL SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
REQUIREMENTS FOR REFUGEE CAMPS
➢1 latrine per 1 family (6–10 persons)
➢a1 water tap per 1 community (80–100 persons)
➢ 1 health centre per 1 camp (of 20,000 persons)
➢ 1 hospital per up to 200,000 persons
➢ 1 school per 1 sector (5,000 persons)
➢ 4 commodity distribution sites per 1 camp module (20,000 persons)
➢ 1 market per 1 camp module (20,000 persons)
➢ 2 refuse drums per 1 community (80–100 persons)

APPROXIMATE STAFFING LEVEL FOR REFUGEE
HEALTH AND SANITATION
➢Services for a population of 10-
20,000
➢Community Health Workers: 10-
20
➢Traditional Birth Attendants: 6-10
➢Public House Nurse: 1
➢Clinic Nurses Midwives: 3-4
➢Doctor/Medical Assistants: 1-3
➢ Pharmacy Attendant: 1
➢Laboratory Technician: 1
➢Dressers/Assistants: 10
➢Sanitarians: 2-4
➢Sanitation Assistants: 20

SITE PLANNING FIGURES FOR EMERGENCIES
➢Land 30 – 45 m2 per person
➢Shelter space 3.5 m2 per person (tents or other structures)
➢Fire break space
▪ A clear area between shelters 50 m wide should be provided for every
300 m of built-up area.
▪ A minimum of 1-1.5 m should be provided between guy-ropes of
neighbouring tents on all sides.
➢Roads and walkways 20-25% of entire site
➢Open space and public facilities 15-20% of entire site

➢Environmental sanitation
▪ 1 latrine seat per 20 people or ideally 1 per family sited not farther than 50
m from user accommodations and not nearer than 6 m.
▪ 1 x 100 litre refuse bin per 50 people
▪ 1 wheelbarrow per 500 people
▪ 1 communal refuse pit (2 m x 5 m x 2 m) per 500 people
➢Water
▪ 15-20 litres per person per day of clean water
▪ Health centre: 40-60 litres/patient/day
▪ Feeding centres: 20-30 litres/patient/day

➢Tap stands: 1 per 200 persons, sited not farther than 100 m from user
accommodations
➢Warehouse space: For food grains in bags, stacked 6 m high, allow 1.2 m2 of
floor space per ton
➢Food: 2,100 kcal/person/day,This will require approximately 36 metric tones
/ 10,000 people / week of food assuming the following daily ration:
▪ 350-400 g/person/day of staple cereal
▪ 20-40 g/person/day of an energy rich food (oil, fat)
▪ 50 g/person/day of a protein rich food (legumes)

TYPES OF SELECTIVE FEEDING PROGRAMMES
1) Targeted Supplementary Feeding Programmes (TSF)
➢Objectives
▪ Correct moderate malnutrition
▪ Prevent moderately malnourished from becoming severely malnourished
▪ Reduce mortality and morbidity risk in children under 5 years
▪ Provide nutritional support to selected pregnant women and nursing
mothers
▪ Provide follow up services to those discharged from therapeutic feeding
programmes
➢Criteria for selection and target group(TSF): continuation in next slide
▪ Children under 5 years moderately malnourished: →Between 70% and
80% of the median weight-for-height or: →Between –3 and –2 Z-scores
weight-for-height

➢Criteria for selection and target group(TSF): continuation from previous
slide
▪ Malnourished individuals based on weight-for-height, body mass index
(BMI), mid-upper-arm-circumference (MUAC) or clinical signs
→Older children (between 5 and 10 years)
→Adolescents
→Adults and elderly persons
→Medical referrals
▪ Selected pregnant women (from date of confirmed pregnancy) and
nursing mothers (until 6 months after delivery), for instance using MUAC

2) Blanket Supplementary Feeding Programmes (TSF)
➢Objectives
▪ Prevent deterioration of nutritional situation
▪ Reduce prevalence of acute malnutrition in children under 5 years
▪ Ensure safety net measures
▪ Reduce mortality and morbidity risk
➢Criteria for selection and target group:
▪ Children under 3 or under 5 years
▪ All pregnant women (from date of confirmed pregnancy) and nursing
mothers (until maximum 6 months after delivery)
▪ Other at-risk groups

3) Therapeutic Feeding Programmes (TSF)
➢Objectives
▪ Reduce excess mortality and morbidity risk in children under 5 years
▪ Provide medical/nutritional treatment for the severely malnourished
➢Criteria for selection and target group:
▪ Children under 5 years severely malnourished: <70% of the median weight-for-
height and/or oedema, <-3 Z-scores weight-for-height and/or oedema
▪ Severely malnourished children older than 5 years, adolescents and adults
admitted based on available weight-for-height standards or presence of oedema
▪ Low birth weight babies
▪ Orphans<1 year (only when traditional care practices are inadequate)
▪ Mothers of children younger than 1 year with breast-feeding failure (only in
exceptional cases when relactation through counselling and traditional alternative feeding have
failed)

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOOD COMMUDITIES PER 100G.
COMMODITY ENERGY(Kcal) Protein(g) Fat(g)
Cereals
Wheat 330 12.3 1.5
Rice 360 7.0 0.5
Sorghum / Millet 335 11.0 3.0
Maize 350 10.0 4.0
Processed Cereals
Maize meal 360 9.0 3.5
Wheat flour 350 11.5 1.5
Bulgur wheat 350 11.0 1.5

COMMODITY Energy Kcal Protein (g) Fat (g)
Blended Food
Corn Soya Blend 380 18.0 6.0
Wheat Soya Blend 370 20.0 6.0
Soya-fortified bulgur wheat 350 17.0 1.5
Soya-fortified maize meal 390 13.0 1.5
Soya-fortified wheat floue 360 16.0 1.3
Soya-fortified sorghum grits 360 16.0 1.0
Dairy Products
Dried Skim Milked (enriched) 360 36.0 1.0
Dried Skim Milked (plain) 360 36.0 1.0
Dried Whole Milk 500 25.0 27.0
Canned cheese 355 22.5 28.0
Therapeutic milk 540 14.7 31.5

Meat and Fish
Canned meat 220 21.0 15.0
Dried salted fish 270 47.0 7.5
Canned fish 305 22.0 24.0
Oils and Fats
Vegetable oil 885 100.0
Butter oil 860 98.0
Edible fat 900 100.0
Pulses
Beans 335 20.0 1.2
Peas 335 22.0 1.4
Lentils 340 20.0 0.6

Miscellaneous
Sugar 400
High Energy Biscuits 450 12.0 15.0
Tea (black)
Iodized Salt
Dates 245 2.0 0.5
Dried fruit 270 4.0 0.5

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON FOODS
General grains (rice, corn, sorghum, oats, etc.)
Contain vitamin B and iron. However, these are reduced by milling, i.e. the
whiter the flour the greater the loss of vitamins.
Comment: General grains are the main source of both energy and protein in
most diets.
Legumes/oil seeds (beans, peas, soya, ground-nuts, etc.)
Contain B complex vitamins. Most contain significant quantities of iron and
calcium.
Comment: Legumes are particularly useful when eaten with cereals as the
proteins complement each other.

Whole tubers and roots (yam, taro, cassava, sweet potato, potato, etc.)
The quantity of vitamins and minerals contained is variable but generally low,
except for potatoes which are rich in vitamin C.
Comment: Bulk and low protein content makes them unsuitable as staple foods
in emergencies.
Vegetables and fruits
Important source of vitamins and minerals. Variable quantities of B and C
vitamins. Dark green leaves or yellow/red pigmentation usually indicates
vitamins A compounds.
Source: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3dee456c4.html, page 20,21

Meat, milk and dairy products, eggs, etc.
▪ Good sources of B vitamins. Whole milk and eggs also good source of
vitamin A.
▪ Milk and eggs provide significant amounts of calcium.
Comment: Usually consumed in very small quantities in normal times. They
are more readily used by body than proteins of vegetable origin. Therefore,
small quantities useful to improve the quantity and palatability of diet.
Fish, dried
Rich source of calcium and iron. Contains B Vitamins.
Comment: A concentrated source of protein for those who like it. Therefore
acceptability trials essential before use.

Fats and oils
Fats derived from the milk are sources of vitamins A and D, while vegetable
fats contain no vitamin A and D, except for red palm-oil.
Comment: Useful way to increase energy intake without increasing bulk of
diet. Improves palatability and helps in food preparation.

THE SIZE OF THINGS
COMMODITY VOLUME
PER TON(M3 / 1,000KG)
APPROXIMATE STANDARD PACKAGE TYPICAL MAXIMUM
STACKING HEIGHT
Water 1 None n/a F
Food grains/beans 2 50 kg/bag 20-40 bags
Flour and blended foods 2 25 kg/bag 20-30 bags
DSM in bags 2.4 25 kg/bag 20-30 bags
DSM in tins inside cartons 4 20 kg/carton 4
tins/carton
8 individual cartons or 20 if
palletised
Edible oil in tins inside 2 25 kg/carton 6
tins/carton
8 individual cartons or 20 if
palletised
Oil in drums 1.4 200 litre/drum 2 drums upright with wood
between the rims or 3
drums on their sides
ORS 2.4 35 kg/carton 3-4 m

THE SIZE OF THINGS
COMMODITY VOLUME
PER TON(M3 / 1,000KG)
APPROXIMATE STANDARD PACKAGE TYPICAL MAXIMUM
STACKING HEIGHT
Mixed drugs 3.5 45 kg/carton 3-4 m
Clinic equipment and
teaching aids
4.5 35-50 kg/carton 3-4 m
Kitchen utensils 5 35-40 kg carton 3-4 m
Family tents 4.5 35-60 kg/unit 4.5 m*
Compressed blankets 4.5 70 units/bale 85
kg/bale
4.5 m*
Loose blankets 9 unit 3-4 m
* where equipment for stacking allows

CAPACITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS
AIRCRAFTS
AIRCRAFT MAKE OR
TYPE
VOLUME* CAPACITY
IN M3
WEIGHT* CAPACITY
IN KG
REQUIRED*
RUNAWAY IN M
NOTES
Antanov AN-12 97 20,000 1,800
Antanov AN-124 900 120,000 3,000
Boeing B.707/320C 165 36,000 2,100
Boeing B.747 460 100,000 3,000
DC-3 21 3,000 1,200
DC-6 80 11,000 1,500
DC.8/63F 302 44,000 2,300 “stretch” version
DC.10/30F 412 66,000 2,500
Fokker F.27 65 5,000 1,200
* Note that the minimum length of runaway required and the maximum load capacity both depend on the
altitude of the airport and the temperature. Capacity is reduced for long distances as more fuel must be
carried. Carrying capacity will also vary with the actual configuration of the aircraft. Many types of aircraft will
require specialized loading/unloading equipment

CAPACITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS
AIRCRAFTS
AIRCRAFT MAKE OR
TYPE
VOLUME* CAPACITY
IN M3
WEIGHT*
CAPACITY IN KG
REQUIRED*
RUNAWAY IN M
NOTES
Hercules L.100-30 120 15,000 1,400 Ramp for trucks, can land
on earth/grass airstrips
Ilyushin IL-76 180 47,000 1,700
Pilatus Porter 3 950 120 Small door
Skyvan 22 2,100 500 Ramp: can take Land
Rover
Transall 140 17,000 1,000 Ramp for trucks
Twin Otter 12.4 1,800 220 Small door
* Note that the minimum length of runaway required and the maximum load capacity both depend on the altitude of the
airport and the temperature. Capacity is reduced for long distances as more fuel must be carried. Carrying capacity will
also vary with the actual configuration of the aircraft. Many types of aircraft will require specialized loading/unloading
equipment

CAPACITIES OF VARIOUS SURFACE TRANSPORT MEANS
CARRIER TYPE VOLUME CAPACITY IN M3 WEIGHT CAPACITY IN KG
Standard railway car 52 30,000
Standard sea/land container (20 ft
/ 6.1 m)
30 18,000
Standard sea/land container (40 ft
/ 12.2 m)
65 26,000
Large lorry and trailer Varies 20-30,000
Large articulated lorry Varies 30-40,000
Medium lorry Varies 5-8,000

CAPACITIES OF VARIOUS SURFACE TRANSPORT MEANS
CARRIER TYPE VOLUME CAPACITY IN M3 WEIGHT CAPACITY IN KG
Long wheel base Landrover or
pickup
Varies 1,000
Typical water tanker 8 8,000
Hand drawn cart Varies 300
Camel Varies 250
Donkey Varies 100
Bicycle Varies 100

UN SECURITY PHASES
Phase I: Precautionary
In this phase, clearance from the Designated Official (DO) is required prior to travel.
Phase II: Restricted Movement
This phase imposes a high level of alert on the movements of UN staff members
and their families. During this phase all staff members and their families will remain
at home unless otherwise instructed.
Phase III: Relocation
This phase is declared by the Secretary General, on the advice of the DO. It
includes concentration of all international staff members and their families,
relocation of non-essential staff and families elsewhere in, or out of the country.
Deployment of new staff must be authorized by the Secretary General.

UN SECURITY PHASES
Phase IV: Programme Suspension
This phase is declared by the Secretary General, on the advice of the DO. It
allows for relocation outside the country of all international staff not directly
involved with the emergency, humanitarian relief operations, or security
matters.
Phase V: Evacuation
This phase is declared by the Secretary General, on the advice of the DO. The
evacuation of all international staff should be carried out according to plans
prepared beforehand.

RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, PHONETIC ALPHABET
Letter Phonetic equivalent Letter PZhonetic equivalent
A Alpha N November
B Bravo O Oscar
C Charlie P Papa
D Delta Q Quebec
E Echo R Romeo
F Fox-trot S Sierra
G Golf T Tango
H Hotel U Uniform
I India v Victor
J Juliet W Whiskey
K Kilo X X-Ray
L Lima Y Yankee
M Mike Z Zulu

COMMON COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND TERMINOLOGY
➢Codan (Manufacturer’s name):High frequency radio system using voice
communication, commonly used in vehicles
➢DAMA – Demand Assigned Multiple Access: Satellite (VSAT) system which
allows multiple lines of telephone, fax and data to be transmitted via satellite
➢DTS – Digital Transmission System: A successor to PACTOR, allowing the
transmission of e-mail messages by radio
➢HF – High Frequency: Range of frequency if radio waves used for long distance
radio communication
➢INMARSAT – International Mobile Satellite Organization (originally called
International Maritime Satellite Organisation) Phone system which provides
global phone, fax and data transmission via satellite

➢Pactor – Packetised Telex Over Radio System whereby printed messages can
be sent by radio
➢SATCOM – Satellite Communications Generic term for any satellite
communications system
➢SATCOM A, B, C, M, Mini-M – Refers specifically to INMARSAT terminals used
by UNHCR Telephone system used for voice, fax and data communications. The
equipment comes in various sizes, from suitcase size to small laptop size, and
with varying capabilities from simple telex to videoconferencing.
➢SITA – Société International de Telecommunications Aéronautiques An
organisation which provides a global communications network for airline
reservations and ticketing. It can also provide a communications network for
non-airline customers (e.g. UNHCR)

➢UHF – Ultra High Frequency (Higher than VHF) Range of frequency of radio
waves used for short distance radio communication
➢VSAT – Very Small Aperture Terminal Satellite system which allows multiple
lines of telephone, fax and data to be transmitted via geo stationary satellite
➢VHF – Very High Frequency Radio waves used for short distance radio
communications (e.g. handsets for walkie-talkies)
➢VHF Repeater – Very High Frequency Repeater Equipment used to extend
the range of VHF short distance radio communications to a range of 20 to
80 km, depending on the topography

COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS
1.Diarrhoeal
Disease
➢Major Contributing Factors: Overcrowding, Contamination of
water and food, Lack of hygiene
➢Preventive measures: Adequate Living Spaces, Public Health
Education, Distribution of Soap, Good Personal and food hygiene,
Safe Water supply and sanitation
2.Measles
➢Major Contributing Factors: Overcrowding, Low Vaccination Coverage
➢Preventive measures: Minimum living space standards, Immunization of
children with distribution of Vitamin A.
3.Acute
Respiratory
Infections
➢Major Contributing Factors: Poor Housing, Lack of Blankets and
Clothing, Smoke in Living room
➢Preventive measures: Minimum living space, Adequate Clothing and
sufficient blankets
Note: Immunization from 6 months up to 15 years (rather than the more usual 5
years) is recommended because of the increased risks from living conditions

Major contributing factors Preventive measures
➢ New environment with a strain to which
the refugees are not immune
➢ Stagnant water which becomes a
breeding area for mosquitoes
➢ Destroying mosquito breeding places,
larvae and adult mosquitoes by spraying.
However the success of vector control is
dependent on particular mosquitoes habits
and local experts must be consulted
➢ Provision of mosquito nets
➢ Drug prophylaxis (e.g. pregnant women
and young children according to national
protocols)
4.Malaria

➢ Overcrowding in areas where the disease
is endemic (often has local seasonal
patterns)
➢ Minimum living space standards
➢ Immunization only after expert advice
when surveys suggest necessity
5. Meningococcal Meningitis
6. Tuberculosis
➢ Overcrowding
➢ Malnutrition
➢ High HIV prevalence
➢ Minimum living space standards (but
where it is endemic it will remain a
problem)
➢ Immunization

➢ Overcrowding
➢ Poor personal hygiene
➢ Contaminated water supply
➢ Inadequate sanitation
➢ Safe water, proper sanitation
➢ Good personal, food and public
hygiene and public health education
7. Typhoid
NOTE: WHO does not recommend vaccination as it offers only low, short term
individual protection and little or no protection against the spread of the disease.

➢ Overcrowding
➢ Poor sanitation
➢ Proper sanitation
➢ Good personal hygiene
➢ Wearing shoes
8. Worms, especially hookworms
9. Scabies:skin disease caused by burrowing mites
➢ Overcrowding
➢ Poor sanitation
➢ Enough water and soap for washing

➢ Inadequate diet following
prolonged acute infections, measles
and diarrhoea
➢ Adequate dietary intake of vitamin
A. If not available, provide vitamin A
fortified food. If this is not possible,
then vitamin A supplements
➢ Immunization against measles
➢ Systematic prophylaxis for children,
every 4-6 months
10. Xerophtalmia, vitamin A deficiency

➢ Malaria, hookworm, poor absorption or
insufficient intake of iron and folate
➢ Prevention/treatment of contributory
disease
➢ Correction of diet, including food
fortification
11. Anaemia
12. Tetanus
➢ Injuries to unimmunized population
➢ Poor obstetrical practice causes neo-
natal tetanus
➢ Good first aid
➢ Immunization of pregnant women and
subsequent general immunization within
EPI
➢ Training of midwives and clean ligatures,
scissors, razors, etc

➢ Lack of proper hygiene
➢ Contamination of food and water
➢ Safe water supply
➢ Effective sanitation
➢ Safe blood transfusions
13. Hepatitis
14. STD’s/HIV
➢ Loss of social organization
➢ Poor transfusion practices
➢ Lack of information
➢ Test syphilis during pregnancy
➢ Test all blood before transfusion
➢ Ensure adherence to universal precautions
➢ Health education
➢ Availability of condoms
➢ Treat partners

CHECKLIST FOR INITIAL ASSESSMENT
This checklist is based on a refugee influx and it should be modified in the light of the actual nature of the emergency
Who are the refugees, their number and pattern of arrival?
1. Approximately how many refugees are there?
2. Where have the refugees come from? Why? ▪
3. What is the rate of arrival? Is it likely to increase or decrease?
4. What is the total number likely to arrive?
5. What is the location of the arrival points and of the sites where people are settling
(latitude and longitude)?
6. Are the refugees arriving as individuals or in groups? Are these family groups, clans,
tribal, ethnic or village groups?
7. Are families, village groups and communities intact?

Who are the refugees, their number and pattern of arrival?
8. How are the refugees organized? Are there group or community leaders? ▪ How are the refugees travelling:
on foot, in vehicles? What is the gender ratio of the population?
9. What is the age profile of the population? Can a breakdown in age be given – under five's, age 5 to 17 years,
18 years and over?
10. How many unaccompanied minors are there? What is their condition?
11. What was the social and economic situation of the refugees prior to their flight? What are their skills and
languages? What is their ethnic and cultural background?
12. Are there individuals or groups with special social problems? Are there particular groups made more
vulnerable by the situation? (e.g. the disabled, separated minors or elderly people in need of support).
13. What are the basic diet, shelter, and sanitation practices of the refugees? ▪ What is the security situation
within the population: is there a need for separation between different groups?
14 What is the formal legal status of the refugees?

Characteristics of the location
1. What are the physical characteristics of the area where the refugees are located?
2. What is the soil, topography and drainage?
3. Is there enough space for those there and those likely to arrive?
4. Is there all season accessibility?
5. Can the refugees access relief assistance from where they are located?
6. What is the vegetation cover?
7. Will the refugees need to use wood for fuel and shelter?
8. Approximately how many people already live in the local area?

Characteristics of the location
9. Who owns (or has usage rights on) the land?
10. Is there grazing land and are there potential areas for cultivation?
11. What is the actual or likely impact on the local population and what is their attitude and
that of the local authorities towards the refugees?
12. Are there security problems?
13. What environmental factors must be taken into account (e.g. fragility of the local
environment and extent to which local community relies on it; how rapidly might it be
degraded by the refugees, proximity to protected areas)?
14. What is the condition of the local population? If assistance is provided to the refugees,
should the local population also be assisted?

Health status and basic problems
1. Are there significant numbers of sick or injured persons, is there excess mortality?
2. Are there signs of malnutrition?
3. Do the refugees have access to sufficient quantities of safe water?
4. Do the refugees have food stocks, for how long will they last? Do the refugees have
adequate shelter?
5. Are adequate sanitary facilities available?
6. Do the refugees have basic domestic items?
7. Is there sufficient fuel for cooking and heating?

Resources, spontaneous arrangements and assistance being delivered
1. What type and quantity of possessions have the refugees brought with them?
2. What arrangements have the refugees already made to meet their most immediate
needs?
3. What assistance is already being provided by the local population, the government,
UN organizations and other organizations, is the assistance adequate, sustainable?
4. Is the present assistance likely to increase, continue, decrease?
5. What is the government's policy on assistance to the refugees?
6. Are there any major constraints likely to affect an assistance operation?
7. Has contingency planning for this type of emergency been undertaken?
8. What coordination arrangements are required?

Means to deliver protection and assistance
1. Can effective implementing arrangements be made quickly and locally? If not, what are the
alternatives?
2. Is there already an identified refugee leadership with whom it will be possible to coordinate the
delivery of protection and assistance?
3. What are the logistical needs and how can they be met?
4. Where will the necessary supplies come from?
5. How will they reach the refugees?
6. What storage is needed, where and how?
7. Are there essential items which can only be obtained outside the region and whose early supply
will be of critical importance (e.g. food, trucks?)
8. What are the needs for UNHCR and implementing partner staff and staff support?

Conversion Factors
To convert from To Multiply by
Yards (1 = 3ft = 36 inches) Metres 0.91
Metres (1 = 100 cm) Yards 1.09
Miles (1 = 1,760 yds) Kilometres 1.61
Kilometres (1 = 1,000 m)
The international nautical mile = 6,076 feet = 1,825 km
Miles 0.62
➢ Length

Conversion Factors
Yards2 (1 = 9ft2) Metres2 0.84
Metres2 (1 = 10,000 m2) Yards2 1.20
Acres (1 = 4,840 yd2) Hectares 0.41
Hectares (1 = 100 acres = 10,000 m2) Acres 2.47
➢ Area
Miles2 (1 = 640 acres) Kilometres2 2.59
Kilometres2 (1 = 100 ha) Miles2 0.39

Conversion Factors
➢ Volume
US gallons UK gallons 0.83
UK gallons US gallons 1.20
US (UK) pints Litres 0.47 (0.57)
Litres US (UK) pints 2.11 (1.76)
US (UK) gallons (1 = 8 pints) Litres 3.79 (4.55)
Metres3 Yards3 1.31
Yards (1 = 27 ft3) Metres3 0.77

Conversion Factors
➢ Weight
Ounces (oz) Grams 28.35
Grams Ounces 0.035
Pounds (lb, 1 = 16 oz) Kilos 0.454
Kilos (kg, 1 = 1,000 g) Pounds 2.21
US short tons (1 = 2,000 lb) Metric tons 0.91
US long tons (= UK tons, 1 = 20
hundredweight, CWT = 2,240 lb)
Metric tons 1.02
Metric tons (MT, 1 = 1,000 kg) US short tons 1.10
US long tons UK tons 0.98

Conversion Factors
➢ Temperature
Centigrade Fahrenheit 1.8 and add 32
Fahrenheit Centigrade Substract 32 and multiply by 0.56

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