Electrochemistry deals with the relationship between electrical and chemical energy. It studies the interconversion of one form of energy to another. Electrochemical cells like batteries convert chemical energy to electrical energy and vice versa. There are two main types of cells - electrolytic cells which use electrical energy for chemical reactions, and galvanic/voltaic cells which generate electricity from spontaneous chemical reactions. Electrochemistry has many applications including metal production, electrolysis, electroplating and in batteries used in devices and vehicles.
Class XII Electrochemistry - Nernst equation.Arunesh Gupta
Introduction, application of electrochemistry, metallic conduction & electrolytic conduction, electrolytes, electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell, Galvanic cell (Daniell cell), Standard reduction & oxidation potential, SHE as reference electrode, Standard emf of a cell or standard cell potential, Electrochemical series & its application, Nernst equation, Relationship between (i) Standard cell potential & equilibrium constant (ii) standard cell potential & standard Gibbs energy, some numerical problems.
Class XII Electrochemistry - Nernst equation.Arunesh Gupta
Introduction, application of electrochemistry, metallic conduction & electrolytic conduction, electrolytes, electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell, Galvanic cell (Daniell cell), Standard reduction & oxidation potential, SHE as reference electrode, Standard emf of a cell or standard cell potential, Electrochemical series & its application, Nernst equation, Relationship between (i) Standard cell potential & equilibrium constant (ii) standard cell potential & standard Gibbs energy, some numerical problems.
CONTENTS
Electrochemistry: definition & importance
Conductors: metallic & electrolytic conduction,
Electrolytes, Electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell
A simple electrochemical cell: Galvanic cell or (Daniell Cell)
Cell reaction, cell representation, Salt bridge & its use,
Electrode potential, standard electrode potential, SHE,
Standard cell potential or standard electromotive force of a cell
Electrochemical series (Standard reduction potential values)
Nernst Equation, Relationship with Standard cell potential with Gibbs energy & also equilibrium constant
Resistance (R) & conductance (G) of a solution of an electrolyte
Conductivity (k) of solution, Cell constant (G*) & their units,
Molar conductivity (Λm) & its variation with concentration & temperature,
Debye Huckel Onsager equation & Limiting molar conductivity,
Kohlrausch’s law & its application & numerical problems.
Electrolytic cells & electrolysis.
Some examples of electrolysis of electrolytes in molten / aq. state.
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: First & second law- numerical problems. Corrosion, Electrochemical theory of rusting.
Prevention of rusting.
Electrochemistry,Electrolytic and Metallic Conduction,Specific Resistance or resistivity (ρ),Specific Conductance or Conductivity (κ),Equivalent Conductance (Λ), Molar Conductance (Λm),Variation of Conductance with Dilution,Debye-Hückel-Onsager Equation,Kohlransch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions,Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis,Electrochemical Cells,The Nernst Equation,Oxidation Number
Oxidation Number / State Method For Balancing Redox Reactions,Half-Reaction or Ion-Electron Method For Balancing Redox Reactions,Half-Reaction or Ion-Electron Method For Balancing Redox Reactions,Common Oxidising and Reducing Agents
CONTENTS
Electrochemistry: definition & importance
Conductors: metallic & electrolytic conduction,
Electrolytes, Electrochemical cell & electrolytic cell
A simple electrochemical cell: Galvanic cell or (Daniell Cell)
Cell reaction, cell representation, Salt bridge & its use,
Electrode potential, standard electrode potential, SHE,
Standard cell potential or standard electromotive force of a cell
Electrochemical series (Standard reduction potential values)
Nernst Equation, Relationship with Standard cell potential with Gibbs energy & also equilibrium constant
Resistance (R) & conductance (G) of a solution of an electrolyte
Conductivity (k) of solution, Cell constant (G*) & their units,
Molar conductivity (Λm) & its variation with concentration & temperature,
Debye Huckel Onsager equation & Limiting molar conductivity,
Kohlrausch’s law & its application & numerical problems.
Electrolytic cells & electrolysis.
Some examples of electrolysis of electrolytes in molten / aq. state.
Faraday’s laws of electrolysis: First & second law- numerical problems. Corrosion, Electrochemical theory of rusting.
Prevention of rusting.
Electrochemistry,Electrolytic and Metallic Conduction,Specific Resistance or resistivity (ρ),Specific Conductance or Conductivity (κ),Equivalent Conductance (Λ), Molar Conductance (Λm),Variation of Conductance with Dilution,Debye-Hückel-Onsager Equation,Kohlransch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions,Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis,Electrochemical Cells,The Nernst Equation,Oxidation Number
Oxidation Number / State Method For Balancing Redox Reactions,Half-Reaction or Ion-Electron Method For Balancing Redox Reactions,Half-Reaction or Ion-Electron Method For Balancing Redox Reactions,Common Oxidising and Reducing Agents
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
U-3 Chem note G-10.docx
1. UNIT THREE
Electrochemistry
is a field of chemistry that deals with the relationship between electrical
energy and chemical energy.
It is also a field of chemistry concerned with processes that bring about
chemical reactions (changes)using electricity or generating electrical
energy from chemical reactions. Thus, electrical energy and chemical
energy are inter-convertible.
Studies about inter conversion of one formto another form.
They are also a role in the production of dry cells and lead storage batteries
used in the automotive industry.
Electrochemical cells arethe devices that convertchemical energy to electrical
energy or electricalenergy to chemical energy. They classified as electrolytic
cells and galvanic cells.
Electrolyticcells convertelectricalenergy to chemical energy.
Galvanicorvoltaiccells convertchemicalenergy to electrical energy.
Examples :- flashlight batteries, wrist watches, cameras and car batteries.
Electrolysisisused to manufacture metals like sodium, aluminium; non-
metals like chlorine, hydrogen and compounds like sodium hydroxide and
sodium hypochlorite.
Electrical conductivityisthe capacity of a substance to transmit electricity.
The materials that allow the passage of electricity through them are called
electrical conductors.
Conductivity apparatus is used to test the conductivity of different solid
substances or that of aqueous solutions of different compounds. The basic
components of conductivity apparatus include electric wires,electrodes,a
d.c. sourceor dry cells,a switch andlight bulb.
Depending on the nature of the particles responsible forthe flow of electric
charges through conductors, electrical conductivity canbe classified as
metallic conductivity or electrolyticconductivity.
Metallic conductivity (electronic conductivity) :-
refers to the transmission of electric current through metals. This
transmission is directly related to the structure of metals. In atoms of
metals, the valence electrons are bounded very loosely to their respective
nuclei and move very easily throughout the metal. This means metals
contain electrons that do not have fixed positions and are relatively free to
move. These electrons are called free electrons or mobile electrons or
delocalized electrons.
It is caused by the flow of mobile electrons due to repulsion exerted on them
from the electrons entering the metal from the source of electricity.
The charge carriers in metallic conductionare electrons.
Non-metals are generally non-conductors of electricity,because they do not
have freely moving electrons.
Electrolytic conductivity
Are substances that transmit electricity in a molten state or in aqueous
solution.
Strongelectrolytes ionizealmost completely in aqueous solutions.
Weak electrolytes ionizeonly slightly.
The charge-carriers in electrolytic conductivity are ions (anions and
cations).
Non-electrolytes area substances that do not transmit electricity
either in solution or in a molten state. Examples:- sugar, ethanol, oil,
benzene
Electrolysisisa process in whichelectrical energy is used to produce
chemical Changes. This process is carried out in an electrochemicalcell
knownas an Electrolytic or electrolysis cell.
Electrodes are strips of metal or graphite that allow electrons to leave or
enter the electrolytes. They can be chemically active or inert.
Activeelectrodes directly take part in reactions.
Examples :- zinc and magnesium.
Inert electrodes do not directly take part in chemical reactions. They only
serve to transfer electrons. Examples:-platinum and graphite.
Anode(+)is an electrode connected to the positive terminal of the source
It is the electrode through whichelectrons leave the cell.
It is also the electrode at whichoxidation takes place
Cathode(-) is an electrode connected to the negative terminal of the
source
It is the electrode through whichelectrons enter the cell.
It is also the electrode at which reduction occurs
Cations are a positive ions attracted to the cathode.
Anions are a negative ions attracted by the positive electrode (anode)
Oxidation is a process of losing electrons.
Reduction is a process of gaing electron
Half-cellreaction is the reaction that takes place at each electrode
Oxidation half-reactions occurat anode and reduction half reaction occurs
a cathode.
cell reaction is the net reaction that takes place in the electrolytic cell.
2. Galvaniccell (voltaiccells)
is a device in whichchemical energy is changed to electrical energy.
Electrons flow in the a spontaneous direction which means from anode to
the cathode
They are classified into primary cells, secondary cells, and fuel cells
Primary Cells
are not rechargeable. This is because the electrode reaction as well as the
entire cell reaction cannot be reversed on recharging.
it is not possible to recoverthem by charging the cells.
the reactionstaking placein them areirreversible.
The electrolyte in a Galvanic cell can be in the form of a solution (wet cells)
or a paste( dry cells).
Example:-Daniel’s cell and zinc-carbon(Leclanche)dry cells
Anodehalf-reaction:Zn (s) Zn2+ (aq)+ 2e–
Cathodehalf-reaction:Cu2+ (aq)+ 2e– Cu (s)
Over all reaction(Cell reaction):Zn(s) + Cu2+ (a q) Zn2+ (a q) + Cu(s)
Galvanic(voltaic)cell Electrolyticcell
Convert chemical energy into
electrical
Convert electrical into chemical
energy
Spontaneous Non- spontaneous
Anode is positive Anode is negative
Cathode is negative Cathode is positive
Oxidation occurs at anode Oxidation occurs at anode
Reduction occurs at cathode Reduction occurs at cathode
Saltbridge
is the connection between the two solutions
is used to - maintain electrical neutrality between the twosolutions
- allow the movement of ion between the solution
- prevent mixing of the electrode solutions
Secondary Cells
are rechargeable.
It needs to be recharged when it stops producing electricity.
the reactionstaking placein them arereversible.
Example :- A lead storage battery
Applicationofelectrochemistry
Productionof metal and non-metal
Purificationof metal
Electroplating metals
Productionof chemicals
Productionof galvanic cell
Note :- - Electroplating isa process of coveringthe surface of a metal (metal
article) witha thin layer of another metal.
- Electro refining the process of purifying metals by electrolysis.