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5 分鐘認識脂肪肝
一般人常誤以為
脂肪肝是指肝臟被一層油包裹著,
但實際上呢?
脂肪變性是指除脂肪細胞外的實質細胞內
出現脂滴或脂滴明顯增多的現象。
脂肪變性 (Steatosis, fatty change, fatty degeneration, or adipose degeneration)
脂滴主要是中性脂肪 ( 甘油三酯 ) ,
也可有磷脂或膽固醇等。
脂肪變性多發生於肝細胞、心肌細胞、
腎小管上皮細胞、骨骼肌細胞等,
與感染、酗酒、中毒、缺氧、營養不良、
糖尿病及肥胖有關。
脂肪變性是細胞內脂肪代謝障礙時的形態表現,
其特點是,細胞漿內出現了正常在光鏡下
看不見的脂肪滴,或胞漿內脂肪滴增多。
脂肪變性時最初形成的脂滴很小,
以後可逐漸融合為較大脂滴,
此時常無界膜包繞而游離於胞漿中。
因肝是脂肪代謝的重要場所,
肝脂肪變性最常見。
輕度脂肪變性,肝臟可無明顯改變。
如果脂肪變性彌漫而嚴重時,肝臟可明顯腫大
,
色變黃,觸之有油膩感稱為脂肪肝
(fatty liver) 。
光鏡下早期肝脂肪變性,
可表現為在肝細胞核周圍出現小的脂肪空泡。
以後隨著脂肪變性的加重,
空泡逐漸變大,分佈於整個胞漿中。
嚴重者融合成一個大泡,
將細胞核擠向一邊,形態與脂肪細胞類似。
脂肪肝 (fatty liver disease ,簡寫 FLD) ,
又叫肝積脂病或肝性肥胖症,是可逆轉的病情。
大甘油三酸酯脂肪液胞通過脂肪變性 (steatosis)
積累在肝細胞 (Hepatocyte) 。
這是用鵝製作鵝肝 (Foie gras) 的理想狀況。
雖然有不同原因,
但一般認為脂肪肝在全世界範圍內都是發生在酗酒
( 即酒精性脂肪肝,常稱酒精肝 ) 和
肥胖 ( 不管有沒有胰島素抵抗效應 ) 人群的單一疾病。
脂肪肝還與其他影響脂肪代謝的疾病相關。
從形態上很難分辨酒精脂肪肝和非酒精脂肪肝,
它們都在不同階段顯示微囊泡和巨囊泡脂肪改變。
脂肪肝會怎樣呢?
非酒精性脂肪肝疾病
(NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease)
包括單純的脂肪肝
( 肝臟脂肪含量多,但是還沒有發炎 ) 與
脂肪肝炎 ( 肝臟脂肪含量多,進而導致肝臟發
炎 ) 。
單純脂肪肝的人約 20-25% 會造成脂肪肝炎。
而這些有脂肪肝炎的人約 25% 會進展到肝硬化,
肝臟逐漸失去功能,甚至影響生命,這就要緊了,
對普遍重視肝臟的國人而言,更是要注意。
研究指出,以整個脂肪肝疾病的患者來看,
最常見的死因不是肝臟疾病,而是心血管疾病!
脂肪肝疾病也與下列代謝疾病相關。
(1) 肥胖 (2) 糖尿病 (3) 高血脂 (4) 胰島素阻抗
(5) 代謝症候群 (6) 內臟脂肪多、腹部肥胖 (7) 癌症。
脂肪肝疾病本身就是心血管疾病的獨立危險因子,
而且又跟這些代謝疾病有密切關聯。
所以常見的死因就是心血管疾病這個併發症
( 對於進展到肝硬化者,肝臟疾病則是常見死因 ) 。
脂肪肝
隨著全球肥胖與糖尿病的盛行率上升,
罹患脂肪肝疾病的人也越來越多。
西方國家約有三成人口有脂肪肝疾病,
脂肪肝已是他們最主要的慢性肝臟問題。
台灣脂肪肝盛行率約五成,
遠高於 B 型與 C 型肝炎。
性別方面男性略高於女性,
好發的年齡層在 40-60 歲之間。
而年輕化的趨勢,
甚至連小學童罹患脂肪肝的新聞亦時有所聞。
可以想見,
未來脂肪肝將是肝臟疾病的主要原因。
在正常情況下,
脂肪一般佔整肝臟重量的 3% 左右。
當脂肪囤積超過肝臟重量的 5% 時,即稱為脂肪肝。
超過 10%~25% 者為中度脂肪肝。
超過 20%~50% 為重度脂肪肝。
脂肪肝到底是怎麼形成的呢?
食物中的脂肪經水解酶消化後,
其乳糜微粒 ( 主要成分是甘油三酯 )
被小腸上皮吸收進入血液中,
之後進入肝臟進行代謝。
轉運至肝臟的甘油三酯與載脂蛋白結合成
極低密度脂蛋白 (VLDL) 顆粒泌入血液。
如果甘油三酯產生量多,或載脂蛋白量少,
就會造成甘油三酯在肝內的堆積,
形成脂肪肝。
脂肪肝常見的成因:
10. 其他不明原因
9. 先天性代謝疾病 ( 如 Wilson Disease)
8. 病毒性肝炎
7. 全腸道營養
6.藥物 (類固醇 Tamoxifen、 Amiodarone 等 )
5. 代謝失調症候群
4. 酗酒
3. 糖尿病
2. 血脂肪過高
1. 肥胖
哪些人要注意脂肪肝?
要注意脂肪肝的人群:
5. 服用類固醇、治療免疫風濕藥物的病人
4. C 型肝炎患者
3. 糖尿病控制不良的病人
2. 酗酒的人
1. 肥胖 BMI大於 25、高血脂、三酸甘油脂過高的人
脂肪肝會有什麼症狀?
一般沒有明顯症狀,通常是肝功能異常升高,
會出現如疲倦、噁心、厭食、黃疸、
右上腹腫脹等不適。
黃金診斷標準是肝切片,
但是這個方式除了有侵入性也比較麻煩。
其它方式包括核磁共振、電腦斷層、腹部超音波。
健檢機構與醫療院所是利用超音波來診斷脂肪肝,
因為超音波沒有侵入性,而且機器普遍,
比較便宜又方便。
脂肪肝的診斷主要通過影像學檢查
( 超音波、 CT 等 ) 、肝功能化驗以及
實現室檢查來確診。
超音波檢查診斷脂肪肝的準確度,高達 97% 。
各項肝功能檢查中,
以血清轉氨酵素升高 (GPT) 較多見,
血脂和膽固醇增高。
同時患者可以通過臨床表現來判斷
自己是否患有脂肪肝。
通常脂肪肝的臨床表現有食欲不振、乏力、
噁心嘔吐、腹脹、肝區隱痛以及肝臟腫大等。
如果只是通過單一的肝功能化驗檢查轉氨酶升高,
患者還應該通過其它檢查排除是否因為
病毒性肝炎、肝硬化、肝結核等導致轉氨酶升高。
你的肝好不好 看這 10 大症狀:
症 10 :頭昏耳鳴。肝藏血主排泄。
症 9 :肝掌、蜘蛛痣。
症 8 :尿液變為啤酒色。
症 7 :皮膚呈黃疸色、感覺瘙癢。
症 6 :臉色晦暗失去光澤。
症 5 :酒量突然減少。
症 4 :注意力不容易集中。
症 3 :持續性微熱,或發惡寒。
症 2 :食欲不振,噁心感覺。
症 1 :全身倦怠感日趨嚴重。
脂肪肝患者還能保險嗎?
脂肪肝分為兩種: 1. 純脂肪肝
這種只是體重過重、肝比較油,
建議可以藉運動、減重,
改善脂肪肝之後再投保。
投保時,保險公司一般會要求保戶先做體檢
再判斷是否承保,各家核保標準不同,
A 家可能拒保、 B 家可能加費承保、
C 家可能標準體承保。
脂肪肝分為兩種: 2. 肝炎型脂肪肝
肝炎型脂肪肝的病人,
則為較不利投保的狀態,拒保機率很高。
此類病人,最好每 3 個月抽血、
每半年做一次超音波追蹤比較安心。
脂肪肝要如何應對?
既然脂肪肝疾病是肝臟含太多脂肪造成,
解決的辦法就是讓肝臟脂肪減少就是了,
幾種辦法包括飲食、運動、藥物、手術。
脂肪肝治療的基本方針:
脂肪肝是可逆性病變,
早期診斷與及時的治療一般可恢復正常。
針對導致脂肪肝之病因治療以外,
患者必需遵守飲食治療的原則。
從飲食下手:
控制攝取熱量,減掉 10% 的體重就會有幫助。
少糖少油少精緻。
從運動下手:
每天快走 30 分鐘,真的不行分成三個 10 分鐘也可
以,
或者一天一萬步,一星期走個五天。
有氧運動讓體重過重與肥胖的人肝臟脂肪量減少,
就算體重沒變化,一樣達到改善脂肪肝的效果。
養肝需調整好精神狀態,
保持心情舒暢,少動肝火。
另外,脂肪肝的成因主要是過食肥甘厚味。
護肝需飲食清淡,
多吃新鮮蔬菜、豆製品、魚蝦、瘦肉和水果,
多喝水,少飲酒。對溫補藥物應慎用。
肝膽在晚上十一時至淩晨三時最興盛,
各個臟腑的血液都經過肝,
此刻肝臟的解毒作用也達到了最高峰。
在此時也應順應自然,保證充足的休息,
才能讓肝臟發揮調節氣血的作用,
消除疲勞的感覺。
肝主青色,“青色入肝經” 。
因此平時可多吃一些青色的食物,
如菠菜、西洋菜、芥蘭、青瓜、冬瓜、綠豆等,
具有滋陰潤燥,舒肝養血的功效。
遠離脂肪肝 週週 345
1. 每週運動至少 3 次。
2. 每次消耗 400 卡以上的熱量
。
3. 減重每週不逾 0.5 公斤。
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Understanding Fatty Liver Disease

Editor's Notes

  1. Understanding Fatty Liver Disease
  2. Steatosis (also called fatty change, fatty degeneration, or adipose degeneration)
  3. /,fwɑː’ɡrɑː/
  4. 1. 肥胖BMI大於25、高血脂、三酸甘油脂過高的人2. 酗酒的人3. 糖尿病控制不良的病人4. C型肝炎患者5. 服用類固醇、治療免疫風濕藥物的病人