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Understand Accounting   From How to Why
Agenda ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Slide No. 3-11 Slide No. 12-22
History of Accounting  Renaissance Yoshi pays $100 Receives $200  Paragraph:  Formulation:  100 200 Abstraction:  200 – 100 =100 Math Account summa de arithmetica geometria proportioni et proportionalita   By  Luca Pacioli Picture Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Pacioli
Double Bookkeeping  System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Account Origin (1) Ancient Rome (Account : Personal) Slave Master Investment Master Own Money Segregation ! Investment Asset Liability Asset Liability
Account Origin (2) Post – Industrial Revolution (Account : Impersonal) Equity Cash Factory Material Labour Process Product Sales Profit/Loss Finance Work In Progress Inventory Sales
Book Structure Account A Account B Ledger  X Account C Account D Ledger  Y Books Journal / Day Book  (Diaries) Posting Posting
Journal /  Day Book Posting To SL: Sales Ledger One Source to One Posting =  Traceability !! Source Documents 100 SL 15 10004 15  C Knight 200 SL 21 10003 10  D Mike 100 SL 15 10002 5  C Knight 100 SL 15 10001 1  C Knight Amount  $ Folio Invoice No 2010  August  Sales Day Book   (Page 10)
 
 
Posting Rules ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Bal of A/c 11   Bal of A/c 12 Bal of A/c 13 Total  XXX Bal of A/c 1  Bal of A/c 2  Bal of A/c 3  Total  XXX   Control A/c for TB
Five Accounts (Cycle) (Introduction to Financial Statements) Liability Equity 1 2 Expense Income 3 4 Profit Asset
Which Account ? (1) Liability Equity Expense Income Out  In Stock Flow Asset
Which Account ? (2) - B/S P/L + Debit Credit Asset - + Debit Credit Expense - + Debit Credit Income - + Debit Credit Liability/Equity
Which Account ? (3) B/S P/L Asset Expense Income Liability/Equity • Account Payable • Borrowing  • Capital, etc • Cash/Bank Account • Account Receivable • Lending  • Land, etc • Salary  • Purchase • Office Rent • Commission Paid • Interest Paid, etc • Sales • Commission Received • Interest Received, etc
Profit Calculation Start End Liability Asset Profit = - Income - Expense = Profit Income - Expense = Profit Income - Expense = Profit Voyage, Caravan (Before Industrial Revolution) On-Going (After Industrial Revolution)
Accounting Equation   (1) ,[object Object],[object Object],Asset Liability Equity Liability Equity Asset Liability Equity Asset
Accounting Equation (2) ,[object Object],[object Object],Income Profit Expense Expense Loss Income
Accounting Equation (3) ,[object Object],Equity Liability Asset Income Profit Expense Equity Liability Asset Income Expense Year 2009 Year 2010 Yr 2009 Profit =  $100 Yr 2009 Equity = $500  Yr 2010 Equity = $600
Posting for Allocation (1) Cash Outflow Cash Inflow Accrual Deferral A B C D Depreciation Provision (Payables) Unbilled Income (Receivables) Unearned Income
Posting for Allocation (2) A C D B Income  Asset Income  Liability Inflow Expense  Liability Expense  Asset  Outflow Accrual Deferral
Posting for Disclosure Asset Asset Income Expense Asset No Cash flow !! Market Value
Accounting Evolution/ Profession ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Key Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Understand Accouting (Mechanical Approach)

  • 1. Understand Accounting From How to Why
  • 2.
  • 3. History of Accounting Renaissance Yoshi pays $100 Receives $200 Paragraph: Formulation: 100 200 Abstraction: 200 – 100 =100 Math Account summa de arithmetica geometria proportioni et proportionalita By Luca Pacioli Picture Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Pacioli
  • 4.
  • 5. Account Origin (1) Ancient Rome (Account : Personal) Slave Master Investment Master Own Money Segregation ! Investment Asset Liability Asset Liability
  • 6. Account Origin (2) Post – Industrial Revolution (Account : Impersonal) Equity Cash Factory Material Labour Process Product Sales Profit/Loss Finance Work In Progress Inventory Sales
  • 7. Book Structure Account A Account B Ledger X Account C Account D Ledger Y Books Journal / Day Book (Diaries) Posting Posting
  • 8. Journal / Day Book Posting To SL: Sales Ledger One Source to One Posting = Traceability !! Source Documents 100 SL 15 10004 15 C Knight 200 SL 21 10003 10 D Mike 100 SL 15 10002 5 C Knight 100 SL 15 10001 1 C Knight Amount $ Folio Invoice No 2010 August Sales Day Book (Page 10)
  • 9.  
  • 10.  
  • 11.
  • 12. Five Accounts (Cycle) (Introduction to Financial Statements) Liability Equity 1 2 Expense Income 3 4 Profit Asset
  • 13. Which Account ? (1) Liability Equity Expense Income Out In Stock Flow Asset
  • 14. Which Account ? (2) - B/S P/L + Debit Credit Asset - + Debit Credit Expense - + Debit Credit Income - + Debit Credit Liability/Equity
  • 15. Which Account ? (3) B/S P/L Asset Expense Income Liability/Equity • Account Payable • Borrowing • Capital, etc • Cash/Bank Account • Account Receivable • Lending • Land, etc • Salary • Purchase • Office Rent • Commission Paid • Interest Paid, etc • Sales • Commission Received • Interest Received, etc
  • 16. Profit Calculation Start End Liability Asset Profit = - Income - Expense = Profit Income - Expense = Profit Income - Expense = Profit Voyage, Caravan (Before Industrial Revolution) On-Going (After Industrial Revolution)
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. Posting for Allocation (1) Cash Outflow Cash Inflow Accrual Deferral A B C D Depreciation Provision (Payables) Unbilled Income (Receivables) Unearned Income
  • 21. Posting for Allocation (2) A C D B Income Asset Income Liability Inflow Expense Liability Expense Asset Outflow Accrual Deferral
  • 22. Posting for Disclosure Asset Asset Income Expense Asset No Cash flow !! Market Value
  • 23.
  • 24.