Types of Emission Spectrum
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The emission spectrum is a specimen of bright lines or bands obtained by passing emitted polychromatic light rays through the prism. It is of two types. They are continuous and discontinuous emission spectra.
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Reflection and Refraction
Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. It travels in straight lines called rays. Reflection is when light bounces off a surface, following the laws that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection and that the incident, normal, and reflected rays lie in the same plane. Refraction is when light changes speed and direction as it passes from one medium to another due to the different refractive indices, following Snell's law. Total internal reflection occurs when light cannot pass from an optically denser medium to a less dense one if the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle.
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This document discusses the structure of the atom and various atomic models throughout history. It describes J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model, and how Rutherford's alpha scattering experiments showed that the atom's mass and positive charge must be concentrated in a small nucleus. Later, Planck's quantum theory and the photoelectric effect provided evidence that electromagnetic radiation behaves as quantized packets of energy called photons. This led to developments like the dual wave-particle nature of matter and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.
Refraction
Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another. Light travels at different speeds in different media, causing it to change direction at the boundary between the two. The degree to which light is refracted depends on the index of refraction, which is a ratio comparing the speed of light in a medium to the speed of light in a vacuum. White light disperses into the colors of the visible spectrum when refracted due to different wavelengths bending by different amounts.
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Here are some additional examples of practical applications of different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum:
Radio waves:
- Wireless communication (WiFi, Bluetooth, mobile networks)
- Radio broadcasting
Microwaves:
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- Microwave ovens
Infrared:
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- TV remote controls
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Ultraviolet:
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1. The document discusses the development of atomic spectroscopy from 1860 to 1913, including Balmer's empirical formula for the emission spectrum of hydrogen and Bohr's theoretical model of the atom.
2. Bohr postulated that electrons orbit in stable, quantized energy levels and emit or absorb photons of specific frequencies when transitioning between levels.
3. Bohr's model accounted for the Rydberg formula and emission spectrum of hydrogen and was later extended to ions of other elements.
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The document discusses several key concepts relating to blackbody radiation:
1) A blackbody is an idealized object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation falling on it without reflecting or transmitting any.
2) The purpose of the experiment was to measure the intensity of electromagnetic waves emitted by a blackbody as its temperature increases, and to use Wien's and Stephan Boltzmann's laws.
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Refraction
Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another. Light travels at different speeds in different media, causing it to change direction at the boundary between the two. The degree to which light is refracted depends on the index of refraction, which is a ratio comparing the speed of light in a medium to the speed of light in a vacuum. White light disperses into the colors of the visible spectrum when refracted due to different wavelengths bending by different amounts.
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- Reflection and refraction follow specific laws when light interacts with plane and curved surfaces. Multiple images can form when light reflects between two mirrors.
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1) Atomic spectra such as the Balmer series arise from electrons falling to lower energy levels in hydrogen atoms.
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This PowerPoint presentation is for Grade 10 students. I have included all the topics in this presentation. Here you can know about Light, Types of lenses, Some terms related to lens, Prism, Ray diagrams, Numerical problems related to this chapter, Laws of reflection, refraction, diseases related to eyes. I have briefly described as notes, some examples and illustrations, proper diagrams and so on.
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The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum, which consists of all types of electromagnetic waves including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. It explains that electromagnetic waves have properties of speed, frequency, and wavelength, and that frequency and wavelength have an inverse relationship, with higher frequencies corresponding to shorter wavelengths and more energy. It provides information about the characteristics and uses of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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- Dispersion of light occurs due to the refractive index and wavelength of light. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from an optically dense medium to a less dense one at an angle greater than the critical angle.
- Reflection and refraction follow specific laws when light interacts with plane and curved surfaces. Multiple images can form when light reflects between two mirrors.
- Refractive index is the ratio of light speeds in different media and determines how much light bends when passing from one medium to another. Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light signals with low loss.
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If everyone is thinking alike, we cannot solve the hurdles of a problem. It seems true if we observe these hypotheses' hierarchy once. Italian physicist Francesco Maria Grimaldi discovered the wave phenomenon of light in 1665. But the uncertainty about light's nature was finally solved by Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect. Similarly, Neil Bohr succeeded in describing the structure of an atom with quantized electron orbits. But his stipulation of allowed stationary orbits was only a supposition until the discovery of the de-Broglie equation.
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It describes the definition of Planck's constant. Planck constant helps compute the discrete energy changes of a body by relating to the frequency of the photon. Planck constant explains the proportionality relationship between the photon's energy and the frequency.
For more information on this topic, kindly visit our blog article at;
https://jayamchemistrylearners.blogspot.com/2022/08/plancks-constant-chemistry-learners.html
Numerical problems of Planck's quantum theory.pdf
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It includes 12 numerical problems with solved answers. Besides, this PowerPoint presentation has a mind map to remember all formulas of Planck quantum law.
MCQ on Planck constant.pdf
This document contains 10 multiple choice questions about Planck's constant. It provides explanations for why Planck's constant was introduced, its value in different units, and that it explains both the quantum and particle nature of light. The questions cover topics like the relationship between photon energy and frequency, experimental methods used to determine Planck's constant, and why LED lights are used in these calculations. Additional resources on Planck's constant and quantum theory are provided at the end.
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The document contains 10 multiple choice questions about the hydrogen spectrum. It discusses that the essential condition to observe the hydrogen spectrum is high temperature and low pressure. The hydrogen spectrum appears as distinct lines, with the prominent line being red with a wavelength of 656 nm. It is an example of a line spectrum and can be recorded using a spectroscope. Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered the hydrogen spectrum and spectroscope, while Isaac Newton first discovered the word "spectrum".
Rydberg equation.pdf
The Rydberg formula helps to determine the wavenumber or wavelengths of hydrogen spectral lines obtained in the hydrogen spectrum. Previously, Johann Jakob Balmer discovered an empirical formula to determine the wavelengths of hydrogen spectral lines obtained in the visible region of the hydrogen spectrum. As we all know, the hydrogen spectrum is not limited to the visible zone only. It occupies the ultraviolet and infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum also. Hence, the scientists' quests to determine the spectral positions of various spectral lines of the hydrogen spectrum finally came to an end with the Rydberg formula.
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Types of Emission Spectrum
- 1. Solar spectrum is an example of a continuous emission spectrum. A continuous spectrum is a pattern of diffused glowing bands merged into each other. A discontinuous spectrum consists of separate and unmerged spectral lines. When sunlight passes through the prism shows a series of seven- colored diffused bands called the solar spectrum. When the emitted light radiations of exciting substances pass through the spectrograph, we get a series of sharp lines separated by dark bands. The atomic spectrum is an example of it. CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM DISCONTINUOUS SPECTRUM C O N TINUOUS AND DISCONTINUO U S Types of Emission Spectrum