Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It allows cells to absorb and use glucose for energy. There are several types of insulin categorized by their onset, peak effect and duration of action including rapid, short, intermediate and long-acting varieties. Insulin plays key roles in metabolism by promoting glucose uptake and storage, inhibiting lipolysis and stimulating glycogen synthesis in the liver. It also suppresses hepatic glucose and triglyceride production.

1. POST RN BSCN (Pharmacology)
Inhaledinsulin:Thisbecame available in2015 andis usedincombinationwithlong-actinginsulin.
Afrezzahasan onsetof 12 to 15 minutes,apeakof 30 minutes,anddurationof three hours.
DefinitionofInsulin:-
Insulin:A natural hormone made bythe pancreasthat controlsthe level of the sugarglucoseinthe
blood.Insulinpermitscellstouse glucose forenergy.Cellscannotutilize glucosewithoutinsulin.
Insulinisanimportantregulatorof glucose,lipidand proteinmetabolism.Itsuppresseshepaticglucose
and triglycerideproduction,inhibitsadiposetissuelipolysisandwhole-bodyandmuscle proteolysisand
stimulatesglucoseuptake inmuscle. Typesof Insulin
There are six maintypesof insulinavailable.
Rapid-acting:- These include Analog(Aspart,Lyspra,Glulisine), Apidra,Humalog,andNovolog.They
have an onsetof lessthan15 minutes,peakin30 to 90 minutes,anddurationof twoto fourhours.
Short-acting :- Regular():These include HumulinRandNovolinR.Theyhave an onsetof a half an
hour,a peakof two to three hours,anddurationof three to six hours.
Intermediate-acting:- These include HumulinN andNovolinN.Theyhave anonsetof two to
fourhours,a peakat fourto 12 hours,andduration of 12 to 18 hours.
Long-acting:- These include Levemir,LantusandTresiba.Theyhave anonsetof several hours,
minimal orno peak,anda durationof 24 hoursor more.Tresibahas beenshowntolastup to 42 hours.2
Ultra long-acting:These include Toujeo.Theyhave anonsetof six hours,nopeak,and a durationof 36
hours.
Besaglar & Toujeo are newInsulin are twolong-actinginsulinsusedtotreatdiabetes Basaglar
may cost lessthanToujeo.
Insulin 70/30 or 30/70:- Isophone + Regular is Intermediate acting
insulin
Combinations/pre-mixed:These combineintermediate-actinginsulinswithregularinsulinandare
convenientforpeople whoneedtouse both.These include mixturesof HumulinorNovoline,Novolog
Mix,and HumalogMix.See the chart for actions.
Medicine usedinDiabetic(type-2)

2. Tablet(Fortamet,Glumeta,Tolbutamid500 mge,Glimepride 1-2mg,Repaglinide 25mg)
Inhabitors AlphaGlucoside inhabitors,Bigunides,Bile acidsequrtrants,Dopamine antagonists,
Sulfonylureas.
What role doesinsulinplayinmetabolism?
Insulinisahormone whichplaysa numberof rolesinthe body'smetabolism.Insulinregulateshowthe
bodyusesand storesglucose andfat.Many of the body'scellsrelyoninsulintotake glucose fromthe
bloodforenergy.
How isinsulinmetabolised?
The kidneyplaysanimportantrole ininsulinmetabolismandclearance.Insulinisfilteredbythe
glomeruli andreabsorbedinthe proximal tubule .Innormal subjectsthe renal clearance of insulinis
about200 mL/minute
THE ROLE OF INSULIN IN THE BODY
If you don't have diabetes,insulinhelps:Regulate bloodsugarlevels.Afteryoueat,carbohydratesbreak
downintoglucose,asugar that isthe body'sprimarysource of energy.Glucose thenentersthe
bloodstream
What are three functionsof insulin?
Insulinisananabolichormone thatpromotesglucose uptake,glycogenesis,lipogenesis,andprotein
synthesisof skeletal muscle andfattissue throughthe tyrosine kinase receptorpathway.
What isthe effectof insulinonthe liver?
Insulinstimulatesthe livertostore glucose inthe formof glycogen.A large fractionof glucose absorbed
fromthe small intestine isimmediatelytakenupbyhepatocytes,whichconvertitintothe storage
polymerglycogen. Insulinhasseveral effectsinliverwhichstimulateglycogensynthesis.
Insulinregular(human) side effects
Sweating,dizzinessorlightheadedness,shakiness,hunger,fastheartrate,tinglinginyourhands,feet,lips,
or tongue,troubleconcentratingorconfusion,blurredvision.
What isthe mainfunctionof glucagon?
Glucagonis a glucoregulatorypeptidehormone thatcounteractsthe actionsof insulinbystimulating
hepaticglucose productionandtherebyincreasesbloodglucose levels.