The document discusses tyre cord reinforcement and the properties required. It describes how textile fabrics are reinforced in rubber composites to impart strength, durability and dimensional stability. It discusses the requirements for reinforcing materials used in tyre carcasses and belts. The document outlines different tyre cord constructions and their properties. It provides details on hysteresis loops, cord size comparison, tyre structure components, and functions of tyre cords.
The document discusses the manufacturing process of tyre cord. It begins with an introduction to tyre cord and its important functions. It then describes the raw materials used, which include polyester, rayon, nylon, aramid and steel. The manufacturing process involves steps like spinning, twisting, cabling, weaving, dipping and vulcanization. Key properties that tyre cord provides are high tenacity, toughness and fatigue resistance. Finally, the document notes that tyre cord finds application in automotive tires for passenger cars, trucks, buses and other off-road vehicles.
The document discusses fabrics and fibers used for tire cords. It provides details on the structure and parts of tires, including the beads, body plies, tread, sidewall, liner and belts. It then discusses different tire designs like bias, belted and radial tires. The main fibers used for tire cords are described as viscose, nylon, polyester, aramid, glass and PVA. Nylon, polyester and viscose cords are discussed in more detail regarding their properties and applications. New developments in high strength steel and glass fiber cords are also mentioned.
A roving frame produces rovings of cotton and synthetic fibers through a process of drafting, twisting, and winding. It attenuates sliver through multiple drafting zones to form rovings of the required count. A flyer inserts twist into the roving as it is wound onto bobbins. Modern roving frames can achieve higher production rates through increased flyer speeds up to 1400 rpm and delivery speeds up to 40 m/min. They also have improved drafting systems and flyer designs for better fiber control and a wider draft range.
Application of automobile textiles: A comprehensive study জয় সরকার
This document provides an overview of technical textiles used in the automobile industry. It defines technical textiles as textile materials manufactured for their technical and performance properties rather than aesthetic qualities. Technical textiles used in automobiles, called "mobiltech", are used not only for safety and insulation but also for comfort and style. The document discusses various technical textile applications in automobiles like seat covers, carpets, seat belts, airbags, tyre cords, and composites. It provides details on materials, properties, and manufacturing processes for some of these automotive textile components. The growth of the automotive textiles industry is driven by factors like improved living standards, focus on vehicle interiors and comfort, need for lightweight
High Performance Fibers- Aramid fibers- Their Spinning Techniques-Naveed Ahmed Fassana
A brief introduction of High Performance fibers and spinning techniques through which these fibers are produced are mentioned in these slides. Also there is a brief explanation of Aramid, Kevlar, and Nomex fibers with respect to their properties with the help of graphs etc.
The document discusses various spinning techniques, including rotor spinning. It provides a history of rotor spinning, describing its development from early prototypes in the 1950s to widespread commercial use by the 1970s. It explains the basic operational sequence of rotor spinning, which involves feeding a sliver of fibers into a rapidly rotating rotor that separates, compacts, and twists the fibers into yarn. The document compares properties of rotor-spun and ring-spun yarns.
Latex is often used as a backing for carpets to improve anchorage of the pile and provide anti-slip characteristics. There are three main methods for applying latex to carpet backs: the lick-roll method, knife-over blanket spreading, and spraying. The lick-roll method involves coating the back of the carpet with latex from a revolving lick roller as it is pulled through an assembly. Knife-over blanket spreading similarly applies latex but uses a spreader instead of a roller. Spraying involves a spray gun that reciprocates above the moving carpet to uniformly coat its back with latex.
The document discusses recent developments in combers. It outlines new features such as the SB D 22 + E 35 Omega lap that provides homogeneous batt build-up and even tension. Production has increased to 520kg/hr with higher batt weights up to 80g/m. Nippers now open more than 8 times per second and have reduced vibrations. Advanced ri-q combs have up to 900 points per inch and ensure consistent combing. New detaching rollers and feed mechanisms improve quality and reduce waste.
The document discusses the manufacturing process of tyre cord. It begins with an introduction to tyre cord and its important functions. It then describes the raw materials used, which include polyester, rayon, nylon, aramid and steel. The manufacturing process involves steps like spinning, twisting, cabling, weaving, dipping and vulcanization. Key properties that tyre cord provides are high tenacity, toughness and fatigue resistance. Finally, the document notes that tyre cord finds application in automotive tires for passenger cars, trucks, buses and other off-road vehicles.
The document discusses fabrics and fibers used for tire cords. It provides details on the structure and parts of tires, including the beads, body plies, tread, sidewall, liner and belts. It then discusses different tire designs like bias, belted and radial tires. The main fibers used for tire cords are described as viscose, nylon, polyester, aramid, glass and PVA. Nylon, polyester and viscose cords are discussed in more detail regarding their properties and applications. New developments in high strength steel and glass fiber cords are also mentioned.
A roving frame produces rovings of cotton and synthetic fibers through a process of drafting, twisting, and winding. It attenuates sliver through multiple drafting zones to form rovings of the required count. A flyer inserts twist into the roving as it is wound onto bobbins. Modern roving frames can achieve higher production rates through increased flyer speeds up to 1400 rpm and delivery speeds up to 40 m/min. They also have improved drafting systems and flyer designs for better fiber control and a wider draft range.
Application of automobile textiles: A comprehensive study জয় সরকার
This document provides an overview of technical textiles used in the automobile industry. It defines technical textiles as textile materials manufactured for their technical and performance properties rather than aesthetic qualities. Technical textiles used in automobiles, called "mobiltech", are used not only for safety and insulation but also for comfort and style. The document discusses various technical textile applications in automobiles like seat covers, carpets, seat belts, airbags, tyre cords, and composites. It provides details on materials, properties, and manufacturing processes for some of these automotive textile components. The growth of the automotive textiles industry is driven by factors like improved living standards, focus on vehicle interiors and comfort, need for lightweight
High Performance Fibers- Aramid fibers- Their Spinning Techniques-Naveed Ahmed Fassana
A brief introduction of High Performance fibers and spinning techniques through which these fibers are produced are mentioned in these slides. Also there is a brief explanation of Aramid, Kevlar, and Nomex fibers with respect to their properties with the help of graphs etc.
The document discusses various spinning techniques, including rotor spinning. It provides a history of rotor spinning, describing its development from early prototypes in the 1950s to widespread commercial use by the 1970s. It explains the basic operational sequence of rotor spinning, which involves feeding a sliver of fibers into a rapidly rotating rotor that separates, compacts, and twists the fibers into yarn. The document compares properties of rotor-spun and ring-spun yarns.
Latex is often used as a backing for carpets to improve anchorage of the pile and provide anti-slip characteristics. There are three main methods for applying latex to carpet backs: the lick-roll method, knife-over blanket spreading, and spraying. The lick-roll method involves coating the back of the carpet with latex from a revolving lick roller as it is pulled through an assembly. Knife-over blanket spreading similarly applies latex but uses a spreader instead of a roller. Spraying involves a spray gun that reciprocates above the moving carpet to uniformly coat its back with latex.
The document discusses recent developments in combers. It outlines new features such as the SB D 22 + E 35 Omega lap that provides homogeneous batt build-up and even tension. Production has increased to 520kg/hr with higher batt weights up to 80g/m. Nippers now open more than 8 times per second and have reduced vibrations. Advanced ri-q combs have up to 900 points per inch and ensure consistent combing. New detaching rollers and feed mechanisms improve quality and reduce waste.
The document discusses the draw frame process and its components. A draw frame is used to improve the quality and evenness of carded sliver by straightening fibers, increasing parallelization and reducing weight variations. It works by drafting (attenuating) multiple input slivers through roller pairs to produce a single, more uniform output sliver. Key components include the drafting arrangement, which applies different levels of draft, and an auto-leveling system to compensate for input weight variations and maintain consistent output. The document provides details on draw frame components, working principles, objectives and the influence of drafting and doubling on sliver quality.
The objective of this presentation is to give an overview of rubber compounding. We will briefly focus on:
Elastomer System
Filler System
Protection system
Process Aids
Cure System
This document discusses textile testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance. It begins with an introduction to pilling formation and objectives of pilling testing. Methods of pilling testing include the ICI pilling box and random tumble pilling tester. Grading scales are provided to assess pilling. Abrasion resistance and factors that influence it are then covered. The Martindale abrasion tester process and assessment are described. In conclusion, fabric pilling can be reduced through fiber, yarn, fabric and finish improvements while maintaining aesthetics and performance.
Mechanical Properties Of Fiber | Mechanical Properties Of Textile FiberMd Rakibul Hassan
The mechanical properties of textile fibers are important as they determine how fibers will behave under applied forces and when processed into yarns and fabrics. The most important mechanical properties are tensile properties, which describe how fibers elongate and break under increasing tensile loads. Tensile properties are influenced by factors like the fiber material and condition, test specimen dimensions, and test method. Key tensile properties include breaking load, tensile strength, tenacity, and breaking extension. Other properties like work of rupture, creep, and elastic recovery are also determined through tensile testing.
The fly frame takes the thicker draw sliver and drafts, twists, and winds it into a thinner roving package. It performs drafting using three sets of rollers to gradually attenuate the sliver. A flyer inserts twist into the roving as it is wound onto a spindle. Modern fly frames like the Toyoda FL-100 and FL-200 use servo motor drives for more precise control and higher productivity compared to older cone drive systems. The fly frame prepares the roving for ring spinning by drafting it thinner and adding twist for strength and cohesion.
This document provides information about the operating principles and components of a ring frame spinning machine. The key points are:
- Roving bobbins are fed into the drafting system where they are attenuated to the final yarn count. The drafting system plays an important role in yarn uniformity.
- After drafting, the spindle imparts twist to the thin ribbon of fibers to provide strength. Each rotation of the ring traveler produces a twist in the yarn as it is wound onto the tube on the spindle.
- The ring traveler, guided by the spinning ring, moves around the high-speed spindle to wind the yarn without a drive of its own. This converts the roving into a twisted
A calender is a machine that processes polymer melts into sheets or films using heat and pressure between rollers. It works by softening the polymer and passing it through nips between two or more rollers to form a continuous sheet, with the thickness determined by the gap between the last rollers. Common uses of calendered sheets include flooring, rainwear, wall coverings, and signage. Thermoplastics are well-suited for calendering as they can soften without fully melting. Different roller configurations like I, L, and Z types address issues like separating forces between rollers. Calendering is advantageous for heat-sensitive materials but high capital costs and achieving precise thickness can be challenges
The Building mechanism of Speed frame
is very complicated in the view of its
mechanical drive system.
So That is Why There was a big demand of
development in building motion.
Since Builder Motion has to perform so many task:
• Reduction in RPM of Bobbin (Through Shifting of Belt)
• Up-Down Movement of the bobbin Rail
• Shortening of the traverse length to make ends taper
Spinning process
What is gel spinning
Gel spinning process
what are the factors affecting gel spinning
Gel spinning process polyethylene
Structure and Properties of Gel spun fiber
Applications
Since last twenty five years, the Kneaders have become the most commonly used type of 'mixer' in the rubber industry. Dispersion Kneader is energy efficient, maintenance-friendly, labor and time saving machinery that offers consistent quality of rubber mix compound at higher output as compared to an open mixing mill – thus making it truly Your Friend in 'Knead' for your rubber processing plant.
1) Textiles are used widely in automobiles for both visible and concealed components. Visible textiles include upholstery, carpets, and headliners, while concealed textiles are used in tyre cords, hoses, airbags, filters, and more.
2) Different fibers are used for different automobile components depending on the required properties. For example, polyester is commonly used for upholstery due to its strength and durability, while nylon is used for seat belts and airbags due to its high tensile strength.
3) Automotive textiles must meet stringent performance standards regarding properties like strength, abrasion and heat resistance, flame retardancy, and durability
Drawframe is one of the important machines in yarn spinning line. It is prepared for combining and drawing slivers and removing card irregularities of textile fibres.
This document discusses various take-up mechanisms used in looms to maintain consistent pick spacing in woven fabrics as the cloth builds up on the cloth roller. It describes the components and functioning of intermittent and continuous take-up motions, including direct and indirect systems. Factors that can cause periodic faults in pick spacing are examined, such as faulty gears. Methods to calculate the wavelength and width of faults for different faulty components are provided. Positive and negative take-up systems are compared, and methods for maintaining constant warp tension are discussed, including weight and lever arrangements and tension controlled by springs.
Yarn realisation is one of the Key Performance parameter for achieving profits in a Spinning mills.In these slides WINSYS SMC explains in detail along with its case studies.
The document is a presentation about a draw frame machine. It defines a draw frame as a machine that blends, doubles and levels slivers of cotton by drafting and doubling them. It lists the key parts of the machine and describes the actions of drafting, doubling and drawing that take place. The tasks of the draw frame are to equalize, parallelize and blend slivers, while removing dust. The waste produced includes filter, clearer and sliver cut waste.
The document discusses combing preparatory processes. It describes the need for combing preparatory, which includes fiber straightening, reversing fiber flow, and producing a flat sliver. Traditionally, this involved a sliver lap machine and ribbon lap machine, but now mostly uses a draw frame and sliver lap machine. The objectives of combing preparatory are to straighten fibers, reverse flow, maximize leading fiber hooks, and produce a flat sliver. Different machine types and their functions are explained, including parameters that influence the combing operation and quality of the finished product.
1. The document describes the components and operation of a modern comber machine. It has single or double sided heads with 8 or 12 heads respectively.
2. Key components include the nippers, which grip the lap and present it to the combing cylinder. The top comb combs the trailing end of the fringe.
3. The combing cylinder and top comb remove short fibers and impurities, forming the noil, while the detaching rollers separate the combed fringe to form a web.
This document discusses aramid fibers, which are aromatic polyamide fibers used to make materials like Kevlar and Nomex. It describes the two main types of aramid fibers - meta-aramids like Nomex and para-aramids like Kevlar. The document outlines their production process, properties, and applications. Aramid fibers are known for their high strength, heat resistance, and durability, making them useful for applications like protective clothing, tires, cables, and composites.
This document discusses and compares the tensile properties of different textile fibers. It provides definitions for key tensile properties such as elasticity, elastic limit, plasticity, stress, strain, and breaking extension. Data tables show the tensile properties of various natural, regenerated, and synthetic fibers, including their stress-strain curves. The tensile properties of specific fibers like cotton are examined in more detail, with its properties found to correlate with factors like molecular orientation and fiber length.
Dref iii polyester-wool blended friction-spun yarnNiloy Rahman
This document summarizes a journal article on the influence of sheath structure on twist and diameter of polyester-wool blended friction-spun yarn. The sheath composition and structure were varied by changing the core content and positioning polyester and wool fibers in different sheath layers. Yarn twist and diameter were observed under different drum and delivery speeds and core-sheath ratios. Twist was highest for a sheath structure with polyester on the inside and outside layers, and lowest for an all-wool sheath. Yarn diameter also varied depending on sheath composition and structure.
This document discusses different types of belt and rope drives used to transmit power between pulleys. It describes V-belts and their standard sizes, as well as advantages over flat belts. Fiber ropes made from materials like manila and cotton are discussed, along with their properties and use for pulley distances up to 60 meters. Wire ropes made of steel wires are described as being used for longer pulley distances up to 150 meters due to their greater strength. Formulas for the ratio of driving tensions in V-belts and fiber ropes are also provided.
The document discusses the draw frame process and its components. A draw frame is used to improve the quality and evenness of carded sliver by straightening fibers, increasing parallelization and reducing weight variations. It works by drafting (attenuating) multiple input slivers through roller pairs to produce a single, more uniform output sliver. Key components include the drafting arrangement, which applies different levels of draft, and an auto-leveling system to compensate for input weight variations and maintain consistent output. The document provides details on draw frame components, working principles, objectives and the influence of drafting and doubling on sliver quality.
The objective of this presentation is to give an overview of rubber compounding. We will briefly focus on:
Elastomer System
Filler System
Protection system
Process Aids
Cure System
This document discusses textile testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance. It begins with an introduction to pilling formation and objectives of pilling testing. Methods of pilling testing include the ICI pilling box and random tumble pilling tester. Grading scales are provided to assess pilling. Abrasion resistance and factors that influence it are then covered. The Martindale abrasion tester process and assessment are described. In conclusion, fabric pilling can be reduced through fiber, yarn, fabric and finish improvements while maintaining aesthetics and performance.
Mechanical Properties Of Fiber | Mechanical Properties Of Textile FiberMd Rakibul Hassan
The mechanical properties of textile fibers are important as they determine how fibers will behave under applied forces and when processed into yarns and fabrics. The most important mechanical properties are tensile properties, which describe how fibers elongate and break under increasing tensile loads. Tensile properties are influenced by factors like the fiber material and condition, test specimen dimensions, and test method. Key tensile properties include breaking load, tensile strength, tenacity, and breaking extension. Other properties like work of rupture, creep, and elastic recovery are also determined through tensile testing.
The fly frame takes the thicker draw sliver and drafts, twists, and winds it into a thinner roving package. It performs drafting using three sets of rollers to gradually attenuate the sliver. A flyer inserts twist into the roving as it is wound onto a spindle. Modern fly frames like the Toyoda FL-100 and FL-200 use servo motor drives for more precise control and higher productivity compared to older cone drive systems. The fly frame prepares the roving for ring spinning by drafting it thinner and adding twist for strength and cohesion.
This document provides information about the operating principles and components of a ring frame spinning machine. The key points are:
- Roving bobbins are fed into the drafting system where they are attenuated to the final yarn count. The drafting system plays an important role in yarn uniformity.
- After drafting, the spindle imparts twist to the thin ribbon of fibers to provide strength. Each rotation of the ring traveler produces a twist in the yarn as it is wound onto the tube on the spindle.
- The ring traveler, guided by the spinning ring, moves around the high-speed spindle to wind the yarn without a drive of its own. This converts the roving into a twisted
A calender is a machine that processes polymer melts into sheets or films using heat and pressure between rollers. It works by softening the polymer and passing it through nips between two or more rollers to form a continuous sheet, with the thickness determined by the gap between the last rollers. Common uses of calendered sheets include flooring, rainwear, wall coverings, and signage. Thermoplastics are well-suited for calendering as they can soften without fully melting. Different roller configurations like I, L, and Z types address issues like separating forces between rollers. Calendering is advantageous for heat-sensitive materials but high capital costs and achieving precise thickness can be challenges
The Building mechanism of Speed frame
is very complicated in the view of its
mechanical drive system.
So That is Why There was a big demand of
development in building motion.
Since Builder Motion has to perform so many task:
• Reduction in RPM of Bobbin (Through Shifting of Belt)
• Up-Down Movement of the bobbin Rail
• Shortening of the traverse length to make ends taper
Spinning process
What is gel spinning
Gel spinning process
what are the factors affecting gel spinning
Gel spinning process polyethylene
Structure and Properties of Gel spun fiber
Applications
Since last twenty five years, the Kneaders have become the most commonly used type of 'mixer' in the rubber industry. Dispersion Kneader is energy efficient, maintenance-friendly, labor and time saving machinery that offers consistent quality of rubber mix compound at higher output as compared to an open mixing mill – thus making it truly Your Friend in 'Knead' for your rubber processing plant.
1) Textiles are used widely in automobiles for both visible and concealed components. Visible textiles include upholstery, carpets, and headliners, while concealed textiles are used in tyre cords, hoses, airbags, filters, and more.
2) Different fibers are used for different automobile components depending on the required properties. For example, polyester is commonly used for upholstery due to its strength and durability, while nylon is used for seat belts and airbags due to its high tensile strength.
3) Automotive textiles must meet stringent performance standards regarding properties like strength, abrasion and heat resistance, flame retardancy, and durability
Drawframe is one of the important machines in yarn spinning line. It is prepared for combining and drawing slivers and removing card irregularities of textile fibres.
This document discusses various take-up mechanisms used in looms to maintain consistent pick spacing in woven fabrics as the cloth builds up on the cloth roller. It describes the components and functioning of intermittent and continuous take-up motions, including direct and indirect systems. Factors that can cause periodic faults in pick spacing are examined, such as faulty gears. Methods to calculate the wavelength and width of faults for different faulty components are provided. Positive and negative take-up systems are compared, and methods for maintaining constant warp tension are discussed, including weight and lever arrangements and tension controlled by springs.
Yarn realisation is one of the Key Performance parameter for achieving profits in a Spinning mills.In these slides WINSYS SMC explains in detail along with its case studies.
The document is a presentation about a draw frame machine. It defines a draw frame as a machine that blends, doubles and levels slivers of cotton by drafting and doubling them. It lists the key parts of the machine and describes the actions of drafting, doubling and drawing that take place. The tasks of the draw frame are to equalize, parallelize and blend slivers, while removing dust. The waste produced includes filter, clearer and sliver cut waste.
The document discusses combing preparatory processes. It describes the need for combing preparatory, which includes fiber straightening, reversing fiber flow, and producing a flat sliver. Traditionally, this involved a sliver lap machine and ribbon lap machine, but now mostly uses a draw frame and sliver lap machine. The objectives of combing preparatory are to straighten fibers, reverse flow, maximize leading fiber hooks, and produce a flat sliver. Different machine types and their functions are explained, including parameters that influence the combing operation and quality of the finished product.
1. The document describes the components and operation of a modern comber machine. It has single or double sided heads with 8 or 12 heads respectively.
2. Key components include the nippers, which grip the lap and present it to the combing cylinder. The top comb combs the trailing end of the fringe.
3. The combing cylinder and top comb remove short fibers and impurities, forming the noil, while the detaching rollers separate the combed fringe to form a web.
This document discusses aramid fibers, which are aromatic polyamide fibers used to make materials like Kevlar and Nomex. It describes the two main types of aramid fibers - meta-aramids like Nomex and para-aramids like Kevlar. The document outlines their production process, properties, and applications. Aramid fibers are known for their high strength, heat resistance, and durability, making them useful for applications like protective clothing, tires, cables, and composites.
This document discusses and compares the tensile properties of different textile fibers. It provides definitions for key tensile properties such as elasticity, elastic limit, plasticity, stress, strain, and breaking extension. Data tables show the tensile properties of various natural, regenerated, and synthetic fibers, including their stress-strain curves. The tensile properties of specific fibers like cotton are examined in more detail, with its properties found to correlate with factors like molecular orientation and fiber length.
Dref iii polyester-wool blended friction-spun yarnNiloy Rahman
This document summarizes a journal article on the influence of sheath structure on twist and diameter of polyester-wool blended friction-spun yarn. The sheath composition and structure were varied by changing the core content and positioning polyester and wool fibers in different sheath layers. Yarn twist and diameter were observed under different drum and delivery speeds and core-sheath ratios. Twist was highest for a sheath structure with polyester on the inside and outside layers, and lowest for an all-wool sheath. Yarn diameter also varied depending on sheath composition and structure.
This document discusses different types of belt and rope drives used to transmit power between pulleys. It describes V-belts and their standard sizes, as well as advantages over flat belts. Fiber ropes made from materials like manila and cotton are discussed, along with their properties and use for pulley distances up to 60 meters. Wire ropes made of steel wires are described as being used for longer pulley distances up to 150 meters due to their greater strength. Formulas for the ratio of driving tensions in V-belts and fiber ropes are also provided.
Conveyor belts are used for continuous transportation of materials. They consist of three main elements - a cover rubber, carcass (reinforcing member), and interply rubber. The carcass provides strength and tension bearing ability while the covers protect the belt from wear. Conveyor belts can be made of fabrics like nylon or steel cords and are selected based on the load and operating conditions. They are widely used in industries for bulk handling of materials due to advantages like high capacity, economic transportation, and minimal material degradation.
The document discusses the design and selection of wire ropes, including their construction with strands of wires twisted around a core, different types of wire ropes used for various applications like mining hoists and cranes, and factors to consider like breaking strength, flexibility, and fatigue resistance. Procedures for selecting a suitable wire rope include determining the design load based on a safety factor, calculating rope diameter and wire size, and checking stresses and safety factors.
The patent describes an improved tension member for elevator systems. The tension member has an aspect ratio greater than one, meaning its width is greater than its thickness. This flat design distributes rope pressure more evenly compared to a round rope. The tension member contains multiple individual load-carrying ropes encased in a common coating layer. The coating layer separates and guides the ropes along the traction sheave for improved engagement and reduced maximum rope pressure.
This document provides an overview of conveyor belt systems and their components. It discusses the basic parts of a conveyor belt including the carcass, skims, and covers. It describes different types of idlers and their purposes in supporting and guiding the belt. Various belt specifications, joints, fasteners, and maintenance procedures are outlined. The document aims to give attendees a better understanding of conveyor belts and systems.
The patent describes a tension member for elevator systems that has an aspect ratio greater than one, meaning its width is greater than its thickness. This flat, ribbon-like design allows the tension member to distribute rope pressure more evenly compared to a round rope. The tension member contains multiple individual load-carrying ropes encased in a common coating that defines its engagement surface. Its design reduces maximum rope pressure and allows use of smaller diameter sheaves.
* Diameter of first pulley (D1) = 450 mm = 0.45 m
* Diameter of second pulley (D2) = 200 mm = 0.2 m
* Center distance between pulleys (L) = 1.95 m
* To find belt length:
Use formula: Belt length = √(L2 + (D1-D2)2)
= √(1.95)2 + (0.45 - 0.2)2
= √3.8125 + 0.25
= 1.95 m
* To find angle of contact of belt on each pulley:
Use formula: θ = 2 sin-1
Details study on apron, condenser, spacer and top roller.Asif Ahmed TONMOY
This document discusses various components used in yarn manufacturing, including aprons, condensers, spacers, and top rollers. It provides details on the materials and construction of aprons, the purpose and placement of different condensers, how spacer size is determined by roving hank, and the properties and functions of top rollers in controlling drafting.
This document discusses rope drives and the types of ropes used to transmit power over long distances. Fibre ropes made of materials like hemp and manila are suitable for transmitting moderate power over short distances up to 8 meters. Wire ropes are used for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distances up to 150 meters. Wire ropes can transmit power between pulleys that are further apart than fibre ropes and are made of strong materials like alloy steel. The document provides details on the design and selection of wire ropes, including considerations for stresses from axial loads, bending around pulleys, starting and stopping loads, and impact loads. An example problem is included to demonstrate the selection of a wire rope for a mine hoist.
This presentation summarizes key aspects of conveyor belt design and use. It discusses essential characteristics of belt materials, including flexibility, durability, strength, temperature resistance, weight, friction, and wear resistance. Major belt manufacturing companies are identified. Belt specifications are provided for V-belts and flat belts based on their cross-sectional size and properties. Finally, common applications of V-belts and flat belts in industries like motors, engines, mills, and conveyors are outlined.
Belt conveyors are the most versatile and widely used type of conveyor. They can handle a wide range of materials and capacities over long distances. Belt conveyors are composed of the belt, idlers, pulleys, drive equipment, take-ups, and supporting structure. Conveyor belting typically uses rubber and cord materials. Belt conveyors use electric motors, speed reducers, and various drive arrangements. They also employ take-up systems and a variety of pulley and shaft component designs. Belt conveyors are used in many typical arrangements and applications.
The patent describes a tension member for an elevator system. The tension member has an aspect ratio greater than one, meaning its width is greater than its thickness. This flat, ribbon-like shape allows the tension member to distribute rope pressure more evenly compared to a round rope. The tension member contains multiple individual load-carrying ropes encased in a common coating layer. This layer separates and guides the ropes along the traction sheave of the elevator system. The high aspect ratio and thin coating layer allow for a reduction in maximum rope pressure and use of smaller diameter sheaves.
This document discusses multi-stranded orthodontic archwires. It explains that they are composed of multiple thin wire strands twisted or braided together to form a wire with a small diameter but high flexibility and strength. The document covers the types of multi-stranded wires available, their mechanical properties, advantages over solid wires for initial alignment, and clinical uses. It provides details on superelastic nickel-titanium coaxial wires like Supercable that deliver very light continuous forces ideal for initial leveling.
The document discusses the design and selection of wire ropes using a PSG design data book. It first provides background on wire ropes, describing their evolution, construction, advantages, and common applications. It then outlines the 11 step procedure for designing a wire rope for a specific application, in this case an elevator. The steps include selecting the wire rope type, calculating design loads, selecting rope diameter, calculating sheave diameter, and determining wire diameter, rope weight, effective load, safety factors, and number of wires required. An example problem applying this 11 step method to design a wire rope for a 60m elevator with a 20kN load is then shown.
The document discusses the design and selection of wire ropes using a PSG design data book. It first provides background on wire ropes, describing their evolution, construction, advantages, and common applications. It then outlines the 11 step procedure for designing a wire rope for a specific application, in this case an elevator. The steps include selecting the wire rope type, calculating design loads, selecting rope diameter, calculating sheave diameter, and determining wire diameter, rope weight, effective load, safety factors, and number of wires required. An example problem applying this 11 step method to design a wire rope for a 60m elevator with a 20kN load is provided.
A study on different opening roller wire configurationSagnik Ghosh
This document provides information on different opening roller wire configurations used in textile manufacturing and their application areas. It discusses key parameters that influence the performance of opening rollers, including tooth type, specifications of tooth height, density, rake angle, and surface speed. Specific wire profiles for different fiber types are detailed, such as OK36 for viscose and OK37 for man-made fibers. The optimal configuration depends on factors like fiber length, material properties, and processing speed.
This document discusses flat belt drives. It covers the factors that affect power transmission in belts, considerations for proper belt installation and operation, types of belt drives and belts, materials used for belts, belt stresses and speeds, belt joints, and efficiencies. It also describes open belt drives, crossed belt drives, quarter turn belt drives, and belt drives that include idler pulleys.
Design of Belt Drives With Pulley Theory By Prof. Sagar A. DhotareSagar Dhotare
It covers following points :-
Introduction flat and V Belt
Types of Belts
Calculations for Tensions
Maximum Torque Transmitted
pulley design
Advantage and disadvantages of V belt over flat belt
This document provides a summary of a seminar on V-belts and drives. It discusses different types of V-belts like raw edge cogged belts, poly-V belts, space saver wedge belts and their advantages. It also covers topics like belt construction, tensioning, causes of belt failure and remedies. Standard dimensions for V-grooved pulleys are presented. The benefits of wedge belt drives over conventional V-belt drives are highlighted, including lower cost and longer belt life.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. Tyre is a Structural Composites
Reinforcement of Textile Fabrics in rubber
composites:
O Impart loading carrying capacity
O Serve as a medium of stress transmission
O Provide dimensional stability
O Determines basic strength and durability
O Also Carbon black / Silica in rubber
composites improves rubber modulus
3. Requirements for Reinforcing Materials
Rubber composites used for Dynamic flexing
Applications ( Tyre Carcass):
O Modulus
O Tensile strength
O Dimensional stability
O Fatigue resistance
O Hysteresis
O Adhesion
4. Requirements for Reinforcing Materials
O Rubber composites used for Tyre Belt
Applications (In addition to carcass):
O Compression modulus
O Moisture content
O Chemical stability
O Impact strength
O Less brittleness
11. Tyre Structure
O The term tyre structure defines the number,
location and dimension of the various
components used in it’s composition.
O The primary components which govern the
performance of the tyre are the casing plies,
bead construction, belts, sidewall and tread.
O The secondary components are chaffers,
flippers and overlays, which are strips of
fabric located in the bead and crown areas,
protect the primary components by minimising
stress concentration
12. CORD ANGLE
O ANGLE OF THE CORD PATH TO THE
CENTRE LINE THE TYRE, THE
PREDOMINANT FACTOR AFFECTING THE
TYRE SHAPE OR CONTOUR
O The term equilibrium shape or neutral-
contour shape is used in conjunction with cord
angle to describe specific tire dimensions
13. Functions and Requirements of Tyre cords
Functions
O Maintain durability against bruise and impact
O Support inertial load and contain inflating gas
O Provide tire rigidity for acceleration, cornering, braking
O Provide dimensional stability for uniformity, ride,
handling.
Cord Requirements
O Large length to diameter ratio , eg, long filaments
O High axial orientation for axial stiffness and strength
O Good lateral flexibility (low bending stiffness)
O Twist to allow filaments to exert axial strength in
concert with other filaments in the bundle
O Twist and tire design to prevent cord from operating in
compression.
14. Ideal cord properties for a radial tire
belt
O High tensile strength
O High bending modulus
O High stiffness
O High compression modulus
O High adhesion to rubber
O Good resistance to chemical attack
20. Textile Terminology
O Cord Structure: consisting of two or more strands
when used as plied yarn or an end product.
O Denier: The weight of cord expressed in grams per
9000 meters.
O EPI: Ends of cord per inch width of fabric.
O Fibers: Linear macromolecules orientated along
the length of the fiber axis.
O Filaments: Smallest continuous element of textile,
or steel, in a strand.
O Filling: Light threads that run right angles to the
warp (also referred to as the "pick") that serves to
hold the fabric together.
O LASE: Load at a specified elongation or strain
21. Textile Terminology
O Length of lay: Axial distance an element or
strand requires to make a 360 ~ revolution in
a cord.
O Ply twisting: Twisting of the tire yarn onto itself
the required number of turns per inch; two or
more spools of twisted yarn are then twisted
again into a cord: for example,
O if two 840-denier nylon cords are twisted
together, an 840/2 nylon cord construction is
formed;
O if three 1300-denier polyester cords are
twisted together,they give a 1300/3 cord
construction.
O Rivit Distance: between cords in a fabric; high
rivet typically describes a fabric with a low
EPI.
22. Textile Terminology
O Tenacity: Cord strength, frequently expressed
in grams per denier.
O Tex: Cord weight expressed in grams per
1000 meters.
O Twist: Number of turns per unit length in a
cord or yarn; direction of twist can be either
clockwise ("S" twist) or counterclockwise ("Z"
twist); twist imparts durability and fatigue
resistance to the cord, though tensile strength
can be reduced.
O Warp: Cords in a tire fabric that run
lengthwise.
O Weft: Cords in a fabric running crosswise.
O Yarn: Assembly of filaments.
24. Tyre Cord Construction
O To use the range of fibers for tire
applications, the yarns must be twisted
and processed into cords.
O First, yarn is twisted on itself to give a
defined number of turns per inch, i.e., ply
twisting.
O Two or more spools of twisted yarn are
then twisted into a cord.
O Generally, the direction of the twist is
opposite to that of the yarn; this is termed
a balanced twist .
26. PLY TWISTING
The plies are twisted on itself and with
another ply before it is formed into a cord.
The ply twisting directions are denoted by “Z”
and “S”.
If the direction of twist is from right to left,
then it is called “Z” twist and if the direction
of twist is from left to right, then it is called
“S” twist.
Usually, the individual ply is twisted in the “z”
direction and two plies are twisted together
in “s” direction to form a cord
29. Reasons for Twisting of Tyre Cord
1. Twist imparts durability and fatigue resistance
to the cord, though tensile strength can be
reduced.
2. Without twist, the compressive forces would
cause the cord outer filaments to buckle.
3. Increasing twist in a cord further reduces
filament buckling by increasing the extensibility
of the filament bundle.
4. If the twist is irregular, the phenomenon of
“bird caging” or filament un-winding can occur,
where the cord is flexed during in-service tire
rotation
30. Tyre Cord Twisting
O Durability reaches a maximum and then
begins to decrease with increasing twist.
This can be explained by the effect of
stresses on the cord as the twist
increases.
O As the twist increases, the helix angle or
the angle between the filament axis and
the cord axis, increases.
O In addition to twist, the cord size may be
varied to allow for different strengths,
depending on the application or tire line.
31. Twist multiplier
O The amount of twist relates to both tenacity and
compression fatigue resistance.
O To obtain equivalent fatigue performance in a product when
changing cord size, cords must be twisted to the same helix
angle using a “twist multiplier” relationship:
O For the same material:
Cord Atpi x √Cord A denier = Cord B tpi x √Cord B denier.
O [For example: Cord A of 2000/2 construction at 8 tpi would
be equal to Cord B of 1000/2 at 11.3 tpi.]
O For different materials specific gravity must also be
considered Cord Atpi x √Cord A denier/ √Cord ASpGr =
Cord B tpi x √Cord B
denier/√Cord B SpGr.
O [For example, an 840/2 nylon (1.14 SpGr) at 11.0 tpi would
have the same helix angle as a 1100/2 aramid (1.44 SpGr)
at 11.3 tpi.]
33. Weaving
O After twisting yarns into cords, 1000 to 1500 cords are
woven into a coherent sheet using a very light “pick” fabric
as the weft at a very low fill count of one to two picks per
inch.
O Rolls of this fabric (which is about 1.5 to 1.75 meters wide -
the practical width of rubber-cord calenders) are transferred
for further operations.
O The function of the pick is to maintain a uniform warp cord
spacing during the downstream operations, such as,
shipping, adhesive dipping and heat treating, calendering,
tire building and lifting.
O The core ensures uniform cord distribution as the tire is
shaped and the sheath holds the cord spacing during
adhesive treatment and calendering but breaks readily
during tire lifting and shaping.
36. Tyre Cord Construction
O Generally, three-ply cords have the greatest durability. After
cable twisting, the cords are woven into a fabric, using small fill
threads. These threads are also referred to as picks
O This weaving process introduces an additional construction
variable, i.e., the number of cords per inch or EPI (ends per
inch) that are woven into the fabric.
O High-end-count fabric gives greater plunger strength or
penetration resistance.
O Low-end-count fabrics have more rivet (distance between
cords) and give better separation resistance because of the
greater rubber penetration around the cords.
O In addition, the weight savings may enable reductions in rolling
resistance with equivalent tire strength factors
37. Tyre Cord Construction
O Normally all fabric will have a balanced twist which
means that S and Z twists will be equal.
O The usually given twists in turns per meter are
O 840/2 —- 472 TPM (turns per metre)
O 1260/2 — 394 TPM
O 1680/2 — 335 TPM
O by twisting, we lose tensile strength but gain flex
fatigue resistance.
O Hence the twist factor must by decided by striking
a compromise between tensile strength and flex
fatigue resistance.
O By twisting, the cord acts as a single unit, and
gains good abrasion resistance.
38. Tire cord processing
O Downstream cord processing of tire cords can profoundly influence tire
performance and dimensional stability of the cords through the various
environments
O Dipping, adhesive baking, heat stretching, relaxation, and tire
vulcanization- is necessary to control and predict variations in such
factors as tire size, tire uniformity, cord-to-cord uniformity, flat spotting,
side-wall indentations, and creep during operation.
O Steel, aramid and rayon are minimally affected during cord processing
while the thermoplastic fibers, nylon and polyester, must be very carefully
controlled.
O The radial tire with its high-modulus restrictive belt has greatly alleviated
many of the cord growth problems previously seen in bias tires, leading
for example to tread groove cracking.
O A goal of process engineers concerned with dimensional stability when
working with the thermoplastic cords is to maximize tensile modulus
(often characterized by EASL - elongation at specified load) while
minimizing thermal shrinkage.
O Care must be taken to optimize tensile strength and fatigue properties in
these procedures.
39. Rayon and aramid cord processing
O The processing of these cords is relatively simple since
they are thermally stable and do not change significantly in
downstream operations.
O Rayon must be carefully protected from moisture regain at
all processing stages, especially at roll ends to avoid
uneven shrinkage across a fabric roll.
O An optimum treatment for processing rayon has been
reported .Rayon cord made with a higher than specification
twist is dipped in cord adhesive under relaxed conditions to
open the twist for good dip penetration and to completely
wet the cord with the aqueous adhesive.
O The cord is then tensioned to achieve the specification twist
and dried at 130-150C before being baked under tension at
155-175C to cure the adhesive.
O Heat treatment for aramid 230-260C is generally at low
tension (8.8cN/tex) and with very low stretch to standardize
modulus. As with polyester, adhesive application is a two
step procedure.
40. Nylon and polyester cord processing
O Thermoplastic fibers, such as nylon and polyester, are
considered to be composed of a mixture of crystallites,
extended (aligned) non-crystalline molecules, and
amorphous “tie” molecules.
O Crystallization occurs principally during fiber drawing.
O Cord processing, carried out below the crystal melting
temperature, modifies the non-crystalline portion.
O In the process of applying and baking a cord adhesive
the amorphous portion of a thermoplastic cord will tend
to become less oriented, resulting in shrinkage which
will, in turn, adversely affect tire uniformity.
41. Heat treatment
O Heat treatment temperatures can cause polymer flow
and molecular weight degradation.
O Heat treatment of nylon, for example, varies in
temperature between 177oC and 246oC, between 7%
and 16% stretch, and between 20 and 60 seconds
residence time.
O For Polyester cord recommended a treatment
temperature of 246oC, 4% stretch in the first zone
and 3% relaxation in the second zone, with 90
seconds residence time in both zones for optimum
fatigue resistance.
O Nylon is generally used at 3-7% net stretch, and
polyester at 0 - 4%.
42. Stretching
O Shrinkage is partially controlled by stretching the
fabric in the heat-setting zone and relaxing it under
controlled tension in a second zone.
O In general, higher relaxation results in lower
shrinkage.
O Net stretch (the difference between stretch in the first
zone and relaxation in the second) is often used as a
measure of shrinkage and growth potential. This can
be deceptive, however, for a number of reasons:
O Additional crystallinity can occur that will lower
shrinkage and/or growth potential,
O Equilibrium orientation is seldom reached in allotted
treatment times, especially with heavy cords
44. Postcure inflation
O On release from the tire curing press, viscoelastic cords in the hot
tire are almost completely free to shrink.
O Postcure inflation (PCI) is therefore employed to stabilize tire size
and uniformity.
O All-steel or all-rayon tires do not require a postcure treatment.
Because the postcure inflating equipment is expensive to install and
maintain, some companies have minimized or eliminated PCI for
their radial tires by predictive mold sizing, control of cord properties,
and controlled cooling. The use of PCI entails the following:
O Passenger and light truck tires are automatically ejected from the
press after the usual 12 to 24 minute cure time, depending on size,
and then immediately loaded onto a postcure inflator which re-
inflates the tire to 200 to 400 kPa (30 - 60 psi).
O This loads and stretches the hot cords. Post inflating controls the
size, shape, uniformity, and growth of the finished tire.
O However, the results depend on the time, temperature and load
applied to the cords during the inflation process.
O Moreover, the cords should be cooled evenly to below their glass
transition temperature before release from the inflator
45. Postcure inflation
O Lim has reported on studies that simulate PCI and non-PCI
conditions by measuring EASL (elongation at specified load -
the inverse of modulus).
O For Rayon the modulus is constant for cords heated to 177C
under 0.06N/tex and cooled to RT with or without tension. No
modulus change took place.
O Under the same conditions Nylon showed a 20% increase in
modulus and PET a 30% increase. Equilibrium times for the
cords were 30 minutes.
O A practical cooling time for factory tires is usually about two
cure cycles. Also, it should be noted that uneven cooling, e.g.,
from one side to the other, can result in tire distortion, so that
tires may be rotated during the PCI treatment.
O Skolnik has reported a “coefficient of retraction” for loaded
cords in a simulated postcure inflation study. Cords were
loaded to 0.9 g/den., heated to 165C, and cooled to various
temperatures where the load was released. The coefficient of
retraction (CR) is the percent length change per degree C.
46. Cord Construction
O Depending on the speed rating of the tire,
the overlay can take one of several lay-
ups,
O a) One layer or two layers
O b) Covering the immediate top belt
O c) Full belt coverage and partially
extending over the shoulder wedge
57. O one layer or ply of textile
O is used (as is generally the case) each ply
will only contribute approximately 70-80%
of its
O strength as measured before
incorporation into the composite.
58. Designation: D 885 – 03
O Standard Test Methods for
O Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and
Industrial Filament Yarns
O Made from Manufactured Organic-Base
Fibers1
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64. Choice of a textile cord
O Chemical composition of textile
O Cost per unit length and weight (cost in
tire)
O Denier – filament size and strength
O Cord construction – number of yarn plies
O Cord twist
O Number of cords per unit length in ply
O Number of plies in the tire
65. Cotton
O Cotton is a natural fibre, consisting of the
seed hairs of a range of plant species in
the
O Mallow family (Genus Gossypium). The
plants are grown, mainly as an annual
crop, in many countries around the world
between latitudes 40°N and 40°S.
67. Rayon
O Rayon is a man-made fibre, based on regenerated
cellulose
O Rayon is used as a body ply cord or belt
reinforcement made from cellulose produced by wet
spinning. It is often used in Europe and in some run-
flat tires as body ply material.
O Advantages: Stable dimensions; heat resistant; good
handling characteristics.
O Disadvantages: Expensive; more sensitive to
moisture; environmental manufacturing issues.
O Rayon is used in both carcass and belt of passenger
radial tires but lacks strength for durable heavy-duty
tires
68. Rayon
Rayon - Tire cord strength has been improved 300% since its
introduction by improved coagulation and heat treatment.
The low- shrink, high-modulus, good-adhesion properties of
rayon make it an excellent choice for use in passenger tires.
However, rayon has lost market share to polyester due to
higher cost and environmental concerns with production
facilities.
Rayon had historically been used in truck tires but has been
displaced by nylon with higher strength and impact resistance.
Rayon is used for racing tires and has gained renewed interest
in the development of an extended-mobility self-supporting
passenger tire.
70. Nylon
O Nylon type 6 and 6,6 tire cords are synthetic
long chain polymers produced by continuous
polymerization/spinning or melt spinning. The
most common usage in radial passenger tires
is as cap, or overlay ply, or belt edge cap strip
material, with some limited applications as
body plies.
O Advantages: Good heat resistance and
strength; less sensitive to moisture.
O Disadvantages: Heat set occurs during
cooling (flatspotting); long term service growth
.
71. Nylon Fabrics
O Nylon fabric comes in different deniers
like 840/2, 1260/2, 1680/2, and 1260/3.
O The nomenclature can be explained by
taking an example.
O If we take 1260/2, it means that two plies
make one cord (represented by the digit 2
in the denominator) and 9,000 meters of
one yarn will weigh 1260 grams.
72. Flatspotting
O In instances where nylon 6 is used, the tire will show
“flat spotting”, i.e., when the vehicle is parked,
particularly in hotter environments, the loaded tire
footprint will flatten.
O On start-up, the vehicle driver will experience severe
vibration, due to this distorted section of the rotating
tire.
O As the tire continues in service, the increase in
operating temperature will allow the nylon 6 cords to
relax and the temporary distortion in the tire may be
mitigated.
O High-end tires tend to use overlays with a 1400 × 2
construction, whereas broad-market tires use overlay
reinforcements, such as 840 × 2.
73. Nylon Cap ply
O Nylon finds use in the tire overlay or cap ply.
When the new tire is cured, the nylon overlay
will shrink, thereby locking the belts in place.
O Under high-speed tire service conditions, the
belts show strong centrifugal forces but with a
firmly positioned overlay, so that such forces
are contained, the long-term durability of the
tire is improved.
O The key properties for an overlay fabric are
tensile strength and modulus, adhesion,
shrinkage, and heat and fatigue resistance.
For these reasons, nylon 6,6 is preferred
74. Polyester
O Polyester tire cords are also synthetic, long
chain polymers produced by continuous
polymerization/spinning or melt spinning.
O The most common usage is in radial body
plies with some limited applications as belt
plies.
O Advantages: High strength with low shrinkage
and low service growth; low heat set; low cost.
O Disadvantages: Not as heat resistant as nylon
or rayon
75. Polyester
O Polyester Tyre Cord Fabrics are used as
reinforcing materials for tyres and designed to
keep tyres in shape and support vehicle
weight, having a significant impact on tyre
performance.
O
Nylon has high strength and excellent fatigue
resistance. However, owing to its low glass
transition temperature and lower modulus, it is
not suited for high-speed application.
O Polyester on the other hand, being superior to
nylon tyre cord fabric in these respects, is
preferred in radial and high-speed tyres.
Polyester tyre cord fabrics are available in
1000/2,1300/2,1500/2 and 2000/2
76. Polyester
O General comments on cord usage in various types of tires
O Polyester – Polyester is the condensation polymerization
product of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
O Newer modifications resulting from increased molecular
weight and revised processing are called DSP-PET
(dimensionally stable PET), with 50% increased modulus
and 50% reduced shrinkage, bringing it close to rayon for
dimensional stability. It has become relatively inexpensive
making it a good choice for passenger and small light truck
tires.
O Polyester must be used with carefully designed rubber
adhesion systems and carcass rubber compounds to
prevent cord deterioration in use.
O Polyester cord is not recommended for use in high-
load/high-speed/ high-temperature applications, as in truck,
aircraft and racing tires, because of rapid loss in properties
at tire temperatures above about 120C.
77. Aramid
O Aramid is a synthetic, high tenacity organic
fiber produced by solvent spinning. It is 2 to 3
times stronger than polyester and nylon. It can
be used for belt or stabilizer ply material as a
light weight alternative to steel cord.
O Advantages: Very high strength and stiffness;
heat resistant.
O Disadvantages: Cost; processing constraints
(difficult to cut).
78. Aramid
O Aramid is a wholly aromatic polyamide. The most common
commercial material is poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), eg,
Kevlar™ or Twaron™.
O Aramid cords have very high strength, high modulus, and low
elongation.
O The relatively high cost has slowed adoption as a general radial
belt material where steel cord is performing well.
O It is particularly suited where weight is important, such as in the
belts of radial aircraft tires or in overlay plies for premium high-
speed tires.
O In a multiply carcass construction, aramid’s low elongation will
prevent the outer ply from adjusting to the average curvature,
thus placing the inner plies into compression. This reduces the
contribution of the inner plies to the total strength, but, more
seriously, early failures of the inner ply are encountered due to
the poor dynamic fatigue resistance of aramid in compression.
79. Glass fiber
O Glass fiber – fiber glass was introduced to the US tire industry in the
1960s with Goodyear’s development of a belted-bias tire.
O This tire was soon replaced by the radial tire, however. Some
attempts were made to use fiber glass in the belts of radial tires but
in spite of its excellent credentials, fiber glass quickly lost out to
steel as the premier belt material.
O Premature failures were encountered, both in cold weather use and
with inappropriate tread designs that put the top belt into
compression.
O However, a review of its properties gives glass fiber an excellent
rating as a belt material if proper tread design and latex adhesive
dips are used. Its specific stiffness and strength are equal to those
of steel, whereas the specific gravity is only 2.54 compared to 7.85
for steel.
O The initial modulus is 2150 cN/tex compared to 1500 for steel.
Rubber adhesion is excellent with no problems with rusting due to
water in the belt. Each filament of fiber glass is coated with a latex
dip before the filaments are twisted into a yarn. It has been
established that this latex must be formulated from a low glass
transition polymer to prevent the premature glass breakage seen in
the early glass fiber development
80. Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN)
O Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) - PEN is similar to
the standard polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
polyester, being a copolymer of ethylene glycol and
naphthalic acid.
O This new textile has been developed by Allied-Signal
(presently Honeywell High Performance Fibers) and
is being evaluated for tires. Its properties have been
reported by Rim . It is claimed to surpass DSP-PET
for use in the carcass of passenger car tires, having
lower shrinkage, higher modulus, and higher Tg
(120C vs. 80C).
O It also has potential as a restrictive overlay belt for
light truck and high-speed passenger tires, replacing
nylon overlays. A disadvantage is the high price,
about 2.5 times that of polyester.
81. Chafer Fabrics
O Chafer Fabrics are speciality fabrics used in
manufacture of heavy duty tyres, specially to
protect the side wall of tyres.
O The fabric is offered in both wicking and non
wicking types in construction of 420, 840 and
1260 denier.
O It protects the tyre from damages during the
fitting or removal operations by Rim and
Wheel assembly, also by the tools during
these operations.
O
82. Advantages
O Advantages
O It saves tyres from damages during fitting or removal
operations by rim and wheel assembly, also by the tools
used during these operations.
O It saves tyres bead area from chafing effects and damages
caused by rim.
O It saves tyres carcass plies from damage from rim friction.
O Additionally, the chafer fabric should ensure that
pressurized air inside the tubeless tyres does not wick
through it.
O Our wide range of chafer fabric meets the performance
requirements of all kinds of tyres, be it passenger tyres or
light and heavy duty truck / bus tyres or aircraft tyre besides
industrial and agricultural tyres.
83. Steel Cord
O Steel cord is carbon steel wire coated with
brass that has been drawn, plated, twisted
and wound into multiple-filament bundles. It is
the principal belt ply material used in radial
passenger tires.
O Advantages: High belt strength and belt
stiffness improves wear and handling.
O Disadvantages: Requires special processing
(see figure 1.16); more sensitive to moisture.
84. Bead wire
O Bead wire is carbon steel wire coated
with bronze that has been produced by
drawing and plating. Filaments are wound
into two hoops, one on each side of the
tire, in various configurations that serve to
anchor the inflated tire to the rim
95. O Gum Strips: These are different types of
rubber strips, all made of the same
compound, located at belt endings, ply
endings, and other component endings,
and serving as a transition compound
between two different tire parts. They
provide a modulus gradient, improve
component-to-component adhesion, and
minimize potential for crack formation and
propagationThe
96. Cord-rubber adhesion
O The adhesion of rayon, nylon, polyester, and aramids has been reviewed
extensively. Takeyama and Matsui (24) reviewed adhesives for rayon, nylon,
and polyester. Solomon (25) updated this work in 1985 to include aramid
adhesion and the effects of environmental exposure on degradation of
adhesion. Chawla (17) summarized both cord processing and adhesive dip
treatments. Dipping and baking of the adhesive is intimately tied in with cord
stretching and relaxation procedures.
O There are many variations in cord dipping procedures, e.g., one-step vs two-
step dipping, dipping in the tire-plant vs in the cord-plant, surface activation of
the cord, etc. We consider here only the goal of using adhesives, general
operating procedures, and potential problem areas.
O The prime goal of the cord adhesive is to avoid separation at the cord-
adhesive interface, at the rubber-adhesive interface, or within the adhesive
itself. This objective is achieved by using proper dipping procedures. Tire
carcass failures that were initially attributed to failure at the adhesive interface
were often shown on microscopic examination to be due either to fatigue
failure of rubber close to the cord, caused by high stresses resulting from
improper construction or irregular cord spacing, or to cord fatigue from
excessive compressive stresses
97. Mechanism of cord-rubber adhesion
O It is generally accepted that the adhesive provides
both chemical bonding between the rubber and the
cord surface and by mechanical interlocking as the
rubber penetrates within the cord interstices. The
adhesive must also accommodate the large
differences in the two materials:
O -high-polarity polymers in cords vs. low polarity of
rubber
O - high modulus of cords vs. low modulus of rubber.
O -Good adhesive durability is achieved by minimizing
the abrupt change in modulus at the cord-rubber
interface by introducing an adhesive layer of
intermediate modulus
98.
99. Requirements for cord-to-rubber
adhesives
O Good bonding to both cord and rubber
Intermediate modulus between cord and
rubber
O Rapid rate of bond formation
O High fatigue resistance in the cured adhesive
O No chemical deterioration of cord by the
adhesive
O Compatibility with a range of rubber
compounds No brittleness or flaking in
processing
100. resorcinol-formaldehyde-rubber latex system (RFL)
O The resorcinol-formaldehyde-rubber latex system (RFL) developed
in the 1940s for use with nylon and rayon is still used throughout
the tire industry.
O A synthetic 2-vinyl pyridine-butadiene-styrene copolymer latex,
developed for nylon, has replaced the natural rubber latex originally
used for rayon, in all modern dips. Resorcinol and formadehyde
react in the dip to give a strong polar polymer with good adhesion
the polar tire cord, while the rubber component of the latex provides
good bonding to the rubber.
O RFL is used for rayon and nylon exclusively and as the outer dip for
polyester and aramid cords.
O Typically, rescorcinol and formaldehyde are mixed and “matured”
for up to 24 hours. The latex is blended and the cord is dipped
before tensioning. Dip formulations contain 2 5% total solids and dip
pickup is controlled to about 6 - 8%. The cord is then tensioned and
baked.
O Complete total wetting of the cord is necessary to prevent spotty
adhesion. Good dip penetration is important for good adhesion and
cord compaction. Dip penetration of 2 - 3 filament layers is optimal.
101. O Polyester and aramid polymers are much less reactive to
standard RFL and must be pretreated to obtain good
adhesion. A common practice is to employ a multistage
dipping process.
O The cord is first dipped in an aqueous solution of a reactive
chemical, such as an epoxide, e.g., the diglycidyl ether of
glycerol or a blocked isocyanate, e.g., phenol-blocked
polyisocyanate [“Hylene MP”], along with a small amount of
wetting agent to give uniform dip pickup.
O After tensioning and baking the cord is again dipped in a
standard RFL for final baking and relaxation. Processing
times through each of the steps is generally 30-60 seconds.
102. O The dip formulation, amount of dip pickup and the curing
conditions can all affect adhesion and must be optimized.
Strict quality control must be implemented once optimum
conditions are established. Problems that must be avoided
are: inadequate wetting of the cord, inadequate dip pickup,
excessive dip pickup (which can result in flaking off of the
adhesive), or overbaking during heat treatment. Any of
these conditions can reduce adhesion. The finished cord
must be protected from nitrous oxides (if gas or oil heating
ovens are used) and from exposure to sunlight, humidity, or
ozone if the cords are stored or shipped before being
calendered with rubber. The treated cords are generally
protected by storing them in polypropylene cloth liners and
sealing them in black polyethylene film
103.
104. FABRIC PRODUCTION
O The most critical stage in preparing a cord or
fabric for use in tires is fabric treatment, which
consists of applying an adhesive under
controlled conditions of time, temperature,
and tension . Required properties are:
O 1.Adhesion for bonding to rubber
O 2. Optimization of the physical properties of
strength, durability, growth, and elongation of
the cord for tire application
O 3. Stabilization of the fabric
O 4. Equalization of differences resulting from
the source of supply of the fiber
105. Processing consists of passing the fabric through a series of
zones
O 1. Adhesive application zone or first dip
zone
O 2. First drying zone
O 3. First heat treatment zone
O 4. Second dip zone
O 5. Second drying zone and then second
heat treatment zone
O 6. Final cooling zone
106. O To obtain optimum cord properties of strength,
growth, shrinkage, and modulus, specific
temperatures and tensions are set at various
exposure times within the fabric processing unit.
O The temperature and tensions determine, in part, the
ratio of crystalline and amorphous areas within the
fiber, and the orientation of the crystallites, which, in
turn, determines the physical properties of the cord.
O For example, polyester, when heated, tends to revert
to its un-orientated form and the cord shrinks.
O Stretching the cord in the first heating zone and then
allowing the cord to relax in a controlled manner in
the second heat treatment zone, i.e., stretch
relaxation, will control shrinkage
107. O An increase in temperatures can decrease
cord tensile strength and modulus but will
improve fatigue life which may be necessary
for some tire constructions. However, not all
cord properties behave similarly with changes
in processing conditions. It is thus necessary
to determine the processing conditions that
optimize the specific cord properties needed
forthe required tire end use. When two or
more diametrically opposed properties have to
be optimized, more complex processing
operations could be required
108. CORD-TO-RUBBER COMPOUND ADHESIVE
O There are three aspects to adhesion of tire cord to the elastomer
treatment: molecular, chemical, and mechanical.
O Molecular bonding is due to absorption of adhesive chemicals from
the adhesive dip or elastomer coating onto the fiber surface by
diffusion and could be achieved by hydrogen bonding and van der
Waals forces.
O Chemical bonding is achieved through chemical reactions between
the adhesive and the fabric and rubber, i.e., crosslinking and resin
network formation.
O Mechanical adhesion is a function of the quality of coverage of the
cord by the rubber coating compound; the greater the coverage, the
better the adhesion. The fiber properties of primary importance to
adhesion are reactivity, surface characteristics, and finish.
O Rayon has many reactive hydroxyl groups.
O Nylon is less reactive but contains highly polar amide linkages,
whereas polyester is quite inert. Thus, an adhesive system must be
designed for each type of fiber.
109. adhesive system must conform to a rigid set of
requirements:
O 1. Rapid rate of adhesion formation
O 2. Compatibility with many types of compounds
O 3. No adverse effect on cord properties
O 4. Heat resistance
O 5. Aging resistance
O 6. Good tack
O 7. Mechanical stability
O The adhesive bond between the rubber and cord is
achieved during the tire vulcanization cycle. The
rate of adhesive formation should give maximum
adhesion at the point of pressure release in the
cure cycle