Tuberculosis Treatment Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
this presentation is based on national health program in india in relation to tuberculosis and malaria as these are mostly occuring disease in india so national program are organised to irradicate the spread of vector borne disease by various methods like controlling the vector (mosquitos) from spreading
role of community pharmacist in educating and monitoring of patients for infection and counselling and educating them regarding the control of malaria and tb.
**Stop the Spread of TB**
==>Take all of your medicines as they're prescribed, until your doctor takes you off them.
==>Keep all your doctor appointments.
==>Always cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. ...
==>Wash your hands after coughing or sneezing.
==>Don't visit other people and don't invite them to visit you
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
management of childhood tuberculosis in 2023.pptxPathKind Labs
diagnosis of childhood TB is a challange, but if we follow a system of screening and then appropriate diagnostic tests following contact tracing, we are likely to identify children with infection or disease and put them on appropriate treatment.
Running head: TUBERCULOSIS 1
TUBERCULOSIS 2
Tuberculosis
NRS-427VN | Epidemiology and Communicable Disease
8/26/18
Tuberculosis
About 33% in our existence's people is considered to have been tainted with tuberculosis (TB), new attacks are symbolized in no under 1% of the people every year". In 2016, a standard 1.5 million fatalities associated with TB have took place, the lion's talk about which are from younger looking countries over the world. As this quantity has been reducing, unnecessarily various have been sullied. The best center is situated in the Asian and African countries, at 80%. Within the USA, 5-10% of the individuals studies constructive. With tuberculosis taking after second behind HIV/Helps in most common deaths from powerful ailment, they have transformed into an over-all exchange. Understanding the annals, seeing the signals and appearances, evolved treatment alternatives, and neutralizing activity, will spread this disease to an even of control.
Since the start, tuberculosis has been accessible. Most quick unambiguous affirmation of the malady has been dated around 17,000 years before, in stays of a bison in Wyoming. Effective treatment of tuberculosis has finished up being bothersome and long. Chemical manifestations of the mycobacterium cell dividers and bizarre form, restricts most against microbial alternatives. Most typically used is Isoniazid and Rifampicin. Advised estimations of treatment, for new starting point, are half a year of blend hostile to infections operators. 8 weeks of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol drugs. Together with the latest four a few months of just rifampicin and isoniazid"(Wikipedia, 2015, p. 12).For the individuals who have idle TB receive only a sole against microbial.
This estimation ruins the inert TB to wrap up aspect. As this move out estimations of hostile to infections specialists can be difficult, direct observed treatment is preferred by WHO (World Health Corporation, 2015). Facts have exhibited that folks, who are depended after to adopt their medicine, will miss organized estimations. Immediate discernment treatment contains having an interpersonal protection employee watch the individual taking their remedies. As this is dreary, using diverse contraptions of acknowledgment is necessary. Such overhauls can sign up for booked calls or digital notices. By not doing medication regimens, put others at peril to finding this sickness.
Those in close closeness to specific with tuberculosis are in an especially high danger to finding the opportunity to be debased. Besides, with HIV/Supports hold the most hoisted risk element of all. Early on area and treatment, with fitted hindrances of these polluted is an integral.
Friendly determinants ...
Tuberculosis Treatment Symposia - The CRUDEM Foundation presented in Milot, Haiti at Hôpital Sacré Coeur.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
this presentation is based on national health program in india in relation to tuberculosis and malaria as these are mostly occuring disease in india so national program are organised to irradicate the spread of vector borne disease by various methods like controlling the vector (mosquitos) from spreading
role of community pharmacist in educating and monitoring of patients for infection and counselling and educating them regarding the control of malaria and tb.
**Stop the Spread of TB**
==>Take all of your medicines as they're prescribed, until your doctor takes you off them.
==>Keep all your doctor appointments.
==>Always cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. ...
==>Wash your hands after coughing or sneezing.
==>Don't visit other people and don't invite them to visit you
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
management of childhood tuberculosis in 2023.pptxPathKind Labs
diagnosis of childhood TB is a challange, but if we follow a system of screening and then appropriate diagnostic tests following contact tracing, we are likely to identify children with infection or disease and put them on appropriate treatment.
Running head: TUBERCULOSIS 1
TUBERCULOSIS 2
Tuberculosis
NRS-427VN | Epidemiology and Communicable Disease
8/26/18
Tuberculosis
About 33% in our existence's people is considered to have been tainted with tuberculosis (TB), new attacks are symbolized in no under 1% of the people every year". In 2016, a standard 1.5 million fatalities associated with TB have took place, the lion's talk about which are from younger looking countries over the world. As this quantity has been reducing, unnecessarily various have been sullied. The best center is situated in the Asian and African countries, at 80%. Within the USA, 5-10% of the individuals studies constructive. With tuberculosis taking after second behind HIV/Helps in most common deaths from powerful ailment, they have transformed into an over-all exchange. Understanding the annals, seeing the signals and appearances, evolved treatment alternatives, and neutralizing activity, will spread this disease to an even of control.
Since the start, tuberculosis has been accessible. Most quick unambiguous affirmation of the malady has been dated around 17,000 years before, in stays of a bison in Wyoming. Effective treatment of tuberculosis has finished up being bothersome and long. Chemical manifestations of the mycobacterium cell dividers and bizarre form, restricts most against microbial alternatives. Most typically used is Isoniazid and Rifampicin. Advised estimations of treatment, for new starting point, are half a year of blend hostile to infections operators. 8 weeks of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol drugs. Together with the latest four a few months of just rifampicin and isoniazid"(Wikipedia, 2015, p. 12).For the individuals who have idle TB receive only a sole against microbial.
This estimation ruins the inert TB to wrap up aspect. As this move out estimations of hostile to infections specialists can be difficult, direct observed treatment is preferred by WHO (World Health Corporation, 2015). Facts have exhibited that folks, who are depended after to adopt their medicine, will miss organized estimations. Immediate discernment treatment contains having an interpersonal protection employee watch the individual taking their remedies. As this is dreary, using diverse contraptions of acknowledgment is necessary. Such overhauls can sign up for booked calls or digital notices. By not doing medication regimens, put others at peril to finding this sickness.
Those in close closeness to specific with tuberculosis are in an especially high danger to finding the opportunity to be debased. Besides, with HIV/Supports hold the most hoisted risk element of all. Early on area and treatment, with fitted hindrances of these polluted is an integral.
Friendly determinants ...
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2. Objectives
After completing this course the healthcare worker will
be able to:
Compare latent and active tuberculosis
Describe tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment
Describe how to prevent and control the spread of
tuberculosis
3. What causes Tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by the
bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
TB usually affects the lungs (known as
pulmonary tuberculosis), but it can also affect
other parts of the body, such as:
Bones
Brain
Kidneys
Lymph Nodes
Spine
4. Who has Tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s deadliest
diseases
Over one-third of the world’s population is infected with TB
Each year, there are almost 2 million TB-related deaths
worldwide.
TB is a leading killer of people who are HIV infected.
In total, 9,945 TB cases (a rate of 3.2 cases per 100,000
persons) were reported in the United States in 2012.
In 2012, Maryland reported 224 new cases for a rate of
3.8 per 100,000 persons
At GBMC we see 0-3 new cases of pulmonary TB
annually
As of July 2014 revision; 2012 TB data are most recent statistics available
5. How Does TB Spread from Person
to Person?
TB spreads from person to person through the air by:
coughing
sneezing
singing
talking
or anytime air is forcibly expelled from the lungs
People can become infected when they breathe in air
containing TB germs.
6. What Happens When a Person is
Exposed To Tuberculosis?
A person may develop active TB disease shortly after
exposure to the TB germ or…
the TB may remain latent while the immune system is
strong.
Latent TB may become active TB if the immune
system grows weaker.
A person exposed to TB may never get active
disease.
A healthy person who is HIV negative has a 5 to 10%
chance of developing the active disease in his/her
lifetime, if exposed.
7. Definition of “Active” TB
Active Disease
People with active TB disease feel sick and are
contagious
They are sick from germs that are actively causing
disease in their body
They can spread the disease to others
Patients are prescribed drugs that can usually cure
TB
8. Definition of “Latent” TB
Latent Disease
People with latent TB infection have the TB germ
present in their bodies, but they are not contagious
They cannot spread the germs to others
They are not sick because the germs are inactive in
their bodies
They may develop active TB disease at some time in
the future
They often receive medication to prevent active
disease
9. Who is at Risk?
Certain groups of people are more likely to develop
tuberculosis. These groups include:
the elderly
people born in areas of the world where TB is more common
(e.g., Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America)
alcoholics
the homeless
intravenous drug users
the institutionalized
people with chronic diseases, such as HIV, cancer and
diabetes
People taking biologic immunosuppressive drug therapy
10. Symptoms of Active TB Disease
Signs and symptoms of
active TB disease include:
Weight loss
Fever
Night sweats
Coughing for more than
3 weeks
Chest pain
Coughing up blood-
hemoptysis
Chills
Difficulty breathing
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Abnormal x-ray
Loss of appetite
11. Evaluation of Suspected TB
Evaluate persons suspected of having TB disease in
the following ways:
a physical examination
a Tuberculin skin test (TST), also known as a PPD
a chest x-ray
a sputum smear and culture
12. Physical Examination
A physical exam offers the first opportunity to
check for tuberculosis.
Note if the patient has signs and symptoms of
tuberculosis.
Is the patient in a group that is at risk for TB?
Does the patient have a medical condition that
predisposes him to develop active TB disease?
13. Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
The tuberculin skin test (TST) determines if a
person is infected with the TB germ.
It does not tell you if a person has active TB
disease.
A small amount of fluid is injected under the skin
in the lower arm.
A positive skin test is a reaction to the material
injected into the skin. This reaction suggests that
the individual has been infected with the TB
germ.
14. Reading the Tuberculin Skin Test
48 to 72 hours later, the arm will be examined for
a reaction.
A positive reaction is based on a measurement
of swelling or induration (hard swelling) and not
on redness.
Those testing positive for TB should never have
another tuberculin skin test because they have a
higher than normal risk of having a more severe
local reaction.
15. Sputum Smear and Culture
Sputum is the material coughed up from deep within the
lungs. Sputum should not be confused with saliva or
nasal secretions.
Preliminarily, it shows if acid-fast bacilli (AFB) is present.
Sputum samples are collected, once a day for three
days, at the same time of day (morning samples are
best).
Presence of AFB does not absolutely indicate TB.
It may take a few weeks to get final definitive culture
results.
16. Chest X-Rays
Chest x-rays are an important diagnostic tool. They
cannot be used alone to definitively diagnose TB.
In the past, healthcare workers with positive TSTs
have had x-rays taken annually. Routine yearly x-
rays are no longer necessary.
17. Treatment Plan
The drug used to treat latent TB infection is INH.
It is used in combination with other drugs to treat
active TB disease. It is normally taken for 6 to 12
months.
It is extremely important that people who have TB
disease take the drugs exactly as prescribed.
If they stop taking the drugs too soon, or take
them incorrectly, the germs may become resistant
to the drugs. This makes TB harder to treat.
18. Multi-Drug Resistant TB
Some of today's TB bacteria are multi-drug
resistant.
This occurs when the drugs that are usually prescribed
for TB have become ineffective against the TB germ
because of patients who take medication incorrectly or
who stop taking the medication too soon.
Anyone contracting TB from a person with multi-drug
resistant TB will also have multi-drug resistant TB.
20. Airborne Isolation Rooms
(Negative Pressure Rooms)
A patient known or suspected to have TB must be
placed in a negative pressure airborne isolation room.
This keeps TB germs from traveling to other areas of
the hospital.
GBMC is fortunate to have multiple Airborne Isolation
Rooms
21. Airborne Isolation Rooms
An Airborne Isolation Sign will placed on the patient
door
The patient’s door must always remain closed to allow
the airflow of the negative pressure room to work
correctly
When a suspected TB patient is admitted, the
Facilities Department must be notified to ensure that
the negative pressure is working as intended
22. Patient Placement: Use a PRIVATE ROOM that has:
A HOSPITAL-APPROVED RESPIRATOR
must be worn to enter this room.
• Monitored negative air pressures,
• 6-12 air changes per hour,
• Discharge of air outdoors or HEPA filtration
if recirculated.
Patient must remain in room with door closed.
23. Respiratory Protection Program
By law, all hospital personnel caring for a patient with
TB must wear a fit-tested respirator (N-95 mask).
Employees must wear appropriate make, model, and
size of the respirator they were fit-tested for to be
adequately protected.
Regular surgical masks do not adequately protect
workers from TB.
Designated job codes in the TB Prevention Plan are
required to be fit-tested each year. Check which month
your department is scheduled to be fit-tested.
24. Patient Care Measures –
Respiratory Etiquette
Encourage patients to cough into a tissue
Discard tissues promptly into appropriate trash
receptacle
Encourage and assist with patient hand hygiene
25. Patient Care Measures
TB patients must wear a surgical mask [not an
N95] if they leave their room.
They are no longer considered contagious when:
their cough subsides AND
3 successive sputum smears are negative
This usually happens approximately14 days after
therapy begins
The health department and hospital policy
determine when a patient may be removed from
Airborne Isolation Precautions
26.
27. Protecting the Healthcare Worker
Risk assessment for healthcare workers consists
of:
a periodic skin test
assessment of their job description
an evaluation of their job location
Designated departments within in the TB Control
Plan are required to get a TST each year. If you
work in those departments and have had a positive
TST in the past, you are still required to have a
questionnaire completed annually.
28. Employee Skin Testing Schedule
More frequent skin tests may be required for
healthcare workers if there is a high incidence of
TB among patients admitted to the hospital.
If a healthcare worker is infected with HIV or has a
compromised immune system, he/she may need to
be assigned to work in areas of the hospital where
the risk of contracting TB is lower.
29. Employee Exposure to TB:
Steps to Take
If you are exposed to TB,
Fill out an employee accident form and notify
your supervisor.
Follow recommendations from Infection
Prevention/Employee Health and have any
required treatments and follow-up procedures.
30. Exposure follow-up
If a healthcare worker is exposed to an undiagnosed
active TB patient who is not properly isolated, every
attempt will be made to identify all exposed employees
If transmission of TB infection is documented, other
healthcare workers in the same work area will be
tested to determine if there are any additional new
converters.
31. Exposure follow-up continued
If additional converters (newly TST positive
employees) are found, an investigation will be
initiated to determine if the following are responsible:
patient detection
isolation practices
engineering controls
32. Test Results and Documentation
The results of all employee medical evaluations,
TB skin tests, and post-exposure evaluations will
be recorded in the employees' medical records
and maintained in the Employee Health
Department
Documented new conversions and cases of
active TB in employees will be recorded on the
OSHA 200 Log in the manner required by OSHA
33. Exposure follow-up
Results of TB skin testing will be reported to the
Infection Prevention Committee on a regular basis.
The results of any problem investigation initiated as
a result of employee skin test conversions will also
be reported to the Infection Prevention Committee.
34. Conclusions
As a result of this presentation you have learned:
what tuberculosis is and how it is transmitted.
the signs and symptoms of TB.
GBMC's policies and procedures related to TB.
The reporting process for all possible TB exposures
Discuss with your supervisor and complete the Employee
Medical Referral/ Employee Accident Form. Go to Employee
Health immediately during business hours or as soon as
possible.
Complete all suggested follow-up procedures if you are
exposed to TB.
35. Conclusions
We hope this Computer Based Learning course has been
both informative and helpful.
Feel free to review this course until you are confident
about your knowledge of the material presented.
Click the Take Test button on the left side when you are
ready to complete the requirements for this course.
Click on the My Records button to return to your CBL
Courses to Complete list.
Click the Exit button on the left to close the Student
Interface.