This document discusses how to analyze texts using the NARIM framework. NARIM stands for Narrative, Audience, Representation, Industry/Institutions, and Media Language. It provides questions to consider for each element: what world is constructed, how are people/places represented, who controls the text, who is the audience, how might different audiences respond. It also discusses how audiences actively engage with texts and negotiate meanings. Different factors like gender, ethnicity, age influence how audiences experience media differently. Filmmakers can impact the audience experience through techniques like cinematography, editing, sound, mise-en-scene, and performance. The document aims to apply narrative and audience theories to understand engagement across various media genres

1. Reading a text:
Narrative
Audience
Representation
Industry /institutions
Media language
NARIM questions
• What kind of world is being
constructedin the text?
• How are stereotypesused to
representgroups of people,
places or things?
• Who is in control of the text
and whose ideas and values
are expressed?
• Who is the text aimed at?
• How will different audiences
respond to the text?
• What message/ideology is
containedin/ communicated
through the representation?

2. Task 1 – N.A.R.I. M

4. Audience
Audience
actively
participate in
constructing
meaningand
collude with
the film
(suspendtheir
disbelief)
Spectatorship
Meaning is
negotiated in the
dynamic
relationship
between text and
audience.
Macro Elements
Film
Active participantsseeking:
 Narrative Meaning
 GenericMeaning(Expectations)
 Character Meaning
 Emotional Release(Catharsis)
 Structural Organisation
(Narrative)
 Realism(Verisimilitude)
 Narrative
 Realism
 Genre
 Audience Positioning
 Representation
 Industries&institutions
Micro ElementsInfluential Factors for Audience:
 Gender
 Ethnicity
 Age
 Nationality...
 Ideology
 Previous Cultural Experiences
 Situation
A film-maker
can change the
experience the
spectatorhas
througha
varietyof
microand
macro
techniques.
Different
audiences
experience
filmtextsin
all sorts of
differentways
for a variety
of different
reasons.
Cinematography
 Camera
 Lighting
Editing
 Cutting
 Transitions
Sound
 Diegetic
 NonDiegetic
Mise-en-scene
 Costume
 Props
 Setting
Performance
 ActingStyles
Task 2: N.A.R.I.M audience engagement: what keeps them
interested?

5. ApplyingNarrative theory&understandingaudience
media area Genres you areusing Narrative target audience representations industry / institutions media language
moving
image: film
moving
image:
television
print
media:
newspapers
e-media:
website

6. print
media:
poster
print
media:
digipak
print
media:
magazine
cover
print
media:
magazine
article
print
media:
magazine
cover