The document discusses the future of terrorism based on four theoretical waves of terrorist violence: anarchist, anti-colonial, new left, and religious. It examines terrorist environments in the 21st century which may include state-sponsored, dissident, religious, ideological, or criminal dissident terrorism. The document also explores potential future sources of terrorism in regions like the Middle East, Palestine/Israel, Latin America, Europe, Africa, and Asia as well as the threats posed by high-tech terrorism using weapons of mass destruction or cyberterrorism.

1. Chapter 15: What Next?Chapter 15: What Next?
The Future of TerrorismThe Future of Terrorism
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

2.  Four Theoretical “Waves” of Terrorist ViolenceFour Theoretical “Waves” of Terrorist Violence
 Anarchist: 1880s to the end of World War I.Anarchist: 1880s to the end of World War I.
 Anti-colonial: End of World War I until the late 1960s.Anti-colonial: End of World War I until the late 1960s.
 New Left wave: 1960s to the near present.New Left wave: 1960s to the near present.
 Religious: About 1980 to the present.Religious: About 1980 to the present.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

3. Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

4.  Terrorist Environments in the 21Terrorist Environments in the 21stst
CenturyCentury
 State-sponsored terrorism.State-sponsored terrorism.
 Dissident terrorism.Dissident terrorism.
 Religious terrorism.Religious terrorism.
 Ideological terrorism.Ideological terrorism.
 Criminal dissident terrorism.Criminal dissident terrorism.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

5.  Terrorist Environments in the 21Terrorist Environments in the 21stst
CenturyCentury
 Future Sources of TerrorismFuture Sources of Terrorism
 The Middle east.The Middle east.
 Palestine and Israel.Palestine and Israel.
 Latin America.Latin America.
 Europe.Europe.
 Africa.Africa.
 Asia.Asia.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

6.  High-Tech TerrorismHigh-Tech Terrorism
 Information technologies and Cyberterrorism.Information technologies and Cyberterrorism.
 Weapons of mass destruction.Weapons of mass destruction.
 Case: Exotic technologies.Case: Exotic technologies.
 Soft Targets and Terrorist SymbolismSoft Targets and Terrorist Symbolism
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

7.  Government ResponsesGovernment Responses
 Societal ResponsesSocietal Responses
 Countering ExtremismCountering Extremism
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

8.  New Fronts in a New WarNew Fronts in a New War
 Covert shadow wars.Covert shadow wars.
 Domestic “Homeland” security measures.Domestic “Homeland” security measures.
 Counterterrorist financial operations.Counterterrorist financial operations.
 Global surveillance of communications technologies.Global surveillance of communications technologies.
 Identifying and disrupting transnational terrorist cellsIdentifying and disrupting transnational terrorist cells
and support networks.and support networks.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

9.  Continued Utility of ForceContinued Utility of Force
 Elimination of terrorist threats.Elimination of terrorist threats.
 General deterrence.General deterrence.
 Specific deterrence.Specific deterrence.
 Demonstrations of national will.Demonstrations of national will.
 Countering Terrorist Financial OperationsCountering Terrorist Financial Operations
 Finding hidden fortunes.Finding hidden fortunes.
 Case: Hawala.Case: Hawala.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

10.  The Case for International CooperationThe Case for International Cooperation
 Intelligence and law enforcement.Intelligence and law enforcement.
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016

11.  The Future of International TerrorismThe Future of International Terrorism
 The Future of the Violent LeftThe Future of the Violent Left
 The Future of the Violent RightThe Future of the Violent Right
Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
Edition. (c) SAGE Publications 2016