This document discusses state-sponsored terrorism. It describes two models of state involvement: the patronage model, which involves active state participation in terrorist acts; and the assistance model, which involves tacit or indirect support. It also outlines different levels of state support for terrorist groups, from moral support to active participation in joint operations. Finally, it categorizes different types of state terrorism, such as vigilante, official, and genocidal domestic terrorism.

1. Part II: The TerroristsPart II: The Terrorists
Chapter 4: Terror From AboveChapter 4: Terror From Above
Terrorism by the StateTerrorism by the State
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2.  Understanding State-Sponsored TerrorismUnderstanding State-Sponsored Terrorism
 The Patronage ModelThe Patronage Model
 The Assistance ModelThe Assistance Model
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3.  Understanding State-Sponsored TerrorismUnderstanding State-Sponsored Terrorism
 State terrorism incorporates many types and degreesState terrorism incorporates many types and degrees
of violence.of violence.
 Cases: Warfare, genocide, assassinations, torture.Cases: Warfare, genocide, assassinations, torture.
 Linkages between regimes and terrorism range fromLinkages between regimes and terrorism range from
clear lines to murky “deniable” associations.clear lines to murky “deniable” associations.
 Concepts:Concepts:
 State patronage for terrorism.State patronage for terrorism.
 State assistance for terrorism.State assistance for terrorism.
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4.  The Patronage ModelThe Patronage Model
 Active state participation in terrorist behavior.Active state participation in terrorist behavior.
 Foreign and domestic participationForeign and domestic participation
 Active involvement by agencies and personnel.Active involvement by agencies and personnel.
 Cases: Direct arming, training, providing sanctuary.Cases: Direct arming, training, providing sanctuary.
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5.  The Assistance ModelThe Assistance Model
 Tacit state participation in terrorist behavior.Tacit state participation in terrorist behavior.
 Foreign and domestic participation.Foreign and domestic participation.
 Indirect support for extremist proxies.Indirect support for extremist proxies.
 Cases: Indirectly arming, training, and sanctuary.Cases: Indirectly arming, training, and sanctuary.
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7.  Moral SupportMoral Support
 Technical SupportTechnical Support
 Selective ParticipationSelective Participation
 Active ParticipationActive Participation
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8.  Moral SupportMoral Support
 Politically sympathetic sponsorship.Politically sympathetic sponsorship.
 Open embracement of the main beliefs andOpen embracement of the main beliefs and
principles of a cause.principles of a cause.
 Governments may act as ideological role models forGovernments may act as ideological role models for
championed groups.championed groups.
 Case: Iranian support for Islamist movements.Case: Iranian support for Islamist movements.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
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9.  Technical SupportTechnical Support
 Logistically supportive sponsorship.Logistically supportive sponsorship.
 Providing aid and comfort to a championed cause,Providing aid and comfort to a championed cause,
directly or indirectly.directly or indirectly.
 Permits an aggressive agenda while allowingPermits an aggressive agenda while allowing
“deniability.”“deniability.”
 Case: Syrian regime of Hafez el-Assad.Case: Syrian regime of Hafez el-Assad.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
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10.  Selective ParticipationSelective Participation
 Episode-specific sponsorship.Episode-specific sponsorship.
 Support for a single incident or a series of incidents.Support for a single incident or a series of incidents.
 Carried out by proxies or agents of the state.Carried out by proxies or agents of the state.
 Case: Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.Case: Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.
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11.  Active ParticipationActive Participation
 Joint operations.Joint operations.
 Government personnel jointly carry out campaignsGovernment personnel jointly carry out campaigns
in cooperation with a championed proxy.in cooperation with a championed proxy.
 Case: Phoenix Program.Case: Phoenix Program.
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13.  Legitimizing State AuthorityLegitimizing State Authority
 Vigilante State TerrorismVigilante State Terrorism
 Official State TerrorismOfficial State Terrorism
 Genocidal State TerrorismGenocidal State Terrorism
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14.  Legitimizing State AuthorityLegitimizing State Authority
 Every type of regime seeks to legitimize its authorityEvery type of regime seeks to legitimize its authority
and maintain its social order.and maintain its social order.
 Democracy.Democracy.
 Authoritarianism.Authoritarianism.
 Totalitarianism.Totalitarianism.
 Crazy states.Crazy states. Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
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16.  Vigilante Domestic State TerrorismVigilante Domestic State Terrorism
 Unofficial repression.Unofficial repression.
 Terrorism perpetrated by nongovernmental groups.Terrorism perpetrated by nongovernmental groups.
 Unofficial support from agents of the state.Unofficial support from agents of the state.
 Case: Paramilitaries and death squads.Case: Paramilitaries and death squads.
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17.  Official Domestic State TerrorismOfficial Domestic State Terrorism
 Repression as a state’s domestic policy.Repression as a state’s domestic policy.
 Deliberate adoption of domestic terrorism.Deliberate adoption of domestic terrorism.
 Overt cases: Policies of Stalinist Russia, Nazi Germany,Overt cases: Policies of Stalinist Russia, Nazi Germany,
Khmer Rouge Cambodia, and Taliban Afghanistan.Khmer Rouge Cambodia, and Taliban Afghanistan.
 Covert case: Iran during the reign of Shah MohammadCovert case: Iran during the reign of Shah Mohammad
Reza Pahlavi.Reza Pahlavi.
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18.  Genocidal Domestic State TerrorismGenocidal Domestic State Terrorism
 Dr. Raphael Lemkin’s 1944 book,Dr. Raphael Lemkin’s 1944 book, Axis Rule in OccupiedAxis Rule in Occupied
EuropeEurope..
 Scapegoating a group of people as policy.Scapegoating a group of people as policy.
 Acts classified as genocide against a group:Acts classified as genocide against a group:
 Killing members of the group.Killing members of the group.
 Creating conditions leading to the partial or completeCreating conditions leading to the partial or complete
destruction of the group.destruction of the group.
 Preventing births or forcibly transferring children.Preventing births or forcibly transferring children.Martin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
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21.  U.S. Department of State’sU.S. Department of State’s Country Reports onCountry Reports on
TerrorismTerrorism
 Annual list of countries designated as state sponsorsAnnual list of countries designated as state sponsors
of terrorism.of terrorism.
 Private Agencies Monitoring Political AbusesPrivate Agencies Monitoring Political Abuses
 Human Rights WatchHuman Rights Watch
 Amnesty InternationalAmnesty InternationalMartin, Understanding Terrorism Fifth
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