Background. Ionizing radiation could cause negative effects on DNA molecules, which leads mutation and tumorigenesis. Thyroid gland is one of the most radiosensitive organ due to the great oxidative process on their physiological condition. Medical workers have been exposed to radiation during medical image acquisition. The relation between radiation and the increase of thyroid cancer incidence have been studied before, the discussion mostly explain the acute effect of radiation. The aim of this study is to describe the incidence of thyroid nodule on radiation-exposed worker.
Methods. The study was performed in 40 radiation-exposed workers with at least has 5 years working period. We examined using thyroid ultrasonography and blood level of T3, fT4 and TSH.
Result. The incidence of thyroid nodule in radiation-exposed worker is 37.5%, which is higher among female (66%) than in male (29%). Based on the age distribution, most of the nodules were find in workers with age more than 35 years old. According to ultrasonography result and TIRADS scoring, 66.7% of the nodules were benign which categorize as TIRADS 1 and only 33% of the nodules were categorize as moderately suspicious or TIRADS 4.
Conclusion. Radiation-exposed workers have high risk to develop thyroid nodules. This study could be used as basic data to do further evaluation. It is important to perform thyroid screening periodically among them.
This presentation is a brief discussion on toxicology and how it relates to emergency and disaster management for environmental safety & health issues.
CSMT 442 Cost and Estimating 2 Homework 2 `Siteworks MargaritoWhitt221
CSMT 442: Cost and Estimating 2
Homework 2 `Siteworks (20 points) Answer ALL Questions
1. A large stockpile of materials (5400CY) is to be transported to a fill area. The contractor has a rubber-
tired front loader and a number of dump trucks for the job. Based on a study of the job and knowledge of
the operators, time factors for various steps have been determined and are given below along with cost
and capacity factors. Determine the optimum number of dump trucks to assign to the job and duration
and cost of transporting the whole stockpile.
Front loader: cost per hour with operator $70
Total time to load truck 4 minutes
(not including position time)
Truck Cost per hour with driver $60
Positioning time 1 minute
Loading time 4 minutes
Travel to dump 6minutes
Dump time 2 minutes
Return travel 5 minutes
Truck capacity 6 CY
MOS 5425, Advanced Toxicology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Summarize the principles of toxicology.
2.1 Discuss the toxicological effects of a carcinogen.
5. Examine toxic substances that pose a risk to human population and the environment.
5.1 Discuss methods of exposure to carcinogens.
8. Evaluate risk assessment procedures related to chemical carcinogenicity.
8.1 Explain the models for assessing cancer risks.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 21
2.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15
Scholarly Activity
5
Unit Lesson
Chapter 21
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15
Scholarly Activity
8.1
Chapters 15 and 23
Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 15: Chemical Carcinogenesis, pp. 259-280
Chapter 21: Epidemiological Issues in Occupational and Environmental Health, pp. 391-394
Chapter 23: Human Health Risk Assessment, pp. 425-440
Unit Lesson
Unit VIII is the second of a two-part discussion on toxic substances and risk assessment. The last unit of this
course covers chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, occupational toxicology, and toxicological
evaluation.
Chemical Carcinogens
According to the textbook, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. There are one
million newly diagnosed cases of cancer each year and 1.5 million deaths annually (Roberts, James, &
Williams, 2015). Many factors can contribute to the development of cancer. Genetics, lifestyle choices, and
exposure to environmental factors can all play roles in initiating cancer. Inherited genes at the present time
cannot be controlled, but the latter two factors, lifestyle choices and environmental factors, can be controlled
to a certain extent to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Lifestyle choices include diet, exercise, exposure
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Chemical Carcinogenesis, Epidemiology,
and Human Health Risk Assessment
...
Molecular Epidemiology entails the inclusion in epidemiological research of biologic measurement made at the molecular level-and thus is an extension of the increasing use of biologically based measures in epidemiological research (McMichael ,1994).The term ‘molecular epidemiology’ may suggest the existence of a sub-discipline with substantive new research content . Molecular techniques, however, are directed principally at enhancing the measurement of exposure, effect, or susceptibility , and not formulating new etiologic hypotheses. As techniques of refinement and elaboration , the integration of molecular measures into mainstream epidemiologic research can offer higher resolution answers in relation to disease causation.
Considerations of the Ebola Outbreak, Haddon's Matrix and Reason's Swiss Chee...Wes Chapman
In 1970, Dr. William Haddon wrote a brilliant editorial that changed forever how we evaluate accidents and other failures in complex systems. The paper was titled, On the Escape of Tigers: An Ecological Note, and it looked at accidents through an etiological rather than descriptive approach. The work was immediately applied to automotive and aviation safety, beginning the enormous reduction in accidents in both fields that continues to this day. In 1990, Dr. James T. Reason published his first work on the role of barriers to sequential failure, and how they fail in truly catastrophic accidents. Together, their combined work forms the basis for much of the best practice for risk mitigation in the automotive, airline, oil & gas and healthcare industries. In this article, I take a look at the failed efforts to control the Ebola outbreak relative to the concepts of Drs. Haddon and Reason.
Cómo distinguir una investigación seria de una fraudulentaantenasysalud
Segunda presentación del Dr. Mike Repacholi, presidente emérito del ICNIPR (Comisión Internacional de Protección contra la Radiación No Ionizante) y Miembro del Comité Asesor Internacional del Proyecto de EMF Internacional de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, durante el II Foro Internacional “Antenas y Telecomunicaciones; Inclusiòn, Desarrollo y Salud Humana. Repacholi ofreció una disertación focalizada a resaltar las diferencias entre investigaciones científicas serias y fraudulentas que muchas veces ganan gran atención de la prensa generando temor entre la población respecto a las presuntas relaciones entre la radiación que emiten las antenas y sus efectos en la salud.
Assessment of Health Care Workers Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Radiat...ijtsrd
Radiological doses are low and the chances of long time effect is minimal, but it should be kept as low as reasonably achievable. Therefore health workers especially Doctors requesting for imaging must be well trained in deciding when medical imaging should be carried out and should also have accurate knowledge of the associated risk involved. This can only be achieved if a proper knowledge and safety practice is adhered to. A cross sectional study to investigate the level of health workers knowledge, about radiation safety and their attitude towards radiation safety was carried out. A self administered questionnaire for radiation safety was sent to a purposive sample of 174 Health workers at a Specialist Hospital, in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. 169 questionnaires were filled and return by participant responsive rate 97.1 . The sample include 8 Radiologist, 72 Nurses, 3 Oncologist, 49 Clinicians, 26 Technicians and 11 Surgeons. Majority of the participants have never attain any radiation safety related training 76 . Radiologist and oncologist who were more frequently expose to ionizing radiation, their knowledge was not far better than the other health workers. The general knowledge score ranges from 5.9 to 60.9 , with a low score among nurses and surgeons. The most alarming was the applicability and convenience of radiation protection policies and procedure. Adherence to safety precaution practices was mostly violated by participants, especially nurses and surgeons, but they attributed it to the poor application of protective measures during performing the procedures. The investigation concluded that Health workers in a Specialist Hospital, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria have fair knowledge, negative attitude and poor safety practices towards radiation safety policies and precautions. Chenko G. Y. Nimchang | Ndam Moses Ponsel | Manset W. E. | Songden S. D "Assessment of Health Care Workers Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Radiation Safety at a Specialist Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46452.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46452/assessment-of-health-care-workers-knowledge-attitude-and-practices-of-radiation-safety-at-a-specialist-hospital-jos-plateau-state-nigeria/chenko-g-y-nimchang
Background. Ionizing radiation could cause negative effects on DNA molecules, which leads mutation and tumorigenesis. Thyroid gland is one of the most radiosensitive organ due to the great oxidative process on their physiological condition. Medical workers have been exposed to radiation during medical image acquisition. The relation between radiation and the increase of thyroid cancer incidence have been studied before, the discussion mostly explain the acute effect of radiation. The aim of this study is to describe the incidence of thyroid nodule on radiation-exposed worker.
Methods. The study was performed in 40 radiation-exposed workers with at least has 5 years working period. We examined using thyroid ultrasonography and blood level of T3, fT4 and TSH.
Result. The incidence of thyroid nodule in radiation-exposed worker is 37.5%, which is higher among female (66%) than in male (29%). Based on the age distribution, most of the nodules were find in workers with age more than 35 years old. According to ultrasonography result and TIRADS scoring, 66.7% of the nodules were benign which categorize as TIRADS 1 and only 33% of the nodules were categorize as moderately suspicious or TIRADS 4.
Conclusion. Radiation-exposed workers have high risk to develop thyroid nodules. This study could be used as basic data to do further evaluation. It is important to perform thyroid screening periodically among them.
This presentation is a brief discussion on toxicology and how it relates to emergency and disaster management for environmental safety & health issues.
CSMT 442 Cost and Estimating 2 Homework 2 `Siteworks MargaritoWhitt221
CSMT 442: Cost and Estimating 2
Homework 2 `Siteworks (20 points) Answer ALL Questions
1. A large stockpile of materials (5400CY) is to be transported to a fill area. The contractor has a rubber-
tired front loader and a number of dump trucks for the job. Based on a study of the job and knowledge of
the operators, time factors for various steps have been determined and are given below along with cost
and capacity factors. Determine the optimum number of dump trucks to assign to the job and duration
and cost of transporting the whole stockpile.
Front loader: cost per hour with operator $70
Total time to load truck 4 minutes
(not including position time)
Truck Cost per hour with driver $60
Positioning time 1 minute
Loading time 4 minutes
Travel to dump 6minutes
Dump time 2 minutes
Return travel 5 minutes
Truck capacity 6 CY
MOS 5425, Advanced Toxicology 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Summarize the principles of toxicology.
2.1 Discuss the toxicological effects of a carcinogen.
5. Examine toxic substances that pose a risk to human population and the environment.
5.1 Discuss methods of exposure to carcinogens.
8. Evaluate risk assessment procedures related to chemical carcinogenicity.
8.1 Explain the models for assessing cancer risks.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 21
2.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15
Scholarly Activity
5
Unit Lesson
Chapter 21
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15
Scholarly Activity
8.1
Chapters 15 and 23
Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 15: Chemical Carcinogenesis, pp. 259-280
Chapter 21: Epidemiological Issues in Occupational and Environmental Health, pp. 391-394
Chapter 23: Human Health Risk Assessment, pp. 425-440
Unit Lesson
Unit VIII is the second of a two-part discussion on toxic substances and risk assessment. The last unit of this
course covers chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, occupational toxicology, and toxicological
evaluation.
Chemical Carcinogens
According to the textbook, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. There are one
million newly diagnosed cases of cancer each year and 1.5 million deaths annually (Roberts, James, &
Williams, 2015). Many factors can contribute to the development of cancer. Genetics, lifestyle choices, and
exposure to environmental factors can all play roles in initiating cancer. Inherited genes at the present time
cannot be controlled, but the latter two factors, lifestyle choices and environmental factors, can be controlled
to a certain extent to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Lifestyle choices include diet, exercise, exposure
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Chemical Carcinogenesis, Epidemiology,
and Human Health Risk Assessment
...
Molecular Epidemiology entails the inclusion in epidemiological research of biologic measurement made at the molecular level-and thus is an extension of the increasing use of biologically based measures in epidemiological research (McMichael ,1994).The term ‘molecular epidemiology’ may suggest the existence of a sub-discipline with substantive new research content . Molecular techniques, however, are directed principally at enhancing the measurement of exposure, effect, or susceptibility , and not formulating new etiologic hypotheses. As techniques of refinement and elaboration , the integration of molecular measures into mainstream epidemiologic research can offer higher resolution answers in relation to disease causation.
Considerations of the Ebola Outbreak, Haddon's Matrix and Reason's Swiss Chee...Wes Chapman
In 1970, Dr. William Haddon wrote a brilliant editorial that changed forever how we evaluate accidents and other failures in complex systems. The paper was titled, On the Escape of Tigers: An Ecological Note, and it looked at accidents through an etiological rather than descriptive approach. The work was immediately applied to automotive and aviation safety, beginning the enormous reduction in accidents in both fields that continues to this day. In 1990, Dr. James T. Reason published his first work on the role of barriers to sequential failure, and how they fail in truly catastrophic accidents. Together, their combined work forms the basis for much of the best practice for risk mitigation in the automotive, airline, oil & gas and healthcare industries. In this article, I take a look at the failed efforts to control the Ebola outbreak relative to the concepts of Drs. Haddon and Reason.
Cómo distinguir una investigación seria de una fraudulentaantenasysalud
Segunda presentación del Dr. Mike Repacholi, presidente emérito del ICNIPR (Comisión Internacional de Protección contra la Radiación No Ionizante) y Miembro del Comité Asesor Internacional del Proyecto de EMF Internacional de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, durante el II Foro Internacional “Antenas y Telecomunicaciones; Inclusiòn, Desarrollo y Salud Humana. Repacholi ofreció una disertación focalizada a resaltar las diferencias entre investigaciones científicas serias y fraudulentas que muchas veces ganan gran atención de la prensa generando temor entre la población respecto a las presuntas relaciones entre la radiación que emiten las antenas y sus efectos en la salud.
Assessment of Health Care Workers Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Radiat...ijtsrd
Radiological doses are low and the chances of long time effect is minimal, but it should be kept as low as reasonably achievable. Therefore health workers especially Doctors requesting for imaging must be well trained in deciding when medical imaging should be carried out and should also have accurate knowledge of the associated risk involved. This can only be achieved if a proper knowledge and safety practice is adhered to. A cross sectional study to investigate the level of health workers knowledge, about radiation safety and their attitude towards radiation safety was carried out. A self administered questionnaire for radiation safety was sent to a purposive sample of 174 Health workers at a Specialist Hospital, in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. 169 questionnaires were filled and return by participant responsive rate 97.1 . The sample include 8 Radiologist, 72 Nurses, 3 Oncologist, 49 Clinicians, 26 Technicians and 11 Surgeons. Majority of the participants have never attain any radiation safety related training 76 . Radiologist and oncologist who were more frequently expose to ionizing radiation, their knowledge was not far better than the other health workers. The general knowledge score ranges from 5.9 to 60.9 , with a low score among nurses and surgeons. The most alarming was the applicability and convenience of radiation protection policies and procedure. Adherence to safety precaution practices was mostly violated by participants, especially nurses and surgeons, but they attributed it to the poor application of protective measures during performing the procedures. The investigation concluded that Health workers in a Specialist Hospital, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria have fair knowledge, negative attitude and poor safety practices towards radiation safety policies and precautions. Chenko G. Y. Nimchang | Ndam Moses Ponsel | Manset W. E. | Songden S. D "Assessment of Health Care Workers Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Radiation Safety at a Specialist Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46452.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46452/assessment-of-health-care-workers-knowledge-attitude-and-practices-of-radiation-safety-at-a-specialist-hospital-jos-plateau-state-nigeria/chenko-g-y-nimchang
Similar to Understanding the significance of exposure science in WHS issues (20)
WHS lessons from Major Transport & Infrastructure projects
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Keynote, SafeWork’s SA priorities and the Merritt review/ Working with the new
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What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
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Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
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Up the Ratios is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the gap in STEM education for underprivileged students by providing free, high-quality learning opportunities in robotics and other STEM fields. Our mission is to empower the next generation of innovators, thinkers, and problem-solvers by offering a range of educational programs that foster curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.
At Up the Ratios, we believe that every student, regardless of their socio-economic background, should have access to the tools and knowledge needed to succeed in today's technology-driven world. To achieve this, we host a variety of free classes, workshops, summer camps, and live lectures tailored to students from underserved communities. Our programs are designed to be engaging and hands-on, allowing students to explore the exciting world of robotics and STEM through practical, real-world applications.
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In addition to our local programs, Up the Ratios is committed to making a global impact. We take donations of new and gently used robotics parts, which we then distribute to students and educational institutions in other countries. These donations help ensure that young learners worldwide have the resources they need to explore and excel in STEM fields. By supporting education in this way, we aim to nurture a global community of future leaders and innovators.
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Up the Ratios relies on the generosity of donors and volunteers to continue our work. Contributions of time, expertise, and financial support are crucial to sustaining our programs and expanding our reach. Whether you're an individual passionate about education, a professional in the STEM field, or a company looking to give back to the community, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.
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Russian Reader
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Understanding the significance of exposure science in WHS issues
1. “”” Understanding the significance of
exposure science in WHS issues
Dr Len Turczynowicz
Senior Research Fellow, University of Adelaide
SA Safety Symposium 20 October 2023
2. Presentation Outline
What is exposure science?
Exposome and epigenetics
Exposure science in workplace health and safety
Exposure science tools
The application of exposure science logic
Retrospective pesticide exposure assessments
Impacts of latency and growing epidemiological evidence
Emerging contaminants (silica; PFAS/PFOA)
Time-dependent exposures – where to?
Key issues and concluding comments
3. What is exposure science?
Definition
Exposure science addresses the intensity and
duration of contact of humans or other organisms
with those agents (defined as chemical, physical, or
biologic stressors) and their fate in living systems.”
(National Academy of Sciences, 2012, p33)
5. What is exposure
science?
What is exposure science?
The study of stressors, populations (receptors), and their
contacts in the context of space and time
The science linking human and ecologic behaviour to
environmental processes in such a way that the information
generated can be used to mitigate or prevent future adverse
exposures
Predominantly observational performed in the field within
normal living and working situations
Exposure science is a multidisciplinary field, both an art and a
science.
7. What is exposure
science?
The Exposome
It comprises the totality of exposures to which an individual is
subjected from conception to death, including those resulting from
environmental agents, socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle, diet, and
endogenous processes.
The exposome is a concept with limited application at present (e.g.,
cohorts)
Often generated from consecutive cross-sectional studies
Exposomics – technologies for characterizing the exposome
10. What is exposure
science?
Epigenetics
Epigenetics is the study of how
your behaviors and environment
can cause changes that affect the
way your genes work.
Unlike genetic changes,
epigenetic changes are reversible
and do not change your DNA
sequence, but they can change
how your body reads a DNA
sequence.
(from CDC, 2020)
16. What is exposure
science?
Exposure science tools
Direct methods - Personal monitoring
‘Point of contact’ as it occurs
Inhalation - reflects ‘breathing zone’ capture as it occurs
Passive vs active, ~higher results than ‘static’ monitoring1
Relevant at the individual level hence occupational
Ingestion, e.g., dietary assessments, soil consumption
Dermal, e.g., patches, whole-body dosimeters, removal methods
(rinsing, wiping, and tape stripping), and optical methods (treating the
chemical of concern with a nontoxic fluorescent tracer)
17. What is exposure
science?
Exposure science tools
Direct methods - Biological monitoring
Assessing chemical exposures by measuring the chemical or its
breakdown products in a biological sample (usually urine, blood or
breath).
Common in occupational hygiene (phthalates, PAHs)
Not as common in environmental assessment (lead)
Need to understand a range of characteristics of your contaminant of
interest (MOA, ADME).
Reverse dosimetry tools
20. What is exposure
science?
Exposure science tools
(from US EPA, 1998)
Predictive and reconstruction
assessments (see dark blue
arrows)
Also referred to as reverse
dosimetry
Need adequately
described/validated PBPK models
Most accurate exposure
assessment
21. What is exposure
science?
The application of exposure science logic
Retrospective pesticide exposure assessments/reverse passive dosimetry
(from Solomon, 2019 )
22. The application of exposure science logic
Retrospective pesticide exposure assessments/reverse passive dosimetry
(RISK21 plots, Pastoor et al 2014)
[exposure measurement] [biological marker
exposure measurement]
23. What is exposure
science?
The application of exposure science logic
Impacts of latency and growing epidemiological evidence
(from Mahoney et al, 2023 )
Age-standardised rate (per 100,000 population) of
people diagnosed with mesothelioma, by year and
sex, 1982 to 2020
Age-standardised incidence rates for leukaemia, by
sex, 1982 to 2018
(from
https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-
types/leukaemia/statistics)
24. What is exposure
science?
The application of exposure science logic
Emerging contaminants (silica)
https://www.monash.edu/medicine/news/lates
t/2023-articles/worlds-most-comprehensive-
study-of-stone-benchtop-workers-reveals-an-
alarming-high-prevalance-of-silicosis
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-31/silicosis-
tradies-ban-on-engineered-stone/102665316
The first Australian case of silicosis associated with artificial
stone was reported in 2015
Artificial stone products have a higher silica content (>90%)
when compared to natural alternatives (2–30%)
The prevalence of and risk factors for silicosis among a large
cohort of screened stone benchtop industry (SBI) workers (544)
found 95% worked with artificial stone and 86.2% were exposed
to dry processing of stone
25. What is exposure
science?
The application of exposure science logic
Emerging contaminants (silica)
117 (28.2%) were diagnosed with silicosis (median age at
diagnosis 42.1 years (IQR 34.8–49.7)), and all were male
Silicosis was associated with longer SBI career duration (12 vs
8 years), older age, lower body mass index and smoking
Significant potential for lung cancer development
AESH intensively involved in research on understanding
exposure1
(from Newbigin et al, 2019; Hoy et al 2023; 1Ramkissoon et al 2022 )
https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/
great-concern-for-predicted-silicosis-rates
26. What is exposure
science?
The application of exposure science logic
Emerging contaminants
(Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)/ Perfluorooctanoic Acid
(PFOA), Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)
Toxicology equivocal so what is important?
Understanding physicochemical and toxico-kinetic characteristics – important for
exposure science
Incalcitrant and highly water soluble but albumin bound = ↑ body burden/retention
(Biological t1/2 range = 1.0 to 4.7 years (Li et al., 2019)
This means minute exposures are important and understanding environmental
distribution pathways and exposures critical for risk assessment
28. Time-dependent exposures – where to?
?
The application of exposure science logic
Road-side exposures to ultrafines
29. Time-dependent exposures – where to?
?
The application of exposure science logic
Indoor exposures to trichloroethylene from vapour intrusion
30. What is exposure
science?
Key issues
Spatio-temporal variability (especially for outdoor and
inhalational exposures)
Real-time assessment (time-dependency)
Mixtures and mixed exposures
Retrospective exposures
Poor dosimetry in epidemiological studies
Heterogeneity of source media
Practicalities, ethics, and costs
31. What is exposure
science?
Concluding comments
Exposure science is complex and evolving
It is important that exposure monitoring and surveillance
are sustained
A need to facilitate Australian research studies in the field
to understand exposures and their significance
Relevance of research objectives should match
community and industry needs