Kemala has two options under the National Land Code to gain access to her land - an easement or a Land Administrator's Right of Way (LAROW). An easement requires the consent of the neighboring landowner while a LAROW can be imposed by the Land Administrator if no alternative route exists. However, the Land Administrator is typically reluctant to grant a LAROW if another option is available. Kemala must decide whether paying her neighbor is preferable to an uncertain LAROW application.
This document discusses various types of dealings and registration requirements under Malaysian land law. It explains that transfers, leases, charges, and easements are considered dealings, but only transfers, leases, charges, and some easements must be registered. It provides details on what constitutes interests in land, as well as the registration process and effects of registering transfers, leases, charges, and tenancies. Specifically, it notes that registration is required for transfers and leases to take legal effect, while unregistered leases and contracts are still valid. The document also discusses requirements for endorsing tenancies on land titles.
[Ringkasan]
Dokumen tersebut membahasikan undang-undang tanah di Malaysia. Ia menjelaskan sejarah perkembangan undang-undang tanah dari zaman pra-penjajahan hingga sistem Torrens yang diperkenalkan oleh penjajah British. Dokumen ini juga membincangkan struktur perundangan dan pentadbiran tanah, sistem pemilikan tanah, pelupusan tanah, urusniaga tanah, pendaftaran urusniaga, dan hak-hak yang berkaitan dengan tanah di Malaysia
Kemala has two options under the National Land Code to gain access to her land - an easement or a Land Administrator's Right of Way (LAROW). An easement requires the consent of the neighboring landowner while a LAROW can be imposed by the Land Administrator if no alternative route exists. However, the Land Administrator is typically reluctant to grant a LAROW if another option is available. Kemala must decide whether paying her neighbor is preferable to an uncertain LAROW application.
This document discusses various types of dealings and registration requirements under Malaysian land law. It explains that transfers, leases, charges, and easements are considered dealings, but only transfers, leases, charges, and some easements must be registered. It provides details on what constitutes interests in land, as well as the registration process and effects of registering transfers, leases, charges, and tenancies. Specifically, it notes that registration is required for transfers and leases to take legal effect, while unregistered leases and contracts are still valid. The document also discusses requirements for endorsing tenancies on land titles.
[Ringkasan]
Dokumen tersebut membahasikan undang-undang tanah di Malaysia. Ia menjelaskan sejarah perkembangan undang-undang tanah dari zaman pra-penjajahan hingga sistem Torrens yang diperkenalkan oleh penjajah British. Dokumen ini juga membincangkan struktur perundangan dan pentadbiran tanah, sistem pemilikan tanah, pelupusan tanah, urusniaga tanah, pendaftaran urusniaga, dan hak-hak yang berkaitan dengan tanah di Malaysia
LAND LAW 1 slides rights and powers of the state authority 2014xareejx
The document discusses land ownership laws in Malaysia. It explains that all land belongs to the state authority, which has sole power to dispose of and alienate land. Unregistered long possession of land does not confer ownership rights, as adverse possession is not recognized against the state or private landowners under the National Land Code. Squatters have no legal rights or cause of action regardless of duration of occupation.
LAND LAW 1 slides extent of ownership and enjoyment of land part 1 2014xareejx
This document discusses the extent of ownership and enjoyment of land, specifically regarding rights to the airspace above land. It begins by explaining that under common law and the National Land Code, a landowner has exclusive rights to the column of airspace above their land. However, these rights are not absolute - they are balanced against restrictions in other laws and the reasonable enjoyment of neighboring lands. The document analyzes several court cases that help define the limits of airspace rights, and how they can be enforced through trespass claims. It concludes by noting exceptions for public use of airspace at reasonable heights based on aviation laws.
The document summarizes several cases related to easements in Malaysian land law. In the first case, Alfred Templeton & Ors v Low Yat Holdings Sdn Bhd & Anor, the court granted equitable relief to the plaintiff and ordered an easement be registered based on promises made by the defendant during a land sale that led the plaintiff to believe they would have right of way access. In Datin Siti Hajar v Murugasu, the court ruled that long use of a road across the plaintiff's land did not constitute an easement since it was not expressly granted. And in EW Talalla v Ng Yee Fong & Anor and Tan Wee Choon v Ong Peck
The document discusses the concepts of bare trust and stakeholder under Malaysian law. It begins by explaining that a solicitor stakeholder temporarily holds money or property while its owner is still being determined, such as money paid by a purchaser pending registration of a property transfer. It then summarizes two key Malaysian cases on stakeholders. The document also discusses the English common law position on bare trusts, where the vendor becomes a bare trustee once a valid sale contract exists. However, under Malaysian law bare trustee status only arises after full payment and execution of a valid transfer, as established in another case summarized. The key differences between the common law and Malaysian positions on bare trusts are also outlined.
This document summarizes procedures and conditions for forfeiture of land under the National Land Code of Malaysia. It outlines that land can be forfeited due to non-payment of rent or breach of conditions. The procedures for forfeiture due to non-payment include serving notices, making an order for forfeiture if payment is not made, and publishing a notification. Land can also be forfeited for breach of express or implied conditions, such as failure to develop the land. The registered proprietor may be fined or instructed to remedy the breach before forfeiture is enforced. Forfeited land reverts to the State Authority free of titles and interests. Appeals against forfeiture orders can be made to the High Court within 3 months.
The sale and purchase agreement between Johan and Nabil is null and void as a temporary occupation license cannot be transferred. The land office can terminate the license due to breach of conditions without compensation. Johan cannot claim compensation from the land office for the house built on the land.
The document discusses and compares the Deed and Torrens systems of land registration.
[1] The Deed system involved exhaustive searches of title documents back to the original Crown grant, which was complex, expensive and uncertain. [2] The Torrens system introduced in Malaysia simplified conveyancing by making registration of titles and dealings compulsory, with the register providing conclusive evidence of ownership. Key principles are the mirror and curtain principles. [3] The objectives were to provide certainty, security of title and facilitate transfer compared to the defects of the Deed system.
The document discusses key concepts relating to the alienation and disposal of state land in Malaysia. It explains the different types of titles that can be granted for state land (registry title, land office title, qualified title), the conditions and restrictions that can be imposed on disposed state land, and when alienation of state land becomes legally effective (upon registration of title, not just approval of disposal). Key methods of state land disposal include alienation, which can be for a term of years or in perpetuity, and involves payment of rent and/or premium as consideration.
The document discusses regulations regarding the removal of rock material from various types of land in Malaysia. It outlines that the State Authority may permit extraction from state, alienated, mining, and reserved lands. Permits must be issued by the relevant land administrator and are valid only for the calendar year issued. Permits cannot be assigned or transferred upon death and holders must pay penalties for operating after expiration. Permits may require a deposit from the holder to ensure performance of obligations and land rehabilitation. Acts under a valid permit do not breach any conditions affecting the land under other laws.
LL1 slides extent of ownership and enjoyment of land part 2xareejx
This document discusses the extent of ownership and enjoyment of land under Malaysian law. It addresses ownership rights below the surface as well as the right to support of land.
The owner has exclusive use and enjoyment of the land below the surface as is reasonably necessary. Trespassing below another's surface, such as by mining or inserting anchors, is actionable. However, ownership rights below a specified depth belong to the state.
A landowner also has the right to support of his land from adjacent land in its natural state. The owner of adjacent land cannot withdraw natural support. This right does not extend to land that has been excavated or weakened. Some jurisdictions like Singapore interpret this right of support to also apply to buildings
LAND LAW - Sekatan Urusniaga (Kaveat/Perintah Larangan)AmirulAfiq30
Kaveat Pendaftar dimasukkan untuk melindungi tuntutan kerajaan terhadap pemilik tanah sebelum itu berhubung cukai pendapatan. Walau bagaimanapun, mahkamah memutuskan bahawa kaveat itu tidak sah dimasukkan kerana pembeli tanah telah membayar harga penuh dan menerima penyerahan dokumen sebelum kaveat itu dimasukkan, oleh itu hak milik tanah sepatutnya dipindahkan kepada p
Land ownership and rights in Malaysia are governed by the National Land Code 1965. Key points include:
1) All state land is vested in the Ruler or Governor of each state as the State Authority (SA), with certain exceptions like alienated or reserved land.
2) The SA has wide powers to dispose of state land, including through alienation (granting ownership rights for up to 99 years), leasing, licensing, and permitting extraction of resources.
3) The Torrens system of land registration provides paramount rights to landowners like airspace rights, rights to support from adjoining land, and access rights to foreshore or public areas.
LAND LAW - LPS Lesen Pendudukan SementaraAmirulAfiq30
Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai lesen pendudukan sementara (LPS) yang dikeluarkan oleh pihak berkuasa untuk menduduki tanah sementara. LPS memberikan hak penggunaan tanah untuk aktivitas tertentu seperti membina rumah atau bercucuk tanam, namun tidak memberikan hak kepemilikan. Dokumen menjelaskan aspek-aspek LPS seperti syarat, hak dan tanggungjawab pemegang LPS, serta keputusan-keput
This document provides an overview of Land Law I, a compulsory course for law undergraduates at UKM. It includes the following key points:
1. The course aims to provide students with an understanding of the basic principles of land law and administration in Malaysia. It covers topics such as the concept of land law and the Torrens system, definitions of land, disposal and acquisition of land, land classification and usage.
2. The course is divided into lectures, tutorials, assignments and presentations. Topics covered in the first semester include provisions in legislation regarding land, the definition of land, the Torrens system, and the rights and powers of the state government in disposing of and acquiring land.
The document discusses land administration in Malaysia. Key points include:
(a) Land is vested in the Ruler or governor of each state and is classified as a state matter. The State Authority has powers over state land within its boundaries, excluding alienated, reserved, mining and forest land;
(b) The National Land Code vests all state land in the State Authority and grants them powers to administer and dispose of land, including alienation and granting of leases and licenses. Paramount rights over land include rights to air space, support and access;
(c) Case law has established that unauthorized occupation of state land does not confer title, and the State Authority's land rights cannot be bound
LAND LAW 1 slides rights and powers of the state authority 2014xareejx
The document discusses land ownership laws in Malaysia. It explains that all land belongs to the state authority, which has sole power to dispose of and alienate land. Unregistered long possession of land does not confer ownership rights, as adverse possession is not recognized against the state or private landowners under the National Land Code. Squatters have no legal rights or cause of action regardless of duration of occupation.
LAND LAW 1 slides extent of ownership and enjoyment of land part 1 2014xareejx
This document discusses the extent of ownership and enjoyment of land, specifically regarding rights to the airspace above land. It begins by explaining that under common law and the National Land Code, a landowner has exclusive rights to the column of airspace above their land. However, these rights are not absolute - they are balanced against restrictions in other laws and the reasonable enjoyment of neighboring lands. The document analyzes several court cases that help define the limits of airspace rights, and how they can be enforced through trespass claims. It concludes by noting exceptions for public use of airspace at reasonable heights based on aviation laws.
The document summarizes several cases related to easements in Malaysian land law. In the first case, Alfred Templeton & Ors v Low Yat Holdings Sdn Bhd & Anor, the court granted equitable relief to the plaintiff and ordered an easement be registered based on promises made by the defendant during a land sale that led the plaintiff to believe they would have right of way access. In Datin Siti Hajar v Murugasu, the court ruled that long use of a road across the plaintiff's land did not constitute an easement since it was not expressly granted. And in EW Talalla v Ng Yee Fong & Anor and Tan Wee Choon v Ong Peck
The document discusses the concepts of bare trust and stakeholder under Malaysian law. It begins by explaining that a solicitor stakeholder temporarily holds money or property while its owner is still being determined, such as money paid by a purchaser pending registration of a property transfer. It then summarizes two key Malaysian cases on stakeholders. The document also discusses the English common law position on bare trusts, where the vendor becomes a bare trustee once a valid sale contract exists. However, under Malaysian law bare trustee status only arises after full payment and execution of a valid transfer, as established in another case summarized. The key differences between the common law and Malaysian positions on bare trusts are also outlined.
This document summarizes procedures and conditions for forfeiture of land under the National Land Code of Malaysia. It outlines that land can be forfeited due to non-payment of rent or breach of conditions. The procedures for forfeiture due to non-payment include serving notices, making an order for forfeiture if payment is not made, and publishing a notification. Land can also be forfeited for breach of express or implied conditions, such as failure to develop the land. The registered proprietor may be fined or instructed to remedy the breach before forfeiture is enforced. Forfeited land reverts to the State Authority free of titles and interests. Appeals against forfeiture orders can be made to the High Court within 3 months.
The sale and purchase agreement between Johan and Nabil is null and void as a temporary occupation license cannot be transferred. The land office can terminate the license due to breach of conditions without compensation. Johan cannot claim compensation from the land office for the house built on the land.
The document discusses and compares the Deed and Torrens systems of land registration.
[1] The Deed system involved exhaustive searches of title documents back to the original Crown grant, which was complex, expensive and uncertain. [2] The Torrens system introduced in Malaysia simplified conveyancing by making registration of titles and dealings compulsory, with the register providing conclusive evidence of ownership. Key principles are the mirror and curtain principles. [3] The objectives were to provide certainty, security of title and facilitate transfer compared to the defects of the Deed system.
The document discusses key concepts relating to the alienation and disposal of state land in Malaysia. It explains the different types of titles that can be granted for state land (registry title, land office title, qualified title), the conditions and restrictions that can be imposed on disposed state land, and when alienation of state land becomes legally effective (upon registration of title, not just approval of disposal). Key methods of state land disposal include alienation, which can be for a term of years or in perpetuity, and involves payment of rent and/or premium as consideration.
The document discusses regulations regarding the removal of rock material from various types of land in Malaysia. It outlines that the State Authority may permit extraction from state, alienated, mining, and reserved lands. Permits must be issued by the relevant land administrator and are valid only for the calendar year issued. Permits cannot be assigned or transferred upon death and holders must pay penalties for operating after expiration. Permits may require a deposit from the holder to ensure performance of obligations and land rehabilitation. Acts under a valid permit do not breach any conditions affecting the land under other laws.
LL1 slides extent of ownership and enjoyment of land part 2xareejx
This document discusses the extent of ownership and enjoyment of land under Malaysian law. It addresses ownership rights below the surface as well as the right to support of land.
The owner has exclusive use and enjoyment of the land below the surface as is reasonably necessary. Trespassing below another's surface, such as by mining or inserting anchors, is actionable. However, ownership rights below a specified depth belong to the state.
A landowner also has the right to support of his land from adjacent land in its natural state. The owner of adjacent land cannot withdraw natural support. This right does not extend to land that has been excavated or weakened. Some jurisdictions like Singapore interpret this right of support to also apply to buildings
LAND LAW - Sekatan Urusniaga (Kaveat/Perintah Larangan)AmirulAfiq30
Kaveat Pendaftar dimasukkan untuk melindungi tuntutan kerajaan terhadap pemilik tanah sebelum itu berhubung cukai pendapatan. Walau bagaimanapun, mahkamah memutuskan bahawa kaveat itu tidak sah dimasukkan kerana pembeli tanah telah membayar harga penuh dan menerima penyerahan dokumen sebelum kaveat itu dimasukkan, oleh itu hak milik tanah sepatutnya dipindahkan kepada p
Land ownership and rights in Malaysia are governed by the National Land Code 1965. Key points include:
1) All state land is vested in the Ruler or Governor of each state as the State Authority (SA), with certain exceptions like alienated or reserved land.
2) The SA has wide powers to dispose of state land, including through alienation (granting ownership rights for up to 99 years), leasing, licensing, and permitting extraction of resources.
3) The Torrens system of land registration provides paramount rights to landowners like airspace rights, rights to support from adjoining land, and access rights to foreshore or public areas.
LAND LAW - LPS Lesen Pendudukan SementaraAmirulAfiq30
Dokumen tersebut membahas mengenai lesen pendudukan sementara (LPS) yang dikeluarkan oleh pihak berkuasa untuk menduduki tanah sementara. LPS memberikan hak penggunaan tanah untuk aktivitas tertentu seperti membina rumah atau bercucuk tanam, namun tidak memberikan hak kepemilikan. Dokumen menjelaskan aspek-aspek LPS seperti syarat, hak dan tanggungjawab pemegang LPS, serta keputusan-keput
This document provides an overview of Land Law I, a compulsory course for law undergraduates at UKM. It includes the following key points:
1. The course aims to provide students with an understanding of the basic principles of land law and administration in Malaysia. It covers topics such as the concept of land law and the Torrens system, definitions of land, disposal and acquisition of land, land classification and usage.
2. The course is divided into lectures, tutorials, assignments and presentations. Topics covered in the first semester include provisions in legislation regarding land, the definition of land, the Torrens system, and the rights and powers of the state government in disposing of and acquiring land.
The document discusses land administration in Malaysia. Key points include:
(a) Land is vested in the Ruler or governor of each state and is classified as a state matter. The State Authority has powers over state land within its boundaries, excluding alienated, reserved, mining and forest land;
(b) The National Land Code vests all state land in the State Authority and grants them powers to administer and dispose of land, including alienation and granting of leases and licenses. Paramount rights over land include rights to air space, support and access;
(c) Case law has established that unauthorized occupation of state land does not confer title, and the State Authority's land rights cannot be bound
20200505 1 Bahan Ajar Kapita Selekta Pertanahan-Ir. Ratmono, M.Si.pptxfadli32787
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang hukum tanah nasional Indonesia, mulai dari sejarah hukum tanah sebelum UUPA sampai dengan jenis-jenis hak atas tanah menurut UUPA beserta ketentuan-ketentuannya. Dibahas pula tentang terjadinya hak atas tanah, pemberian hak atas tanah, serta hapusnya hak atas tanah.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang konversi hak atas tanah, termasuk definisi konversi, tujuan konversi, dan jenis-jenis konversi hak atas tanah berdasarkan asal-usulnya seperti hak barat, bekas hak Indonesia, dan bekas tanah swapraja.
Perjanjian ini mengatur hak pakai tanah antara dua pihak untuk jangka waktu tertentu. Pihak pertama menyerahkan tanah kepada pihak kedua untuk digunakan sebagai perkebunan dan peternakan dengan pembagian hasil 10% untuk pihak pertama dan 90% untuk pihak kedua. Perjanjian ini mengatur hak dan kewajiban para pihak selama masa sewa tanah.
This document discusses burden and standard of proof in law of evidence. It defines burden of proof as the obligation to provide sufficient evidence to support one's case, and distinguishes between burden of establishing a case and evidential burden of introducing evidence. The standard of proof refers to the degree of probability required to discharge the burden. For criminal cases, the standard is proof beyond reasonable doubt, while for civil cases it is on a balance of probabilities. The more serious the allegation, the higher the standard of proof required.
1. A witness who is inconsistent in giving evidence, especially if the inconsistencies are material contradictions, cannot generally be regarded as a credible witness. However, not all inconsistencies necessarily undermine credibility.
2. For a witness to refresh their memory by referring to notes, certain conditions must be met under Section 159 of the Evidence Act. The writing must have been made by the witness at the time of the event or soon after.
3. Even if the conditions for refreshing memory are satisfied, the opposing party still has the right to inspect the document and cross-examine the witness on it. Referring to a document alone does not necessarily make the witness credible; it depends on whether the statutory safeguards are
The document discusses key concepts related to presumption and judicial notice in Malaysian law. It defines presumption as an inference drawn from known facts, and distinguishes between presumption of law and presumption of fact. It explains different types of presumptions under Malaysian law including those that the court "may presume", "shall presume", and those that constitute "conclusive proof". It also defines judicial notice as facts that a judge will notice without proof, and provides examples of facts that courts commonly take judicial notice of, such as identities of government leaders.
1. Samad Tuah bin Jebat was charged with stealing a motorbike under Section 379A of the Penal Code.
2. The prosecution argued for a heavier punishment to deter the increasing number of motorbike thefts in the area.
3. The defense pleaded for leniency as it was the accused's first offense, and he needed the motorbike due to desperation and intended to return it.
4. The magistrate found the accused guilty but discharged him with a bond for good behavior for 2 years, taking into account it was a first offense due to necessity, and that imprisonment may not be the solution.
This document provides the text of Malaysia's Child Act 2001, which consolidates and amends laws relating to the care, protection and rehabilitation of children. Some key points:
- It establishes the National Council for Children to oversee child welfare issues.
- It defines terms like "child", "Court for Children", and types of institutions like places of safety, refuge, detention, and approved schools.
- It covers issues like children in need of care/protection, criminal procedures for children, placing children in institutions, and the roles of protectors, probation officers, and other officials.
- It has transitional provisions to continue existing councils, rules, and childcare institutions established under previous laws.
This document provides an overview of the juvenile justice system in Malaysia. It discusses that 60% of Malaysia's population is under 30 years old, and that while perceptions are that juvenile crime is increasing, data is limited and inconsistent. For children accused of crimes, the Child Act of 2001 established specialized procedures and the Court for Children to handle their cases separately from adult procedures. The document outlines the key stages of handling a child in conflict with the law, from arrest to sentencing. It also discusses exceptions for serious crimes and status offenses. Overall, the document presents background on juvenile justice in Malaysia and the legal framework established in the Child Act.
PRINCIPLE OF PRIMA FACIE CASE AND MAXIMUM EVALUATION AT THE CLOSE OF PROSECUT...surrenderyourthrone
This document discusses the standard of proof required at the close of the prosecution's case in Malaysian criminal trials. It summarizes the key cases that addressed this issue, including Haw Tua Tau v Public Prosecutor, Khoo Hi Chiang v Public Prosecutor, and Public Prosecutor v Ong Cheng Heong. Public Prosecutor v Ong Cheng Heong established that only a prima facie case, not proof beyond reasonable doubt, is required at this stage. It clarified that a prima facie case means credible evidence for each essential element of the charge, subject to maximum evaluation but not equating to proof beyond reasonable doubt. This standard was affirmed in subsequent cases and resolved the long-
1) Several laws in Malaysia carry mandatory death penalties for offenses such as murder, drug trafficking, and treason. Between 1970-1996, 349 people were executed, mostly for drug offenses.
2) While the number of executions has decreased in recent years, official statistics show the death penalty has been ineffective in reducing drug addiction and the number of known addicts has risen.
3) Caning is a supplementary punishment to imprisonment for around 40 crimes including drug offenses, rape, and firearms offenses. However, caning violates international human rights standards against cruel or degrading treatment or punishment.
Baldah Toyyibah (Prasarana) Kelantan Sdn Bhd v Dae Hanguru Infra Sdn Bhd and ...surrenderyourthrone
The Court of Appeal was determining two appeals regarding a dispute over a construction agreement for the Kota Bharu-Kuala Krai Highway Project. The plaintiff had sued the defendants for breach of contract. The key issues were whether there was an enforceable contract and whether the plaintiff was entitled to compensation. The Court of Appeal allowed the first defendant's appeal and dismissed the plaintiff's appeal. It found that there was no valid contract between the parties due to a lack of consensus ad idem. While the plaintiff was later nominated as the contractor, this did not remedy the lack of consensus needed to form a valid contract. As the plaintiff did not prove a valid enforceable contract existed, it was not entitled to compensation for breach
The bankrupt appealed the dismissal of their application for discharge from bankruptcy. The creditor opposed the appeal, arguing that the Director General of Insolvency's (DGI) report was incomplete and unreliable. The court agreed that the DGI report failed to undertake a comprehensive investigation of the bankrupt's assets. As the DGI report is a main piece of evidence in bankruptcy cases, it should have been more detailed. The court dismissed the appeal, as it was not bound to accept an incomplete or unreliable report.
JUSTIFIKASI KEPERLUAN PENAHANAN REMAN MENURUT PERUNDANGAN ISLAM DAN SIVILsurrenderyourthrone
Dokumen tersebut membahasakan justifikasi keperluan penahanan reman menurut hukum Islam dan perundangan sivil. Penahanan reman dipraktikkan sejak zaman Nabi Muhammad sebagai salah satu prosedur penyiasatan untuk mencegah tertuduh melarikan diri dan menghancurkan bukti. Kebanyakan ulama Islam mengizinkan penahanan reman yang bersifat sementara untuk tujuan investigasi, bukan hukuman. Tempoh penahanan bervariasi menurut
The document is the Contracts Act 1950 of Malaysia. It contains 191 sections organized into 10 Parts that establish rules and principles related to contracts. Some key details include:
- The Act relates to contracts and was first enacted in 1950, with revisions in 1974 and 2006.
- Part I establishes preliminary definitions for terms used in the Act like proposal, acceptance, promisor, promisee, consideration, agreement, void, contract, and reciprocal promises.
- Parts II through IX cover topics like communication and revocation of proposals, void and voidable contracts, contingent contracts, performance of contracts, consequences of breach, indemnity and guarantee, bailment, and agency.
- Part X addresses the
The document summarizes the history and current state of the legal profession in Malaysia. It discusses:
- The legal profession in Malaysia is a fused profession with no distinction between solicitors and barristers.
- The earliest lawyers were known as "law agents" or "advocates and attornies", with the first admission recorded in 1808.
- Various ordinances established regulatory bodies for lawyers in different states, which were consolidated by the Legal Profession Act 1976, establishing the Malaysian Bar and Bar Council. However, Sabah and Sarawak continue to have their own separate legislation and professional bodies.
This document provides an overview of Islamic law of property in Malaysia. It discusses several key topics:
1) The administration of Muslim estates, which can be testate (with a will) or intestate (without a will). Small estates valued under RM600,000 are distributed by land administrators according to Islamic inheritance law. Non-small estates are distributed by civil courts, who require a certificate from the sharia court.
2) Wills made by Muslims must comply with sharia principles and are adjudicated by sharia courts. Some states have enacted Muslim Wills Enactments to govern this.
3) Nominations in insurance policies and savings accounts are treated differently by different state fatwas regarding
WRITTEN AND ORAL IN ISLAMIC LAW - DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE AND NON-MUSLIMS IN MOR...surrenderyourthrone
This document discusses a case from 1881 in which a Jewish merchant named Ya'akov b. Shalom Assarraf sued a Muslim associate in a shari'a court in Fez, Morocco. Ya'akov presented a legal document as evidence that the defendant owed him money, and the judge ruled in Ya'akov's favor based solely on this documentary evidence, contradicting the common understanding that Islamic law privileged oral testimony over written documents. The document analyzes this case in the context of scholarship on evidentiary standards in Islamic law and the role of non-Muslims in shari'a courts, arguing it highlights the need to reexamine assumptions about the probative value of documents and legal interactions between religious groups in
2. ISI KANDUNGAN
Apakah itu pemberimilikan?
Apakah peruntukan yang berkaitan?
Sedikit sejarah...
Apa yang berlaku jika tempoh pajakan tamat?
Secara ringkasnya
Apakah jenis tanah yang boleh diberimilik?
Apakah itu dokumen hak milik?
Apakah dua jenis dokumen hak milik?
Rumusan
CLICK ME!
3. APAKAH ITU PEMBERIMILIKAN?
▪ Pemberimilikan adalah pemberian tanah oleh PBN
(“Pihak Berkuasa Negeri”) kepada individu-individu
atau badan-badan.
3
4. APAKAH PERUNTUKAN YANG BERKAITAN?
▪ Menurut s 76, pemberimilikan boleh dibuat dalam dua bentuk:
a) Pemberimilikan bertempoh tidak melebihi 99 tahun, juga dikenali sebagai
pemegangan pajakan/sementara (leasehold).
aa) Pemberimilikan untuk selama-lamanya, juga dikenali sebagai pemegangan
kekal/bebas (freehold). Bentuk ini terhadap kepada:
i. jika Kerajaan Persekutuan memerlukannya;
ii. PBN berpuashati bahawa tanah itu akan digunakan untuk tujuan
awam; atau
iii. PBN berpuashati ada keadaan khas yang memerlukan pemberian
selama-lamanya.
4
5. SEDIKIT SEJARAH...
▪ Sebelum pindaan KTN (“Kanun Tanah Negara”) pada 25 Mac 1985, pegangan
kekal biasanya diberi kepada individu dan badan-badan. Namun, kerajaan
terpaksa membayar pampasan yang tinggi apabila berlaku pengambilan kembali
tanah.
▪ Maka, untuk mengelak pembayaran pampasan yang tinggi, pegangan kekal
tidak lagi biasa diberi (sekarang telah terhad) dan sebaliknya diberikan
pegangan sementara.
5
6. APA YANG BERLAKU JIKA TEMPOH PAJAKAN TELAH TAMAT?
▪ PBN boleh mengambil kembali tanah (s 46).
▪ Semua bangunan kekal yang ada atas tanah terbabit akan menjadi milik PBN
dan PBN tidak perlu membayar apa-apa pampasan atas nilai tanah dan
bangunan terbabit (s 47).
▪ PBN juga tidak terikat untuk menyambung kembali pemberimilikan berkenaan
apabila tamat tempoh pegangan pajakan.
6
7. S 46
Apabila tamat tempoh
Kerajaan boleh mengambil
Kembali
Kekal selagi kerajaan
tidak mengambil tanah
Selama-lamanya aka
Kekal aka
Bebas aka
“Freehold” aka
PEMBERIMILIKAN
aka PEMEGANGAN
Bertempoh aka
Pajakan aka
Sementara aka
“Leasehold”
S E C A R A R I N G K A S N Y A
Tidak melebihi 99 tahun
s 76 KTN
a)
aa)
Sekarang terhad kepada
situasi di bawah (i) – (iv)
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8. APAKAH JENIS TANAH YANG BOLEH “DIBERIMILIK”?
▪ Tanah kerajaan sahaja.
▫ Tidak boleh:
▫ Tanah lombong;
▫ Hutan simpan; atau
▫ Tanah berimilik.
▫ Tan Chiw Thoo v Tee Kim Kuay
▫ Responden menerima hak milik tanah 4 tahun lebih awal daripada
perayu.
▫ Tanah tersebut telah diberimilik kepada responden dan
pemberimilikan kepada perayu atas tanah berimilik adalah tidak
sah.
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9. APAKAH ITU DOKUMEN HAK MILIK?
▪ Dokumen hak milik adalah dokumen yang membuktikan hak berdaftar
seseorang pemunya tanah. Ia juga mengandungi segala perkara dan maklumat
yang penting berkaitan dengan tanah seperti geran atau pajakan, peringkat
negeri mukim, pelan tanah, keluasan, nombor lot dan lain-lain.
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10. APAKAH DUA JENIS DOKUMEN HAK MILIK?
▪ Dokumen HT (“hak milik tetap”)
▫ Diberikan apabila kawasan dan sempadan tanah telah
ditentukan dengan jelas.
▫ Tanah yang dipegang dibawahnya boleh dipecah sempadan,
dipecah bahagi dan disatukan tanah.
▪ Dokumen HS (“hak milik sementara”)
▫ Diberikan apabila pemberimilikan diluluskan namun kawasan
dan sempadan tanah masih belum ditentukan dengan jelas.
▫ Tanah yang dipegang dibawahnya belum lagi boleh dipecah
sempadan, dipecah bahagi dan disatukan tanah.
▫ Pengeluaran HS ini akan membolehkan tuan punya tanah
membuat pindahmilik, gadaian atau pajakan sebelum kerja ukur
diselesaikan.
Mempunyai hak yang sama
Dokumen hak milik adalah satu
dokumen yang muktamad dan
tidak boleh disangkal seperti
yang diperuntukan di bawah
seksyen 92.
Ketidakbolehsangkalan hak
milik (indefeasibility of title) ini
terbukti berasaskan peruntukan
undang-undang Kanun Tanah
Negara seperti seksyen 89 dan
340.
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11. Rumusan
▪ Seksyen 78(3) KTN menjelaskan tentang betapa
pentingnya hakmilik. Tanah yang telah diluluskan
untuk pemberimilikan atau pindahmilik masih terus
dimilik oleh pemilik asal sehingga hakmilik tersebut
didaftarkan atas nama tuan punya yang baru.
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