Dissociative amnesia is characterized by an inability to recall important autobiographical information that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetfulness. It is typically associated with traumatic or stressful events and involves a reversible loss of memory. Treatment involves creating a safe environment, discovering the underlying traumatic cause, resolving issues related to the amnesic episode, and helping the individual move forward with their life using psychotherapy, hypnosis, family therapy or other supportive approaches. Medication alone is not effective for dissociative amnesia.
The document discusses dissociative amnesia, which is the inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. It can affect 6% of the general population. Dissociative amnesia is caused by neurobiological changes in the brain from traumatic stress and involves forgetting events too extensive to be normal forgetfulness. Treatment involves cognitive therapy, hypnosis, group psychotherapy, and transference interpretations to help integrate dissociated memories.
The document discusses dissociative disorders, which involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception, and describes several major types including dissociative amnesia, fugue, identity disorder and depersonalization disorder. It outlines the diagnostic criteria for these disorders according to the DSM and notes that dissociative disorders are often caused by trauma, especially childhood abuse or an unpredictable home environment, and can be treated with therapies like art or cognitive therapy as well as medication.
This document provides information on Unipolar Mood Disorder and defines Unipolar Disorder as a mental disorder characterized by pervasive and persistent low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest in enjoyable activities. It discusses the manifestations of Unipolar Disorder which can affect daily life for weeks or longer by interfering with social, family, work, academic, and health aspects of life. The document also lists and describes several types of Depressive Disorders including Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. It provides details on the diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations, causes, assessment tools, prognosis, prevalence, and treatment options for these disorders.
This document provides an overview of dissociative disorders, including:
- Their classification in both ICD-10 and DSM-5 systems.
- Epidemiological findings that dissociative symptoms are common in the general population.
- Etiological theories including information processing theories and the discrete behavioral state model.
- A history of conceptualizations from ancient theories to modern understandings of dissociation and dissociative disorders.
The document discusses changes to the diagnosis of personality disorders in DSM-5. It notes that only borderline personality disorder showed good reliability in DSM-5 field trials. It introduces new concepts like cross-cutting symptom measures and assessing personality functioning. An alternative dimensional trait model for personality disorders is presented in DSM-5 for research purposes only. ICD-11 beta criteria also take a dimensional approach without specific subtypes. The multiaxial system is removed from DSM-5.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia exist on a continuum, with MCI representing a stage between expected cognitive decline of normal aging and more serious decline associated with dementia. MCI is characterized by memory impairment greater than normal aging but not significantly interfering with daily life, while dementia involves memory and other cognitive impairments that do interfere with daily functioning. Only a small percentage of dementias are potentially reversible through treatment of underlying causes.
The document discusses dissociative amnesia, which is defined as the inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explained by normal forgetfulness. It notes that dissociative amnesia affects approximately 6% of the general population and is more common in late adolescence and adulthood. The document outlines the proposed causes of dissociative amnesia including amnesia from extreme intrapsychic conflicts and betrayal trauma. It also discusses the clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of dissociative amnesia.
This document discusses motor disorders and their classification. It covers disorders of adaptive movements including expressive, reactive, and goal directed movements. Disorders of non-adaptive movements like stereotypies, parakinesia, tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and spasmodic torticollis are described. Motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, abnormal complex patterns of behavior like stupor and excitement, and drug-induced movement disorders are also summarized.
The document discusses dissociative amnesia, which is the inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. It can affect 6% of the general population. Dissociative amnesia is caused by neurobiological changes in the brain from traumatic stress and involves forgetting events too extensive to be normal forgetfulness. Treatment involves cognitive therapy, hypnosis, group psychotherapy, and transference interpretations to help integrate dissociated memories.
The document discusses dissociative disorders, which involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception, and describes several major types including dissociative amnesia, fugue, identity disorder and depersonalization disorder. It outlines the diagnostic criteria for these disorders according to the DSM and notes that dissociative disorders are often caused by trauma, especially childhood abuse or an unpredictable home environment, and can be treated with therapies like art or cognitive therapy as well as medication.
This document provides information on Unipolar Mood Disorder and defines Unipolar Disorder as a mental disorder characterized by pervasive and persistent low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest in enjoyable activities. It discusses the manifestations of Unipolar Disorder which can affect daily life for weeks or longer by interfering with social, family, work, academic, and health aspects of life. The document also lists and describes several types of Depressive Disorders including Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. It provides details on the diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations, causes, assessment tools, prognosis, prevalence, and treatment options for these disorders.
This document provides an overview of dissociative disorders, including:
- Their classification in both ICD-10 and DSM-5 systems.
- Epidemiological findings that dissociative symptoms are common in the general population.
- Etiological theories including information processing theories and the discrete behavioral state model.
- A history of conceptualizations from ancient theories to modern understandings of dissociation and dissociative disorders.
The document discusses changes to the diagnosis of personality disorders in DSM-5. It notes that only borderline personality disorder showed good reliability in DSM-5 field trials. It introduces new concepts like cross-cutting symptom measures and assessing personality functioning. An alternative dimensional trait model for personality disorders is presented in DSM-5 for research purposes only. ICD-11 beta criteria also take a dimensional approach without specific subtypes. The multiaxial system is removed from DSM-5.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia exist on a continuum, with MCI representing a stage between expected cognitive decline of normal aging and more serious decline associated with dementia. MCI is characterized by memory impairment greater than normal aging but not significantly interfering with daily life, while dementia involves memory and other cognitive impairments that do interfere with daily functioning. Only a small percentage of dementias are potentially reversible through treatment of underlying causes.
The document discusses dissociative amnesia, which is defined as the inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explained by normal forgetfulness. It notes that dissociative amnesia affects approximately 6% of the general population and is more common in late adolescence and adulthood. The document outlines the proposed causes of dissociative amnesia including amnesia from extreme intrapsychic conflicts and betrayal trauma. It also discusses the clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of dissociative amnesia.
This document discusses motor disorders and their classification. It covers disorders of adaptive movements including expressive, reactive, and goal directed movements. Disorders of non-adaptive movements like stereotypies, parakinesia, tics, tremors, chorea, athetosis, and spasmodic torticollis are described. Motor speech disturbances, disorders of posture, abnormal complex patterns of behavior like stupor and excitement, and drug-induced movement disorders are also summarized.
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders involve positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms that distort thinking, perception, and behavior. Schizophrenia is a chronic condition defined by fundamental distortions in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and typically emerges in early adulthood. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to reduce positive symptoms as well as psychosocial support. The causes are complex and involve genetic, neurological, developmental, and environmental factors.
Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by intense fear and physical symptoms. During panic attacks, which can last from minutes to an hour, individuals may experience symptoms like a racing heart, difficulty breathing, dizziness and fear of dying. Between attacks, they often worry about when the next attack will occur. Panic disorder can develop suddenly and may be associated with agoraphobia, depression and changes in behavior to avoid triggers of panic attacks. Treatment involves medication, psychotherapy and lifestyle changes.
Somatoform disorders involve physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors and cause significant distress. Somatic symptom disorder involves preoccupation with fears of illness for 6+ months. Illness anxiety disorder is a preoccupation with being sick without actual symptoms. Conversion disorder involves psychological stress converting to motor or sensory symptoms. Treatment focuses on reassurance, psychotherapy, and addressing underlying psychiatric conditions.
This document summarizes dissociative disorders, including their causes, symptoms, and types. Dissociative disorders often develop as a coping mechanism for childhood trauma and result in a disturbance of identity and memory. The main types discussed are dissociative amnesia, characterized by memory loss; dissociative fugue, involving sudden travel away from one's surroundings; and dissociative identity disorder, previously called multiple personality disorder, defined by switching between alternate identities. Biological and neurological factors as well as family dynamics can contribute to dissociative disorders developing in response to trauma.
Identify the distinction of DSM 5 vs ICD.
Explain the significant change in the fifth edition .
Discuss and differentiate the purposes of mental illness classification.
Schneider outlined three features of healthy thinking and five features of formal thought disorder. Delusions are firm, fixed beliefs not based on reality that are not amenable to rational arguments. Delusions can be categorized as bizarre, non-bizarre, mood-congruent, or mood-neutral. Causes include genetic, biological, psychological and environmental factors. Major types include primary delusions involving mood/atmosphere, perception, memory, or ideas of awareness, as well as delusions of grandeur, persecution, or somatic concerns. Delusions can occur in psychiatric illnesses like brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, dementia, mood disorders, Parkinson's disease, and postpartum psychosis.
The document provides an overview of mood disorders according to ICD-10 criteria and theories of depression and bipolar affective disorder. It describes the ICD-10 classification of affective disorders including depressive disorder, recurrent depressive disorder, and persistent mood disorder. It then covers biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive behavioral theories of depression. For bipolar affective disorder, it discusses the social zeitgeber hypothesis, behavioral approach system dysregulation theory, and an integrated model.
The document discusses the process of clinical assessment and diagnosis. It covers the basic elements of assessment including taking a social history, ensuring cultural sensitivity, and issues of reliability and validity. Assessment methods include physical exams, interviews, observation of behavior, psychological testing, and integrating all sources of data to form a diagnosis. Physical exams can include neurological exams and neuropsychological testing. Psychosocial assessment uses interviews and behavior observation. Common psychological tests mentioned are intelligence tests, projective tests like Rorschach and TAT, and objective personality tests like the MMPI.
This document provides an agenda and background information for a seminar on amnesia. It discusses various types of amnesia including transient amnesic syndromes, persistent amnesic disorders, and organic amnesia. It describes different causes of amnesia including thiamine deficiency, head injuries, seizures, infections like herpes simplex virus, and surgical procedures. It compares classifications of amnesia in DSM-IV and DSM-5. References are also provided.
This document provides information on Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder. It discusses skepticism around DID and explains that dissociation exists on a spectrum from mild daydreaming to more severe identity fragmentation. The document outlines characteristics of DID like disturbances in identity, existence of distinct alters, and types of relationships between alters. Causes like childhood trauma and abuse are explored, as are popular portrayals of DID in films and books. Assessment tools, integration in therapy, and two case studies of individuals with DID are summarized.
The document discusses various dissociative disorders as defined by the DSM-IV-TR including:
1) Dissociative amnesia which involves an inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic nature.
2) Depersonalization disorder which involves persistent feelings of detachment from oneself.
3) Dissociative fugue which involves sudden, unexpected travel away from home with confusion about identity.
4) Dissociative identity disorder (previously called multiple personality disorder) characterized by distinct identities that control behavior and amnesia between identities.
The document outlines the 9 anxiety disorders classified in the DSM-5: separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, and anxiety disorder due to another medical condition. Each disorder is defined based on DSM-5 criteria, including common causes, symptoms, and treatments. The document aims to guide mental health practitioners in properly diagnosing anxiety disorders using the standardized DSM-5 definitions and classifications.
Trauma and stressor-related disorders include reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder and others. These disorders result from experiences like childhood abuse, neglect, family conflict or other traumatic events. Symptoms vary but can include emotional or behavioral problems, difficulty bonding with caregivers, intrusive memories of the traumatic event and physical or emotional symptoms like depression, anxiety, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns. Treatment involves psychotherapy, stress management techniques, medication management and lifestyle changes to help people adapt and recover from traumatic experiences.
This document defines and describes delusional disorder. It is characterized by non-bizarre delusions that have persisted for at least one month without significant impairment in functioning. There are several proposed causes including biological and psychosocial factors. Various subtypes are identified based on the predominant delusional theme, such as erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, and somatic delusions. The diagnostic criteria require non-bizarre delusions for at least one month without symptoms meeting criteria for schizophrenia.
Agoraphobia involves an intense fear of situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable in the event of developing panic-like symptoms. It is characterized by avoidance of situations such as traveling alone, being in crowded or enclosed spaces, or away from the perceived "safety zone" of home. Agoraphobia is classified as an anxiety disorder that often develops after panic attacks, causing sufferers to fear having another attack if exposed to the situations where the initial attacks occurred. Risk factors include a family history of anxiety disorders and experiences of stressful or traumatic life events.
This document discusses disorders of self-experience and awareness. It defines self as how a person views themselves and their identity. There are four main aspects of self-awareness: awareness of existence, self-unity, continuity of identity, and boundaries. Disorders are discussed under each of these categories. For example, depersonalization is a disturbance in awareness of one's own activity where a person feels detached from themselves. Schizophrenia can involve feelings that one's thoughts are being controlled or stolen, disturbing boundaries. The document examines various conditions that can impact self-experience like depression, anxiety, substance use, and neurological disorders.
Acute stress disorder is a mental health condition that develops within one month of a traumatic event and is characterized by dissociative symptoms, re-experiencing of the event, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and increased arousal and anxiety. Without treatment, it can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. Common treatments include medication, cognitive behavioral therapy including exposure therapy, and group or family therapy.
Acute Stess Disorders and Post-traumatic Stress DisordersEric Pazziuagan
This document discusses post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD). It defines PTSD as developing after exposure to a traumatic event that threatens safety or control. Symptoms include intrusive memories, avoidance behaviors, increased arousal, and persist for over a month. Effective treatment includes building trust, exposure therapy, and teaching coping skills to move from victim to survivor status. Medications may help reduce symptoms like anxiety, sleep issues, and mood changes.
The document discusses depersonalization disorder (DPD), including its clinical features, causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches. DPD is characterized by persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from one's mental processes or body. It is estimated to affect about 2% of the population. Common triggers include trauma, substance use like marijuana, and extreme stress. Symptoms include feelings of numbness, changes in perception, and derealization. Treatment focuses on reducing anxiety and distress through cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure techniques. Mindfulness-based approaches may also help by increasing present-moment awareness.
ASSIGNMENT
HISTORY TAKING
ON
BIPOLAR DISSOCIATIVE DISORER CURRENT MANIC EPISODE
SUBMITTED TO:
Dept. of Mental Health (Psychiatric) Nursing
Institute of Nursing Education
INTRODUCTION
• DSM-IV-TR describes the essential features of dissociative disorders as a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception (APA 2000).
• Dissociative responses occur when anxiety becomes overwhelming and the personality becomes disorganized.
• Defense mechanisms that normally govern consciousness, identity, and memory breakdown and behavior occur with little or no participation on the part of the conscious personality.
Dissociation:
The unconscious separation of painful feelings and emotions from an unacceptable idea, situation or object.
Dissociative Disorders:
Dissociative disorders are characterized by
Persistent
maladaptive disruptions in the integration of memory
Consciousness or identity—verge on the unbelievable.
• The person with a dissociative disorder may be unable to remember many details about the past; he or she may wander far from home and perhaps assume a new identity; or two or more personalities may coexist within the same person.
• Dissociative disorders once were viewed as expressions of hysteria.
• In Greek, Hystera means “uterus,” and the term hysteria reflects ancient speculation that these disorders were caused by frustrated sexual desires, particularly the desire to have a baby.
• According to the theory, the uterus becomes detached from its normal location and moves about in the body, causing a problem in the location where it eventually lodges.
• Variants of this somewhat sexist view continued throughout Western history, and as late as the nineteenth century many physicians erroneously believed that hysteria occurred only among women.
• New speculation about the etiology of hysteria emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century.
Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders:
• Like many ordinary cognitive processes, the extraordinary symptoms of dissociative disorders apparently involve mental processing that occurs outside of conscious awareness.
1) Extreme cases of dissociation include a split in the functioning of the individual’s entire sense of self.
2) Depersonalization is a less dramatic form of dissociation wherein people feel detached from themselves or their social or physical environment.
3) Another dramatic example of dissociation is amnesia—the partial or complete loss of recall for particular events or for a particular period of time.
4) Brain injury or disease can cause amnesia, but psychogenic (psychologically caused) amnesia results from traumatic stress or other emotional distress.
5) Psychogenic amnesia may occur alone or in conjunction with other dissociative experiences.
• It is widely accepted that fugue and psychogenic amnesia are usually precipitated by trauma, thus providing another link between dissociation and traumatic stress disorders.
6
Psychogenic amnesia, also known as dissociative amnesia or functional amnesia, is a mental disorder where a person suddenly forgets personal information, such as events or identities, that are not due to brain damage or disease. It is often caused by traumatic experiences and is a dissociative disorder where the person disconnects from full awareness to block unpleasant memories. Individuals who have experienced trauma like soldiers, abuse victims, or natural disaster survivors have a higher risk. Treatment involves psychotherapy to help understand the cause and develop coping strategies, while medication may help relieve stress and anxiety symptoms.
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders involve positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms that distort thinking, perception, and behavior. Schizophrenia is a chronic condition defined by fundamental distortions in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and typically emerges in early adulthood. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to reduce positive symptoms as well as psychosocial support. The causes are complex and involve genetic, neurological, developmental, and environmental factors.
Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by intense fear and physical symptoms. During panic attacks, which can last from minutes to an hour, individuals may experience symptoms like a racing heart, difficulty breathing, dizziness and fear of dying. Between attacks, they often worry about when the next attack will occur. Panic disorder can develop suddenly and may be associated with agoraphobia, depression and changes in behavior to avoid triggers of panic attacks. Treatment involves medication, psychotherapy and lifestyle changes.
Somatoform disorders involve physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors and cause significant distress. Somatic symptom disorder involves preoccupation with fears of illness for 6+ months. Illness anxiety disorder is a preoccupation with being sick without actual symptoms. Conversion disorder involves psychological stress converting to motor or sensory symptoms. Treatment focuses on reassurance, psychotherapy, and addressing underlying psychiatric conditions.
This document summarizes dissociative disorders, including their causes, symptoms, and types. Dissociative disorders often develop as a coping mechanism for childhood trauma and result in a disturbance of identity and memory. The main types discussed are dissociative amnesia, characterized by memory loss; dissociative fugue, involving sudden travel away from one's surroundings; and dissociative identity disorder, previously called multiple personality disorder, defined by switching between alternate identities. Biological and neurological factors as well as family dynamics can contribute to dissociative disorders developing in response to trauma.
Identify the distinction of DSM 5 vs ICD.
Explain the significant change in the fifth edition .
Discuss and differentiate the purposes of mental illness classification.
Schneider outlined three features of healthy thinking and five features of formal thought disorder. Delusions are firm, fixed beliefs not based on reality that are not amenable to rational arguments. Delusions can be categorized as bizarre, non-bizarre, mood-congruent, or mood-neutral. Causes include genetic, biological, psychological and environmental factors. Major types include primary delusions involving mood/atmosphere, perception, memory, or ideas of awareness, as well as delusions of grandeur, persecution, or somatic concerns. Delusions can occur in psychiatric illnesses like brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, dementia, mood disorders, Parkinson's disease, and postpartum psychosis.
The document provides an overview of mood disorders according to ICD-10 criteria and theories of depression and bipolar affective disorder. It describes the ICD-10 classification of affective disorders including depressive disorder, recurrent depressive disorder, and persistent mood disorder. It then covers biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive behavioral theories of depression. For bipolar affective disorder, it discusses the social zeitgeber hypothesis, behavioral approach system dysregulation theory, and an integrated model.
The document discusses the process of clinical assessment and diagnosis. It covers the basic elements of assessment including taking a social history, ensuring cultural sensitivity, and issues of reliability and validity. Assessment methods include physical exams, interviews, observation of behavior, psychological testing, and integrating all sources of data to form a diagnosis. Physical exams can include neurological exams and neuropsychological testing. Psychosocial assessment uses interviews and behavior observation. Common psychological tests mentioned are intelligence tests, projective tests like Rorschach and TAT, and objective personality tests like the MMPI.
This document provides an agenda and background information for a seminar on amnesia. It discusses various types of amnesia including transient amnesic syndromes, persistent amnesic disorders, and organic amnesia. It describes different causes of amnesia including thiamine deficiency, head injuries, seizures, infections like herpes simplex virus, and surgical procedures. It compares classifications of amnesia in DSM-IV and DSM-5. References are also provided.
This document provides information on Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder. It discusses skepticism around DID and explains that dissociation exists on a spectrum from mild daydreaming to more severe identity fragmentation. The document outlines characteristics of DID like disturbances in identity, existence of distinct alters, and types of relationships between alters. Causes like childhood trauma and abuse are explored, as are popular portrayals of DID in films and books. Assessment tools, integration in therapy, and two case studies of individuals with DID are summarized.
The document discusses various dissociative disorders as defined by the DSM-IV-TR including:
1) Dissociative amnesia which involves an inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic nature.
2) Depersonalization disorder which involves persistent feelings of detachment from oneself.
3) Dissociative fugue which involves sudden, unexpected travel away from home with confusion about identity.
4) Dissociative identity disorder (previously called multiple personality disorder) characterized by distinct identities that control behavior and amnesia between identities.
The document outlines the 9 anxiety disorders classified in the DSM-5: separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, and anxiety disorder due to another medical condition. Each disorder is defined based on DSM-5 criteria, including common causes, symptoms, and treatments. The document aims to guide mental health practitioners in properly diagnosing anxiety disorders using the standardized DSM-5 definitions and classifications.
Trauma and stressor-related disorders include reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder and others. These disorders result from experiences like childhood abuse, neglect, family conflict or other traumatic events. Symptoms vary but can include emotional or behavioral problems, difficulty bonding with caregivers, intrusive memories of the traumatic event and physical or emotional symptoms like depression, anxiety, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns. Treatment involves psychotherapy, stress management techniques, medication management and lifestyle changes to help people adapt and recover from traumatic experiences.
This document defines and describes delusional disorder. It is characterized by non-bizarre delusions that have persisted for at least one month without significant impairment in functioning. There are several proposed causes including biological and psychosocial factors. Various subtypes are identified based on the predominant delusional theme, such as erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, and somatic delusions. The diagnostic criteria require non-bizarre delusions for at least one month without symptoms meeting criteria for schizophrenia.
Agoraphobia involves an intense fear of situations where escape may be difficult or help unavailable in the event of developing panic-like symptoms. It is characterized by avoidance of situations such as traveling alone, being in crowded or enclosed spaces, or away from the perceived "safety zone" of home. Agoraphobia is classified as an anxiety disorder that often develops after panic attacks, causing sufferers to fear having another attack if exposed to the situations where the initial attacks occurred. Risk factors include a family history of anxiety disorders and experiences of stressful or traumatic life events.
This document discusses disorders of self-experience and awareness. It defines self as how a person views themselves and their identity. There are four main aspects of self-awareness: awareness of existence, self-unity, continuity of identity, and boundaries. Disorders are discussed under each of these categories. For example, depersonalization is a disturbance in awareness of one's own activity where a person feels detached from themselves. Schizophrenia can involve feelings that one's thoughts are being controlled or stolen, disturbing boundaries. The document examines various conditions that can impact self-experience like depression, anxiety, substance use, and neurological disorders.
Acute stress disorder is a mental health condition that develops within one month of a traumatic event and is characterized by dissociative symptoms, re-experiencing of the event, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and increased arousal and anxiety. Without treatment, it can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. Common treatments include medication, cognitive behavioral therapy including exposure therapy, and group or family therapy.
Acute Stess Disorders and Post-traumatic Stress DisordersEric Pazziuagan
This document discusses post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD). It defines PTSD as developing after exposure to a traumatic event that threatens safety or control. Symptoms include intrusive memories, avoidance behaviors, increased arousal, and persist for over a month. Effective treatment includes building trust, exposure therapy, and teaching coping skills to move from victim to survivor status. Medications may help reduce symptoms like anxiety, sleep issues, and mood changes.
The document discusses depersonalization disorder (DPD), including its clinical features, causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches. DPD is characterized by persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from one's mental processes or body. It is estimated to affect about 2% of the population. Common triggers include trauma, substance use like marijuana, and extreme stress. Symptoms include feelings of numbness, changes in perception, and derealization. Treatment focuses on reducing anxiety and distress through cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure techniques. Mindfulness-based approaches may also help by increasing present-moment awareness.
ASSIGNMENT
HISTORY TAKING
ON
BIPOLAR DISSOCIATIVE DISORER CURRENT MANIC EPISODE
SUBMITTED TO:
Dept. of Mental Health (Psychiatric) Nursing
Institute of Nursing Education
INTRODUCTION
• DSM-IV-TR describes the essential features of dissociative disorders as a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception (APA 2000).
• Dissociative responses occur when anxiety becomes overwhelming and the personality becomes disorganized.
• Defense mechanisms that normally govern consciousness, identity, and memory breakdown and behavior occur with little or no participation on the part of the conscious personality.
Dissociation:
The unconscious separation of painful feelings and emotions from an unacceptable idea, situation or object.
Dissociative Disorders:
Dissociative disorders are characterized by
Persistent
maladaptive disruptions in the integration of memory
Consciousness or identity—verge on the unbelievable.
• The person with a dissociative disorder may be unable to remember many details about the past; he or she may wander far from home and perhaps assume a new identity; or two or more personalities may coexist within the same person.
• Dissociative disorders once were viewed as expressions of hysteria.
• In Greek, Hystera means “uterus,” and the term hysteria reflects ancient speculation that these disorders were caused by frustrated sexual desires, particularly the desire to have a baby.
• According to the theory, the uterus becomes detached from its normal location and moves about in the body, causing a problem in the location where it eventually lodges.
• Variants of this somewhat sexist view continued throughout Western history, and as late as the nineteenth century many physicians erroneously believed that hysteria occurred only among women.
• New speculation about the etiology of hysteria emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century.
Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders:
• Like many ordinary cognitive processes, the extraordinary symptoms of dissociative disorders apparently involve mental processing that occurs outside of conscious awareness.
1) Extreme cases of dissociation include a split in the functioning of the individual’s entire sense of self.
2) Depersonalization is a less dramatic form of dissociation wherein people feel detached from themselves or their social or physical environment.
3) Another dramatic example of dissociation is amnesia—the partial or complete loss of recall for particular events or for a particular period of time.
4) Brain injury or disease can cause amnesia, but psychogenic (psychologically caused) amnesia results from traumatic stress or other emotional distress.
5) Psychogenic amnesia may occur alone or in conjunction with other dissociative experiences.
• It is widely accepted that fugue and psychogenic amnesia are usually precipitated by trauma, thus providing another link between dissociation and traumatic stress disorders.
6
Psychogenic amnesia, also known as dissociative amnesia or functional amnesia, is a mental disorder where a person suddenly forgets personal information, such as events or identities, that are not due to brain damage or disease. It is often caused by traumatic experiences and is a dissociative disorder where the person disconnects from full awareness to block unpleasant memories. Individuals who have experienced trauma like soldiers, abuse victims, or natural disaster survivors have a higher risk. Treatment involves psychotherapy to help understand the cause and develop coping strategies, while medication may help relieve stress and anxiety symptoms.
Abnormal Psychology and Psychological Disorders can be summarized as follows:
1. Abnormal psychology involves the study of psychological disorders, which are harmful dysfunctions that result in atypical, disturbing, or inappropriate behavior.
2. Psychological disorders are studied and treated by psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals using various theoretical perspectives like psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and biomedical approaches.
3. Major classes of psychological disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, dissociative disorders, somatoform disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. Each involves distressing or disabling symptoms that impair normal functioning.
Memory and Personal Identity:The Minds/Body Problem by David Spiegel, MDParisa Kaliush
This document summarizes David Spiegel's work on memory, personal identity, trauma, and dissociation. It discusses how trauma can disrupt normal processing and force victims to reorganize mental processes. Dissociative defenses may be an adaptive response to overwhelming stress but also cause symptoms. The document reviews brain structures involved in memory, identity integration challenges after trauma, and treatments like exposure therapy to help process trauma memories and symptoms.
This document analyzes the biological, cognitive, and sociocultural etiologies of social anxiety disorder and depression. For social anxiety disorder, biological factors include an oversensitive amygdala and genetic predispositions, while cognitive factors involve negative core beliefs developed from social experiences. Sociocultural influences include parenting styles and societal emphasis on competition. For depression, biological theories point to genetic and neurotransmitter imbalances, while cognitive theories cite irrational thinking patterns. Sociocultural risk factors include life stressors and varying conceptions of depression across cultures. Both disorders vary in prevalence by gender and culture.
Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception, usually arising from overwhelming psychic pain such as abuse. There are several forms including dissociative amnesia, fugue, depersonalization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder (previously called multiple personality disorder). Dissociative amnesia involves sudden memory loss not due to medical causes, fugue involves suddenly traveling with no memory of one's past, depersonalization involves feeling detached from one's self, and dissociative identity disorder involves distinct personalities that emerge. A case study describes a woman who realized through therapy that her reported alters and abuse memories were actually suggested to her and not real.
This document discusses dissociative disorders including dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, depersonalization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. Key points:
- Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in identity, consciousness, and memory not due to substances or medical conditions.
- Dissociative identity disorder, formerly called multiple personality disorder, is characterized by two or more distinct personalities and an inability to recall personal information.
- Dissociative disorders typically develop after childhood trauma like abuse and lack treatment through long-term psychotherapy aimed at integrating personalities and addressing traumatic memories.
This document discusses depression and suicide epidemiology and prevention strategies. It notes that about 10% of primary care clients experience depression. Depression is the 4th leading cause of disability globally and its prevalence is higher among women. Risk factors for suicide include losses, depression, isolation, and medical illnesses. Nursing interventions to prevent suicide focus on ensuring safety, developing trust, encouraging socialization, and cognitive reframing. The role of psychiatric nurses is crucial to identify at-risk clients and collaborate to implement effective prevention strategies.
Week 5 nursing 350 board discussion
Week 5 Discussion Prompt
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Visit the Center for Disease Control website, and go to the Diseases and Conditions pages .
Choose a topic of interest and review any data or statistics provided under that topic. Discuss how evidence-based practice and epidemiology is used to improve prevention and health promotion in your chosen topic.
Bottom of Form
III. Theories of ForgettingEncoding Failure
Fail to encode the information; information is never transferred to LTM (p. 317)Storage Decay:
Forgetting curve: initially rapid, then levels off with time (pp 317-318)Retrieval Failure:
We cannot retrieve the information. (pp 318 - 319)
Absence of cues.
Importance of cues (context effects, mood-congruent memory, & déjà vu) pp 312 - 314
*
III. Theories of ForgettingMotivated Forgetting theory: pp 320 - 326
Remembering our past is often revising it.
We forget things that run counter to our self-view.
We remember things that correspond to how we view ourselves or that enhance us.
Blocking (repressing) painful, unpleasant memories is extremely rare.
Can we recover these memories?
Beware! It is very easy to create false memories.
*
III. Theories of ForgettingCreation of false memories:
“mousetrap on finger study (Ceci & Bruck, 1993, 1995) pp 325 - 326
58% of preschoolers produced false memories
Professional psychologists could not distinguish the real from the false memories
*
III. Theories of ForgettingRepressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?Conclusions: p 325
Incest and sexual abuse happens. (all too often!)
There are false convictions.
Some people do forget traumatic events although it is much more likely that a person can’t forget them.
The recovery of some memories is possible, but recovery of repressed memories is questionable.
Use of hypnosis or drugs to recover memories is questionable.
Memories of events before age 3 and a half are highly questionable. (Remember infantile amnesia.)
Even false memories are emotionally traumatic.
*
Outline for Psychological Disorders
Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders: characterized by . . .
distressing persistent anxiety (a feeling and a cognition)
maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
5 types:
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Generalized anxiety disorder: characterized by .
Continuous feelings of tension or unease
worried thoughts about bad things happening
autonomic nervous system arousal
the inability to identify or explain its cause (free-floating)
Persists for 6 months or more
Women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. Two-thirds of the sufferers are women.
(Why the gender difference? Be a good critical thinker! It doesn’t have to be biology! (Wo ...
Dissociative disorders (DD) are conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity, or perception.
People with dissociative disorders use dissociation, a defence mechanism, pathologically and involuntarily. Dissociative disorders are thought to primarily be caused by psychological trauma.
PTSD and dissociative disorders can develop after traumatic events and are characterized by disturbances in consciousness, memory, and identity. PTSD involves re-experiencing a traumatic event through flashbacks, nightmares, or intense distress. Dissociative disorders involve splitting aspects of identity, memory, or awareness and include depersonalization, dissociative amnesia, fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Treatment focuses on psychotherapy, medication, and helping the individual process and integrate the traumatic experience.
There are several major types of personality disorders and psychological disorders described in the document. Personality disorders represent long-standing and maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience. Psychological disorders involve distress and impairment and can take many forms, from neurotic disorders like anxiety disorders to more severe conditions like schizophrenia. The document outlines various perspectives on the causes of disorders and therapeutic approaches used to treat them.
This document provides an overview of delusional disorder, including:
- Definitions of delusions from clinical sources like DSM-5 and ICD-10.
- Epidemiology showing a lifetime prevalence of 0.2% and slightly higher rates among women than men. Onset is usually middle to late adulthood.
- Etiology is unknown but may involve biological factors like dopamine activity or genetics as well as psychosocial factors like childhood experiences or premorbid personality traits.
- Clinical features include persistent non-bizarre delusions in the absence of other psychotic features. Common types include persecutory, jealous, and somatic delusions.
- Prognosis is
Lesson about abnormal psychology which help to understand who are suffering from psychological problems and guide us to understand other peoples behavior, attitude. some of the type of abnormal behavior are the DID, somatoform, hypochondriasis and understanding psychosomatic behavior.
The document discusses dissociative disorders as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It describes the four main dissociative disorders: dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization disorder. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy approaches like cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. While medication cannot directly treat dissociative disorders, it may help manage related symptoms of anxiety or depression.
Abnormal psychology involves the study of psychological disorders, which are behaviors judged to be inappropriate, distressing, or dysfunctional. Psychological disorders are studied and treated by psychologists and psychiatrists using various theoretical perspectives including psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides standardized criteria for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders. Major classes of disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, and psychotic disorders like schizophrenia.
Abnormal psychology involves the study of psychological disorders, which are behaviors judged to be inappropriate, distressing, or dysfunctional. Psychological disorders are studied and treated by psychologists and psychiatrists using various theoretical perspectives including psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides standardized criteria for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders. Major categories of disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, and substance use disorders.
Dissociative Disorders, Somatoform and Related DisordersMingMing Davis
Dissociative disorders involve disruptions or breakdowns in memory, awareness, identity or perception. The main dissociative disorders discussed are Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly called Multiple Personality Disorder), Dissociative Amnesia, and Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder. Somatic symptom and related disorders involve physical symptoms that have no medical explanation and cause significant distress or impairment. The main types discussed are Illness Anxiety Disorder, Conversion Disorder, Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions, and Factitious Disorder.
Schizophrenia: Theories and Treatmentschloecollier
The different theories of schizophrenia including:
Biological: Neurochemical, Neuroanatomical, Genetics
Cognitive: Abnormal Cognition, Abnormal Perceptions
Social Cultural: Labelling Theory, Family Dysfunction, High Expresses Emotion (EE)
Drug Treatment, Insight Therapy, Family Therapy, Community Care and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
This is the Final for Dr. Bachman's Psychopathology Course for Webster University. This has been uploaded to assist with studying for the Counselor's Examination.
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2. DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
• A potentially reversible memory impairment that primarily affects
autobiographical information.
• Dissociative amnesia cannot be explained by ordinary
forgetfulness.
• Patient is aware that they are having trouble remembering, they
are not bothered by it.
Conway & Pleydell-Pearce (2000); Ganti eti al., (2016); APA (2013)
3. MISSING MAN Benjamin Kyle (his new name), woke up in a dumpster behind a
Burger King with no idea who or where he was…
August 24th, 2004, Wikipedia
4. DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
Unable to recall important
personal information,
usually involving traumatic
or stressful experiences
Amnesia is not normal
forgetfulness
The memory loss is
reversible
Recall of memories may
happen gradually but
often occurs suddenly and
spontaneously
May be associated with
dissociative fugue
Lacks evidence of organic
illness or
pathophysiological
disturbance
Spiegel (2017); APA (2013); Conway & Pleydell-Pearce (2000)
5. DISSOCIATIVE
AMNESIA
DIAGNOSTIC
CRITERIA
• A. An inability to recall important autobiographical
information, that is inconsistent with ordinary
forgetfulness.
• B. Symptoms cause distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other functioning.
• C. Disturbance is not due to the effects of a substance,
neurological, or general medical condition.
• D. Disturbance is not better explained by another
psychiatric disorder. Also, important to specify if
associate with dissociative fugue.
APA, (2013)
6. HISTORY OF DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
• Amnesia- from the Greek roots (a=“not”, mnastai=“to remember”)
• Formerly known as ‘psychogenic amnesia’
• These disorders have been previously classified as ‘hysteria’.
• Only treated as a new disorder since it emerged in the DSM-III.
• In DSM-V, Dissociative fugue has been incorporated into dissociative
amnesia and is no longer a separate diagnosis.
Zasshi, (2011)
7. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• The most common type of dissociative disorders
• Approximately 6% of the general population
• A minimum of 2% of people in the US population have dissociative amnesia.
• Increased incidence of comorbid major depression and anxiety disorders
• Females more affected than males
• Mostly reported in late adolescence and adulthood
• Younger adults more affected than older adults
• Increased incidence during times of war and natural disasters
(Ganti et al., 2016; Sar et al., 2007; Foote et al., 2006)
8. 32-YEAR OLD
TEENAGER
Naomi Jacobs woke up to a house she did not recognize and a son
she did not know. She truly believed she was her teen self.
June 21st , 2015, The Sydney Morning Herald
9. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Upset by memory loss
Trying to recall memories
Dissociative
amnesiaDementia
Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders (2018)
12. LOCALIZED AMNESIA
Lack of autobiographical
memory for a specific
time period
For example:
• The person cannot recall a
specific stressful or traumatic
incident, such as a car accident.
13. SELECTIVE AMNESIA
Forget parts of memory
for a period of time.
For example:
• A soldier may recall most of a
battle, but not the death of his
buddy.
14. GENERALIZED AMNESIA
Profound loss of memory for personal history and loss
of personal identity
Personal information cannot be recalled; but habits,
tastes, and skills are retained.
For example: You would still know how to read,
although you would not recall your elementary school
teachers.
15. CLINICAL FEATURES
Overt dissociative amnesia
• Present with dramatic,
profound loss of memory for
personal history and loss of
personal identity
Covert dissociative amnesia
• Is more common
• Usually do not reveal the presence
of dissociative symptoms unless
directly asked about it.
Franklin (1988)
16. COURSE AND
PROGNOSIS
• Sometimes memories return quickly once the person is
removed from traumatic or overwhelming circumstances.
• In other cases, amnesia, particularly in patients with
dissociative fugue, persists for a long time.
• The capacity for dissociation may decrease with age.
• Some patients are profoundly disabled and require high
levels of social support (i.e. nursing home placement or
intensive family caretaking)
• Most patients recover their missing memories, some never
able to reconstruct their missing part.
• The prognosis is determined mainly by the following:
• Life circumstances
• Overall mental adjustment
Spiegel, (2017); Loewenstein (1994)
17. FACTORS DISTINGUISHING
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
Sudden, dramatic disturbance in
vast amount of memories related to
personal information
1
Individuals are aware of deletion in
continuous memory and ordinarily
do not complain of memory loss
2
Sharon et al., (2016)
18. CASE ILLUSTRATION
A 28-year old woman was brought into the Emergency
Department (ED) for an evaluation after police found
her at a local clothing store selecting outfits for
customers. The woman said that she worked there, but
the store manager denied this. The woman was not
able to tell officers her name, date of birth or address –
they came to glean some information only after
looking through her wallet and finding her driver’s
license. The woman, named Alice, had a home address
that was over 300 miles away. The police brought her
to the ED. In the hospital, Alice only talked about her
nephew’s tenth birthday party.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VedBaY7AVU&index=1&list=PLX-gK_4-kAGb9Fa-M0isCaL_WxgUe_5Ei
19. WHAT TYPE OF AMNESIA IS ALICE
EXPERIENCING?
Localized amnesia Selective amnesia
Generalized
amnesia
Overt dissociative
amnesia
Covert dissociative
amnesia
With
dissociative
fugue
21. GENES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
Environmental Trauma
(physical or sexual abuse
in childhood, sexual
assault, trafficking,
military combat, natural
disaster, torture)
Genetic: 50% of variance
variance in dissociative
disorders could be
accounted for by genetic
factors.
Leong, Waits, & Diebold (2006); Brown et al., (1998); Markowitsch (2003)
22. DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL
• People who are prone to fantasize, are highly
hypnotizable, and are open to altered states of
consciousness, may be more likely than others to
develop dissociative experiences.
• People who are not prone to fantasize will
experience anxious, intrusive thoughts associated
with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following
traumatic stress, rather than dissociative disorders.
• Continuous debate on the role of ‘fantasy
proneness’ as a risk factor for dissociation in
response to trauma.
Butler, Duran, Jasiukaitis, Koopman & Spiegel (1996)
23. PSYCHODYNAMIC VIEWS
The ego protects itself from anxiety by blotting out disturbing memories or by
dissociating threatening impulse
Involve the massive use of repression from unacceptable impulses and painful memories,
resulting in the splitting off from consciousness
Dissociative amnesia may serve an adaptive function of disconnecting one’s conscious
self from awareness of traumatic experiences, psychological pain or conflict.
Spermon, Darlington & Gibney (2010)
24. SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY
Dissociative amnesia as a learned response involving the behavior of
psychologically distancing oneself from disturbing memories or emotions.
The habit of psychologically distancing oneself, such as by
splitting them off from consciousness, is negatively reinforced
by relief from anxiety or removal of feelings of guilt or shame.
Gleaves (1996)
25. SIMILARITIES WITH OTHER CULTURE-
BOUND DISSOCIATIVE SYNDROMES
• Amok
• Occur in primarily southeast Asian and
Pacific Island cultures
• Involves a trancelike state in which a
person suddenly becomes highly
excited and violently attacks other
people or destroys objects
• People who ‘run amuck’ may later claim
to have no memory of the episode or
recall feeling
• Zar
• Term used in North Africa and the
Middle east countries to describe spirit
possession
• Describes individuals who engage in
unusual behaviour, ranging from
shouting to banging their heads
against the wall
Manuel & Martin, (1999); Rahim (1999)
27. DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEWS
• Two DSM-based structured interviews:
1. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders
(SCID-D-R)
• Presence/severity of amnesia, identity confusion and alteration,
depersonalization and derealization
2. The Dissociative Disorder Interview Schedule (DDIS)
• Child abuse history, major depression, somatic complaints, substance
abuse, and paranoid experience
Steinberg et al., (1994); Ross et al., (1989)
28. Who the person is; what he or she did; where he or she went; with
whom he or she spoke; what was said; what was thought and felt.
The central feature of dissociative amnesia is the unavailable memory
related to autobiographical information.
Differentiating Types of Amnesia
29. TREATMENT PROCESS
• Differentiating between organic and dissociative memory loss as an essential
first-step in effective treatments.
• Important to establish the patient’s safety
• Treatment begins by creating a safe and supportive environment.
• Treatment often revolved around trying to discover what traumatic event had
caused the amnesia.
• Once the amnesia is lifted, treatment helps with the following:
• Giving meaning to the underlying trauma or conflict
• Resolving problems associated with the amnestic episode
• Enabling patients to move on with their life
Leong, Waits,& Diebold (2006); Sargant & Slater (1941); Spiegel (2017); Ganti et al., (2016)
31. OTHER TREATMENT APPROACH
• Memory Retrieval Techniques
• Hospitalization
• No medications have demonstrated efficacy in dissociative amnesia.
• However, some patients were found to spontaneously recover from their
amnesia
Spiegel (2017); Croft (2017); Ganti, Kaufman, Blitzstein (2016); Peterson (2015)
Editor's Notes
Have you ever experience forgetting someone’s name? or where you left your car keys?
Do you think you have dissociative amnesia?
How about forgetting who you are, what your name is?
Autobiographical information- who they are, what their name is, or their past.
Ordinary forgetfulness
August 24, in 2004, a man is found in a dumpster behind Burger King with no collections of who or where he was.. The man later named by himself Benjamin Kyle, till these days remains the only American who went missing, even with his whereabouts now. His true identity remains a mystery.
1) The main feature of dissociative amnesia is unable to recall important personal information, usually of traumatic or stressful experiences.
2) Amnesia is not ordinary forgetfulness (such as forgetting someone’s name or where you left you car keys). Memory loss in amnesia is more profound and wide ranging.
3) The memory loss is reversible although it may last for days, weeks, or even years
4) The recall of memories may happen gradually but often occurs suddenly and spontaneously.
5) Dissociative amnesia may be associated with dissociative fugue, in which the person may travel to a new location and start a new life under a different identity.
When the fugue ends, they often feel shame, discomfort, depress, or frightened.
6) There is lack evidence for loss of memory and is usually not able to be explained biologically. Also, there is no structural damage to the brain or brain lesion is evident.
The term ‘amnesia’ rooted from Greeks, means not to remember
According to multiple researchers, dissociative amnesia is the most common type of dissociative disorders
Dissociative amnesia occurs in up to 6% of the general population.
2% of people in the US population have dissociative amnesia.
There is an increased comorbidity with major depression and anxiety disorders
More females were proved to be affected than males
,
,
,
32-year old Naomi Jacobs woke up to a house she did not recognize, and a son she did not know. The British mother truly believe that she was her teen self. But the thing is she din serve for any trauma to her head. Instead her amnesia was caused by stress. The last memory she had was falling asleep on a bunk bed she shared with her sister as a teenager.
The differential diagnosis include dementia. What’s the difference between dementia and dissociative amnesia?
First, we look at upset by memory loss. In one disorder, patient will be very upset with their memory loss. Which one is it? Dementia. Dissociative amnesia individuals tend not to be upset with their memory loss.
How about which disorders has people trying to recall memories. That’s usually seen in Dementia whereas in dissociative amnesia, individuals appeared quite aloof even you ask them to recall details about their life.
What other diagnoses must be ruled out when considering dissociative amnesia?
Alcohol abuse,
Anxiety,
Factitous disorders,
Medical Disorders- there are organic basis for memory loss such as Alzheimer, brain damage, brain tumor but there is no organic basis for dissociative amnesia
Malingering- people sometimes claim they cannot recall certain events of their lives, such as criminal acts, promises made to others, and so forth intentionally. Malingering can usually be detected with Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) to evaluate whether the patient is easily hypnotized. Patients with genuine dissociative amnesia usually score high on test of hypnotizability.
Ganser syndrome refers to patient who suffers from approximation or giving absurd answer to simple questions that make absolute no sense)
There are three main types of dissociative amnesia
Remembering only parts of a traumatic event
The prognosis is determined mainly by the following:
The patient’s life circumstances, particularly stresses and conflicts associated with the amnesia as well as the patient’s overall mental adjustment
So, remember the facts to recognize dissociative amnesia
The first is a sudden, dramatic disturbance in which a vast amount of memories related to personal information are not available
The second is individuals are aware of the deletion in continuous memory, as opposed to a gradual loss of normal memory. For example, patients may not remember a certain year of schooling or a certain job, even though they remember other years of schooling and other jobs. This is usually due to a traumatic experience during that time period, such as a rape or a kidnapping. In extreme cases, patients cannot remember their teenage years or other periods of their lifetime and they ordinarily do not complain of memory loss.
What type of amnesia is Alice experiencing?
She has a generalized amnesia. There is a lot of information she can’t recall.
And that’s actually an overt dissociative amnesia.
Let’s look at the causes of dissociative amnesia. Usually caused by overwhelming stress, results of traumatic events, war, abuse, or natural disaster
Dissociative amnesia has been linked to environmental factors such as environmental trauma. The person may have suffered the trauma or just witnessed it. There also seems to be a genetic (inherited) connection in dissociative amnesia, as close relatives often have the tendency to develop amnesia.
**(An overwhelming of traumatic experience during childhood or later in life can trigger expression of a genetic diathesis that otherwise would have been suppressed. )
This model interestingly explain about why certain people experience PTSD instead of dissociative amnesia following a traumatic experience.
Psychodynamic views dissociative amnesia as an adaptive function of disconnecting one’s conscious self from awareness of traumatic experiences, psychological pain or conflict.
Dissociative amnesia shared similar symptoms with other culture bound dissociative syndromes.
1) Dissociative experience scale (DES) is one of the best known among general dissociation screening scales. Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) is a 28-item self-report instrument.
2) Another good screening measure is the 20-item Somatoform Dissociative Questionnaire (SDQ-20). The scale has good reliability and validity for discriminating dissociative disorder patients.
**(The scale taps many of the somatosensory and dissociative symptoms including motor inhibitions, loss of function, anaesthesia and analgesia, pain and problems with vision, hearing and smell.)
Two DSM-based structured interviews have been developed for the formal diagnosis of dissociative disorders:
1) The SCID-D-R is a semi-structured clinician administered interview that assesses the presence and severity of amnesia, identity confusion and alteration, depersonalization and derealization.
2) The DDIS is a clinical diagnostic instrument which inquires about a wide range of phenomena in addition to dissociative symptoms, including child abuse history, major depression, somatic complaints, substance abuse and paranoid experience
You might want to ask them a little bit about what they can recall. What is happening before you met them, before an isolated event, how did they think, what were they feeling
Important to establish the patient’s safety by removal from the traumatic situation which will often bring back the memories.
Treatment begins with a safe and supportive environment. This measure alone frequently leads to gradual recovery of missing memories.
Enabling patients to move on with their life by helping them develop coping skills to improve and restore overall functioning.
1)Psychotherapy is supportive in the initial phase. Psychotherapy aimed to build rapport, and create a safe environment
a) Cognitive Therapy- Identifying the specific cognitive distortions that are based in the trauma
b) c) Questioning patients while they are under hypnosis or in a drug-induced state can be successful but these strategies must be done gently because the traumatic circumstances that stimulated memory loss are likely to be recalled and to be very upsetting. Therapist must carefully phrase questions so as not to suggest the existence of an event and risk creating a false memory.
d) Family therapy provides help to family members of persons with dissociative amnesia that is directed towards educating them about the nature of the condition, its symptoms and causes in order to get a better understanding and provide support to the patient.
e) Creative Therapy helps a person with dissociative amnesia to express their thoughts and feelings through a creative and safe manner.
Memory retrieval techniques are also effective adjunct treatments to dissociative amnesia especially when there is difficulty to spontaneously recall past memories.
Some cases of dissociative amnesia require treatment in a hospital. These are cases in which the person is a clear and present danger to him or herself or others. Hospitalization is particularly helpful for patients experiencing current abuse. Dissociative amnesia may spontaneously resolve when a person is removed from a traumatic situation.
3) No medication have demonstrated efficacy in dissociative amnesia. Since dissociative amnesia often comorbid with depression and PTSD, the groups of drugs that are best prescribed for patients are anti-depressant and anti-anxiety medicines.
4) However, some patients spontaneously recover from their amnesia