U3.2 Ecosystem capital
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This document discusses ecosystem capital and the value of ecosystems. It notes that ecosystems provide provisioning services like food and materials that can be extracted, as well as regulating and cultural services that are difficult to assign monetary values to. The total annual value of ecosystem goods globally is estimated to be $41 trillion. The document uses the example of mangrove wetlands in Thailand that were converted to shrimp farms, which were less economically and environmentally beneficial in the long run than leaving the mangroves intact. The key idea is that ecosystems must be assigned sufficient value in their natural state to incentivize protection over conversion to other human uses.
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U3.1 Ecosystems
The document discusses key concepts in ecology including ecosystems, species, populations, communities, biomes, and environmental factors. It defines each term and describes their interrelationships. Specifically, it explains that an ecosystem is an interactive complex of communities and their abiotic environment within a particular area, and that biomes are large regions with similar climate and vegetation that contain interconnected ecosystems.
U3.3 Ecosystem energy
Ecosystems transfer energy from producers to consumers in food chains and webs. Only about 10-40% of energy is transferred between trophic levels with the rest lost as heat. This inefficiency means organisms at higher trophic levels require more resources. Humans have appropriated over 40% of primary production and 11% of land for agriculture, diminishing ecosystem services. Ecosystem management aims to balance human uses with sustainability.
U3.4 Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process by which the composition or structure of a biological community evolves over time. It is triggered by a disturbance which kills or displaces existing community members. Pioneer species are the first to colonize the disturbed area, improving conditions for subsequent species and facilitating further ecological succession. Over time, the community may progress to a relatively stable climax ecosystem, though disturbances ensure nature remains dynamic. Succession can occur through primary colonization of new areas or secondary regrowth after minor disturbances in previously inhabited areas. Aquatic succession involves sediment filling in bodies of water over time. Fire is a common disturbance supporting fire climax ecosystems through periodic resetting.
U3.6 Conservation
The document discusses various topics related to conservation including ecosystem structure, diversity and change. It defines conservation vs preservation and discusses consumptive vs productive use of resources. It covers concepts like maximum sustainable yield, optimal populations, and the tragedy of the commons. The document also discusses specific laws and policies around hunting, endangered species, and international agreements. Throughout it provides examples to illustrate key points.
U3.5 Biodiversity
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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U3.2 Ecosystem capital
- 2. Ecosystem Capital • natural goods: provisioning services that can be extracted from ecosystems
- 4. Ecosystem Capital • natural services: regulating and cultural services that can be extracted from ecosystems; not easy to put price tags on these
- 6. Ecosystem Capital • Total value of 1 year of global ecosystem goods: $41 trillion
- 8. Example • Mangrove wetland in Thailand converted to shrimp farm: • Shrimp: $3375/acre over 5 years • after 5 years, site is abandoned • Mangroves: $14,450/acre (spawning grounds for local fisheries, coast protection, etc) • Restoration: -$2200/acre
- 9. Value • A natural area will receive protection only if the value a society assigns to services provided in its natural state is higher than the value the society assigns to converting it to a more direct human use
- 11. Natural Resources • natural resources: natural ecosystems and the biota in them • expected to produce something of value • most common value: economic • ecosystem capital is a more appropriate term
- 12. How do you put a price on...? • forests modify climates and absorb and hold water in the water cycle • mangroves help prevent erosion and filter water from the land • forests and the ocean absorb CO2 • any others....?
- 13. Private vs. Public • some lands are publicly owned... • some are privately owned... • some can’t be owned at all... • regardless, humans domesticate and convert landscapes • over 50% of land is now cropland, causing the loss of over 50% of forests