- The document discusses concepts related to mobility management in cellular networks including location areas, tracking areas, UE procedures from power on to being attached to the network, procedures in idle and active modes, and handover. - It describes the protocol stack in LTE including the RRC states of idle and connected, and provides terminology used in 3GPP including PLMN, IMSI, IMEI, camping on a cell, and attaching to the network. - It explains cell selection and reselection criteria where the UE ranks cells based on measurements of signal strength and quality and selects the highest ranked cell meeting the criteria.

1. • Location management
• UE procedures from “power on” to IDLE
• UE procedures in IDLE and Active
• Handover
• Protocol stack
• RRC state
• 3GPP terminology

2. Mobility management
• Area
– Location Area (LA), GSM (CS domain) LA1
Cell 3
– Routing Area (RA), GPRS (PS domain)
cell 1
– Tracking Area (TA), LTE (PS domain)
cell 2
• LAC LA2
– Location Area Code
Cell 5
• MM related procedures Cell 4
Cell 6
– LA/RA/TA update
– Paging, (paging channel)

3. UE procedures from Power on
• Generic Procedures
– Search  Camped  Attached(Registered)  Standby
• Time slot sync.  Frame sync.  system information received (camped on cell) 
Attach to network  UE go to Stand by
• Detail procedures for LTE cell camping
– Frequency acquisition
– Primary Sync Signal acquisition  Time slot sync.
– Secondary Sync Signal acquisition  Frame sync.
– With PSS and SSS, Cell ID can be calculated
– If reference signal Location is properly decoded, PBCH(MIB) can be detected
– From MIB, SFN(system frame number) and system BW can be detected
– Decode PCFICH and detect how many symbols are allocated for PDCCH
– Decode DCI for SIB1 from PDCCH
– Decode SIB1 and get the scheduling information for the SIBs
– Decode SIBs (other that SIB1)

4. Frame Structure of LTE

5. MIB, SIB type 1
• Master Information Block (MIB)
– DL-bandwidth
– PHICH config
– System frame number
Note: CRC of MIB contains information of tx. antenna number of eNodeB
• System Information Block (SIB) type 1
– PLMN identity, TA code, Cell identity & Cell status
– Cell selection information
– Scheduling information of other type of SIB

6. UE procedures in Idle and Active
• Idle
– Cell reselection / location update
– Listen to paging channel
– Receive system information
• Active
– Measurement
– Handover

7. Cell type
• acceptable cell:
– An "acceptable cell" is a cell on which the UE may camp to obtain limited service
(originate emergency calls and receive ETWS and CMAS notifications).
• suitable cell:
– A "suitable cell" is a cell on which the UE may camp on to obtain normal service
• Barred cell:
– A cell is barred if it is so indicated in the system information
• reserved cell:
– A cell is reserved if it is so indicated in system information

8. Type of handover
• Frequency
– Intra / Inter frequency handover
• RAT (Radio Access Technology)
– Intra / Inter system (RAT) handover
• Hard/Soft/Softer
– Hard handover (2G/3G/4G)
– Soft handover (3G)
– Softer handover (3G)
• Backward / Forward
– Backward handover (source cell  target cell )
– Forward handover (target cell  source cell ), Rel. 9

9. Handover (1), Soft handover, WCDMA

10. Handover (2)
1. UE in RRC connected state
2. Network sends reconfiguration message with neighbor cell information
3. UE measures the neighbors as per the neighbor list and RAT priorities. No
measurement gaps are required to measure intra-frequency cells. Measurement
gaps are required to measure inter-frequency and inter-RAT cells.
4. UE reports the cells which meet the measurement reporting criteria in
measurement reports.
5. Network validates the same and sends RRC connection reconfiguration with
mobility control info (Handover message). This message includes target cell ID,
target cell RACH parameters and an optional dedicated preamble (for
contention free random access)
6. UE slams the timing and triggers PBCH and random access in parallel on the
destination cell
7. Upon receiving message 2 (random access response with UL grant), UE sends
RRC reconfiguration complete message. 8.After RACH completion, UE attempts
to decode SIBs on the new cell

11. SRNC reallocation (Network)

12. Protocol Stack, LTE (control plane)

13. Protocol stack, UMTS (user plane)

14. RRC State
• WCDMA
– IDLE/ Cell FACH/Cell DCH /Cell PCH (cell level) / URA
PCH(RA level)
• LTE
– IDLE/ CONNECTED
Note:
– RRC link setup always initialized from UE
– RRC link release always initialize from Network

15. Registration, RRC stat and CPU state
Registered / attached
search
Registration
connected connected
idle
RRC
active DRX DRX
CPU sleep

16. 3GPP Terminology
• PLMN = MCC + MNC
– HPLMN, EPLMN, RPLMN, …
• IMSI = MCC + MNC + sequence no.
• IMEI
• CAMP on cell, ATTACH to network ( or Registration )
• ICC / SIM, UICC/USIM
• Roaming
• R99(WCDMA) /R5(HSDPA) /R6(HSUPA) /R7(HSPA+) / R8(DC-
HSPA), LTE

17. END …

18. Cell select / re-select in RRC Idle (1)

19. Cell select / re-select in RRC Idle (2)

20. Cell selection criteria
broadcast in
• Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0
system information
where:
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas – (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) – Pcompensation
Squal = Qqualmeas – (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset)

21. Reference Signal Receive Quality, RSRQ
• The RSRQ measurement provides additional information when RSRP is not
sufficient to make a reliable handover or cell reselection decision
– RSRP is the average of the power of all resource elements (one symbol) which carry cell-specific
reference signals over the entire bandwidth
– RSSI is the total received wideband power including all interference and thermal noise
– Assume that only reference signals are transmitted in a resource block, and that data and noise and
interference are not considered. In this case RSRQ is equal to -3 dB
– If reference signals and subcarriers carrying data are equally powered, the ratio corresponds to 1/12
or -10.79 dB

22. Cell Ranking criteria
• The cell-ranking criterion Rs for serving cell and Rn for
neighbouring cells is defined by:
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhyst
Rn = Qmeas,n – Qoffset broadcast in
system information
• The UE shall perform ranking of all cells that fulfil the cell selection criterion S
• If a cell is ranked as the best cell the UE shall perform cell reselection to that cell.
• In all cases, the UE shall reselect the new cell, only if the following conditions are
met:
 the new cell is better ranked than the serving cell during a time interval TreselectionRAT;
 more than 1 second has elapsed since the UE camped on the current serving cell.

23. Cell Re-selection example

24. Cell Re-selection example
• Figure 19 shows one possible scenario in a real network.
• Assume that
– the UE belongs to network operator 1 (green).
– There are two other carriers also operating an LTE network but of course at different frequencies.
• The terminal receives all base stations but at different power levels.
• Based on the above definition the UE will select the strong cell for each carrier .
– Using this the UE will start with network operator 3 (blue) and figure out after decoding the SIB Type 1 that the PLMN
saved on the USIM does not match to the transmitted one.
– From this information it will stop with its attempt and proceed to the next strongest signal, which is operator 2 (red).
Now the PLMN does not correspond
• so the UE will continue with signal 3 (green) – and the PLMN will match.
– The UE continues to use the information in SIB Type 1 and Type 2 to compute the cell selection criteria. In this
example,
– the parameters transferred and belonging to eNB1 do not fulfill S > 0 where the UE will move along with
demodulating and decoding the information provided by eNB2. S > 0 is fulfilled and the UE starts camping on this cell.

25. END …