The document outlines various engineering geophysical and geotechnical methods used in infrastructure projects, including topographical surveys, geoelectrical investigations, and magnetic measurements for underground utilities. Essential applications are detailed, such as bathymetrical investigations for water bodies, seismic analysis for geological structures, and the use of advanced technology like drones for aerial photography. The text emphasizes the importance of precise measurements and understanding ground conditions to ensure the successful completion of engineering projects.

1. Engineering
topography
For
the
development
of
an
engineering
project
for
construc6on
or
construc6on
rehabilita6on
a
great
importance
and
a8en6on
must
be
given
to
the
projected
cotes
and
to
the
verifica6on
of
the
interest
elements.
•
Precision
land
surveys
•
Situa6on
detailed
plans
•
High
precision
contouring
•
Slope
ver6cally
tracing
•
Labeling
the
site
topographical
network
•
The
assignment
of
the
axes
and
of
the
landmark
contouring
•
Protract
the
important
elements
•
Follow
up
the
6me
schedule
of
the
buildings
construc6on
•
Measurements
for
the
calcula6on
of
the
excava6on
capaci6es
Using
specialized
so=ware
and
equipment,
the
responsible
persons
can
offer
the
required
support
in
accomplishing
the
proposed
objec6ves
of
the
project.
Applica6ons:

2. Bathymetrical
inves6ga6ons
The
bathymetry
can
be
taken
for
the
aqua6c
equivalent
of
al6metry.
Being
a
branch
of
hydrometrics,
the
bathymetry
is
dealing
with
the
measurements
of
the
sea
depth,
lakes
and
river
depth,
allowing
us
to
draw
maps
of
their
aqua6c
relief.
Descending
the
depth
measurements
technique
with
the
help
of
the
sonar
and
the
exact
posi6on
given
by
the
GPS
technology,
we
can
dra=
for
you
depth
maps
or
base
relief
structure
maps
for
lakes
or
rivers,
and
also
bathymetric
profiles
on
the
interest
zones.
This
type
of
measurements
has
a
large
applicability
in
various
fields
and
can
contribute
to
a
good
acknowledgement
of
the
geo-­‐morphological
condi6ons:
•
Tracking
down
the
cloging
of
rivers
and
lakes
•
Tracking
down
the
excava6on
from
the
ballast-­‐holes
•
Explora6on
of
the
mineral
aggregates
from
the
river
•
Drawing
the
maps
for
flooding
risks
•
Bathymetric
sec6ons
and
maps
•
Hydrological
studies
Applica6ons:

3. Geoelectrical
inves6ga6ons
The
geoelectrical
inves6ga6on
is
one
of
the
main
methods
of
geophysics
with
the
help
of
which
we
can
determinate
the
geological,
hydrological
and
technological
characteris6cs
of
the
underground.
•
Geological
characteris6cs
determina6ons
•
Map
drawing
of
the
contamina6on
spots
•
Infiltra6ons
in
dams
and
dikes
•
Iden6fying
of
the
non-­‐homogenei6es
•
Galleries
and
underground
cavi6es
•
Groundwater
explora6on
•
Iden6fying
the
fissures
and
driKs
•
Buried
pipes
•
Geological
sec6ons
By
adap6ng
a
device,
the
method
can
be
applied
also
on
rivers
or
lakes,
which
allows
us
to
find
out
their
base
structure,
where
the
regular
methods
are
not
able
or
they
are
difficult
to
be
applied.
The
mul6-­‐electrode
method
allows
us
to
scan
the
field
both
in
2D
and
in
3D
the
last
one
being
ideal
for
the
inves6ga6on
of
extended
surfaces.
Applica6ons:
This
method
allows
an
inves6ga6on
depth
which
varies
from
10-­‐30
m
for
the
engineering
projects
and
it
can
go
un6l
300
m
for
the
geological
and
hydrological
researches.

4. Magne6cal
and
electromagne6cal
inves6ga6ons
More
than
o=en,
the
loca6ons
of
the
future
buildings
are
full
of
underground
networks
of
pipes,
sewages
or
electrical
wires.
In
order
to
avoid
future
problems
in
the
execu6on
of
the
works
and
very
useful
in
the
design
phase
of
the
project
we
must
take
into
considera6on
the
possible
existence
of
those
networks.
With
the
help
of
magne6cal
measurements
we
are
able
to
iden6fy
all
kind
of
metallic
objects
buried
in
the
underground.
• Electrical
buried
networks
• Construc6on
founda6ons
• Concrete
pipes
• Unexploded
bombs
• Metallic
pipes
• Buried
docks
This
kind
of
inves6ga6ons
can
be
made
both
on
soil
and
lakes
or
rivers.
The
method
is
most
applicable
on
the
vacant
lands,
un-­‐affected
by
the
industrial
environment,
having
a
high
profitableness.
Applica6ons:

5. Georadar
inves6ga6ons
GRP
(Ground
Penetra6ng
Radar)
is
an
electromagne6c
method
non-­‐
destruc6ve
which
has
a
large
prac6cability
in
the
industrial
environments
where
the
surface
is
covered
with
concrete.
The
inves6ga6on
depth
depends
on
the
geological
environment
where
the
research
is
located,
and
for
the
engineering
projects
this
depth
is
of
6-­‐8
m.
• The
analysis
and
the
iden6fica6on
of
the
tunnels
• Geological
and
hydrological
explora6ons
• Iden6fying
the
buried
pipes
• Map
drawing
of
the
contamina6on
spots
• Iden6fying
the
electrical
buried
cables
• Iden6fying
the
underground
cavi6es
• Archeological
researches
In
par6cular
situa6ons,
depending
on
the
working
condi6ons,
we
can
obtain
3D
images
with
the
interest
zone
allowing
us
to
see
in
detail
the
underground
condi6ons.
Applica6ons:

6. Seismic
refrac6on
and
MASW
Seismic
refrac6on
is
a
useful
method
for
inves6ga6ng
geological
structure
and
rock
proper6es.
The
technique
involves
the
observa6on
of
a
seismic
signal
that
has
been
refracted
between
layers
of
contras6ng
seismic
velocity.
• Stra6graphic
mapping
• Es6ma6on
of
depth
to
bedrock
• Es6ma6on
of
depth
to
water
table
• Predic6ng
the
rippability
of
specific
rock
ypes
• Loca6ng
sinkholes
• Landfill
inves6ga6ons
• Geotechnical
inves6ga6ons
Applica6ons:
Mul6channel
analysis
surface
waves
(MASW)
tests
determine
the
speed
profile
of
Vs
shear
waves,
therefore:
• Seismic
ac6ons
for
designing
and
verifying
Civil
Engineering
works
• The
soil
seismic
type
(A,
B,
C,
D,
E,
S1,
S2)
• The
soil
rigidity
module
• Sinking
and
displacement
of
works
that
interact
with
the
soil:
buildings,
bridges,
embankment
rises,
suppor6ng
works,
etc..

7. Hydrotechnical
projects
The
geophysical
surveys
use
non-­‐destruc6ve
methods
to
allow
extensive
inves6ga6ons
of
various
hydro
technical
projects:
-­‐ Land,
rock
or
concrete
dams
-­‐ Protec6on
dykes
-­‐ Func6onal
dykes
Geoelectrical
–
Using
the
Ver6cal
Electrical
Survey
(SEV),
Electrical
Tomography
or
Mise-­‐a-­‐la-­‐masse,
this
method
has
proven
most
efficient
for
loca6ng
areas
of
water
infiltra6ons
and
for
scanning
the
density
of
the
built-­‐in
material
from
the
dykes
or
dams.
Georadar
(GPR)
–
It
has
a
very
high
resolu6on
and
accuracy
for
areas
made
of
concrete,
loca6ng
holes
and
anomalies
in
the
density
of
the
material
below.
Seismical
–
This
profiling
method
can
accurately
show
data
about
the
homogeneity
of
the
built-­‐in
material
from
dams
or
dykes.
Methods
used:

8. Das Verfahren
Die elektrischen Eigenschaften des Baugrundes werden über ein
künstlich an der Erd- oder Wasseroberfläche erzeugtes elektri-
sches Feld, das dem Untergrund über Stromelektroden zugeführt
wird, erfaßt. Mittels Meßelektroden wird die sich einstellende Po-
tentialdifferenz gemessen und hieraus der scheinbare spezifische
elektrische Widerstand berechnet. Zur Ermittlung der Tiefenlage
einzelner geologischer Schichten sind eine Reihe von Einzelmes-
sungen erforderlich. Hierzu wird der Stromelektroden-Potential-
elektroden-Abstand unter Beibehaltung des Auslagenmittelpunk-
tes schrittweise so weit vergrößert, bis die gewünschte Informa-
tionstiefe erreicht ist.
Auf diese Weise wird der scheinbare spezifische elektrische Wi-
derstand als Funktion der Elektroden-Abstände und somit als
Funktion der Tiefe für den jeweils auf dem Profil festgelegten
Meßpunkt ermittelt.
Die computerunterstützte Auswertung ergibt schließlich die An-
zahl der Schichten, ihre Mächtigkeiten bzw. Tiefenlagen sowie
die einzelnen spezifischen elektrischen Schichtwiderstände.
M utterboden,
stark sandig
Feinsand m it Tonanschlämm ung M ittelsand,
kiesig, steinig
Kies-Sand
Kies-Sand, steinig
Auffüllung
Feinsand
Ton und Feinsand, tonig
a) Schotter
b) Schotter mit Steinen
Fluvioglaziale Sedim ente Glaziale Sedim ente
a) b)
G eoelektrische W iderstandstiefensondierung
Projektierte Bohrachse
Ton, fest
Schluffton
a) Schluffton (fest) m it Steinen
b) Schluffton (fest) m it erhöhtem Steinanteil
b)a)
W asser
SSW N N E
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250
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100
95
90
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70
65
60
55
50
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35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
Entfernung zum Austrittspunkt (m )
255
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100
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65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Höhe(m)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
B 9 B 8
Die Idee
Für eine optimale Planung und Durchführung einer Dükerbau-
maßnahme ist es erforderlich, möglichst detaillierte Kenntnisse
über den Untergrundaufbau im Verlauf der Trasse zu besitzen.
Die üblichen Vorerkundungsmethoden unter Einsatz von Ramm-
kernsondierungen, Kernbohrungen etc. lassen eine „lückenlose“
Untergrundbewertung im Bereich von Gewässerquerungen, ins-
besondere unter Kostengesichtspunkten, nicht zu. Hier bieten
sich die klassischen geoelektrischen Verfahren, die bei der La-
gerstättenerkundung seit langem routinemäßig eingesetzt wer-
den, für die Untersuchung der geplanten Trasse an.
Das Ziel der geoelektrischen Verfahren (z.B. Widerstandstiefen-
sondierungen) ist die Ermittlung der Verteilung des spezifischen
elektrischen Widerstandes im Untergrund. Sie stellt die Grund-
lage für die Bestimmung der Mächtigkeit bzw. Tiefenlage einzel-
ner geologischer Schichten im Verlauf der geplanten Verlege-
trasse dar. Mit den entsprechenden lokalen geologischen Kennt-
nissen z.B. aus Bohrungen kann daraus ein geologischer Verti-
kalschnitt modelliert werden.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 m
M N4
3
2
1
M N BA
A B
AB/2
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
3
4
5
7
10
12
m
m
Tiefe(linearerMaßstab)
AB/2(logarithmischerMaßstab)
20 50 100 O hm *m
Spez. elktr. Widerstand (logarithm ischer M aßstab)
1
2
3
4
Erdoberfläche
100 Ohm *m
20 Ohm *m
Strom linienverteilung im Zw eischichtfall
Graphische D arstellung
der Sondierungskurve
Gem essener scheinb.
spez. elektr. W iderstand
Spezifischer elektr.
W iderstand
m Am V
Rivers
and
lakes
under-­‐crossing
We
use
specific
geophysical
and
geotechnical
methods
to
obtain
results
which
substan6ally
improve
the
knowledge
about
the
i6nerary
of
rivers
and
lakes
under-­‐
crossings.
Geoelectrical
–
using
Ver6cal
Electrical
Survey
(SEV)
or
Electrical
Tomography,
this
method
has
proven
most
efficient
over
6me
due
to
its
high
precision
rate.
Magne6c
Gradient
–
it
can
be
used
when
we
need
to
locate
the
metallic
items
on
the
i6nerary
of
the
under-­‐crossing.
Georadar
(GPR)
–
this
method
has
a
high
resolu6on
and
can
be
used
in
case
of
shallow
waters
1-­‐3
meters
deep
Land
measurements
–
it
delivers
maps
and
topographic
profiles
needed
in
drawing-­‐
up
the
future
works.
Ba6metry
–
this
inves6gates
the
water
depth,
complemen6ng
the
informa6on
from
the
surface
land
measurements.
Methods
used:

9. Infrastructure
projects
As
a
result
of
our
extensive
experience
in
Romania
and
abroad,
we
developed
a
complex
package
of
services
dedicated
to
the
infrastructure
projects
development:
all
types
of
roads,
water
works,
major
pipes,
river
under-­‐crossing.
Topographic
measurements:
• Vectoriza6on
maps
and
plans
• 3D
modeling
for
large
areas
• GPS
measurements
• Situa6on
plans
• Longitudinal
and
transverse
sec6ons
• Stakeout
and
ver6caliza6on
• Accuracy
levelling
Geotechnical
studies:
• Geotechnical
drilling
• Dynamic
penetra6on
tests
• Plate
test
• Sampling
• Laboratory
tests
• Documenta6on
Geophysical
inves6ga6ons:
• Ver6cal
Electrical
Sounding
(VES)
• Geoelectrical
profiles
• Geoelectrical
maps
• Magne6c
measurements
• Electromagne6c
measurements

10. Mapping
buried
u6li6es
and
other
items
We
use
dedicated
geophysical
methods
to
scan
extensive
areas
in
order
to
locate
underground
items:
• Water
u6li6es–
concrete,
metal
or
PVC
• Electricity
lines–
medium
and
high
voltage
• Buried
pipes
–
water,
gas,
petroleum
products,
etc
• Unexploded
buried
bombs
(
UXO)
The
depth
of
inves6ga6on
varies
from
1
to
6
meters
and
it
depends
on
the
area
under
survey
and
on
the
size
of
the
u6li6es
in
ques6on.
The
methods
are
non-­‐destruc6ve
and
highly
accurate.
Methods
used
for
loca6ng
under
ground
u6li6es:
Georadar
(GPR)
–
it
is
highly
efficient
for
industrial
areas
covered
in
concrete
Magne6c
Gradient
–
this
method
is
efficient
for
loca6ng
u6li6es
buried
under
large
agriculture
fields
Electromagne6c
–
this
is
complemen6ng
the
informa6on
for
the
industrial
areas,
for
metallic
pipes
and
electricity
lines.
We
can
make
such
inves6ga6ons
on
land
or
on
rivers
and
lakes.

11. Photovoltaic
parks
We
can
help
you
put
the
basis
of
a
photovoltaic
park
by
acquiring
all
the
needed
informa6on
about
the
characteris6cs
of
the
project
area.
We
perform
measurements
and
surveys
which
allow
a
safer
and
more
efficient
development
of
such
projects
in
any
given
loca6on.
Topographical
surveys:
• 3D
modeling
for
large
areas
• GPS
measurements
• Situa6on
plans
• Stakeout
and
marking
• Finally
drawing
Geotechnical
studies:
• Geotechnical
drilling
• Dynamic
penetra6on
tests
• Plate
test
• Sampling
• Laboratory
tests
• Documenta6on
Geophysical
inves6ga6ons:
• UXO
inves6ga6ons
• Mapping
underground
u6li6es
• Electrical
Resis6vity
Imaging
• Seismic
Refrac6on
and
MASW

12. Wind
power
parks
The
different
stages
of
a
wind
power
park
project
require
various
studies
and
surveys:
land
measurements,
geotechnical
studies,
geophysical
surveys.
We
have
extensive
experience
in
performing
all
these
services
and
we
can
offer
you
the
best
prices
on
the
market.
Topographic
measurements:
• 3D
modeling
large
areas
• GPS
measurements
• Longitudinal
and
transverse
sec6ons
• Situa6on
plans
• Stakeout
roads
and
ditches
• Stakeout
and
plumb
poles
Geotechnical
studies:
• Geotechnical
drilling
• Dynamic
penetra6on
tests
• Plate
test
• Sampling
• Laboratory
tests
• Documenta6on
Geophysical
inves6ga6ons:
• Seismic
Refrac6on
• Seismic
Surface
Wave
• Electrical
Resis6vity
Imaging
• Ver6cal
Electrical
Sounding
(VES)

13. Aerial
photography
Aerial
photography
provides
useful
insights
into
the
development
of
projects
from
the
design
stage,
going
to
execu6on,
inspec6on
and
maintenance.
Using
drones
(UAV)
to
capture
aerial
imagery
brings
extra
flexibility
in
works
approach
with
much
lower
costs
compared
to
conven6onal
aircra=.
Aerial
photography
applica6on:
•
Orthophotomap
and
photogrammetry
•
3D
terrain
model
•
Oblique
and
panoramic
images
•
Electrical
Network
Monitoring
• Agricultural
and
forestry
inspec6on
• Mul6spectral
photos
•
Infrared
thermal
photos
•
Industrial
and
residen6al
buildings
•
Wind
farms
and
photovoltaic
• Construc6on
and
infrastructure
monitoring
• Monitoring
excava6on
pits
• Volume
calcula6on
of
excavated
material
deposits
• Archaeological
photos
• Communica6on
pathways
mapping

14. Geotechnical
studies
Represent
the
first
stage
of
the
construc6on
or
strengthening
of
a
target.
This
kind
of
inves6ga6on
gives
informa6on
about
soil
structure
and
consistence,
groundwater
level
and
provide
recommenda6ons
for
the
technical
project.
Geotechnical
services:
• Geotechnical
drillings
• Dynamic
penetra6on
tests
• Founda6on
uncover
• Plate
tests
• Sampling
• Laboratory
tests
• Hidrogeological
studies
• Elabora6on
of
the
documenta6on
The
geological
structure
and
the
physical-­‐mechanical
characteris6cs
of
the
ground
play
an
important
role
in
designing
buildings.
Using
direct
methods
(open
digging,
drilling,
sampling
for
laboratory
tests
etc.),
and
indirect
methods
(geophysical
methods),
determina6on
of
these
characteris6cs
is
done
with
high
precision.
This
method
helps
to
perform
resistance
and
economical
calcula6on.