This document summarizes the magnetic properties of different types of magnetic materials based on an experiment measuring their magnetic susceptibility. The four main types discussed are diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic. The experiment measures the magnetization of ZnO, ZnO doped with manganese, and nickel powder samples using a vibrator sample magnetometer. Based on the magnetic susceptibility calculations and curve shapes, ZnO is found to be diamagnetic, ZnO doped with manganese is paramagnetic, and nickel is ferromagnetic.
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NQR - DEFINITION - ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE MOMENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE COUPLING CONSTANT - PRINCIPLE OF NQR - ENERGY OF INTERACTION - SELECTION RULE - FREQUENCY OF TRANSITION - APPLICATIONS
Magnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materialsMagnetic properties of materials
NQR - DEFINITION - ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE MOMENT - NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE COUPLING CONSTANT - PRINCIPLE OF NQR - ENERGY OF INTERACTION - SELECTION RULE - FREQUENCY OF TRANSITION - APPLICATIONS
Classification of magnetic materials on the basis of magnetic momentVikshit Ganjoo
I made this presentation for my own college assignment and i had referred contents from websites and other presentations and made it presentable and reasonable hope you will like it!!!
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Introduction to Optical band gap measurement
by electronic spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) with comparison of the results obtained suing different equation and measurement techniques.
The role of scattering in extinction of light as it passes through media is briefly discussed.
weiss molecular theory of ferromagnetismsantoshkhute
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Classification of magnetic materials on the basis of magnetic momentVikshit Ganjoo
I made this presentation for my own college assignment and i had referred contents from websites and other presentations and made it presentable and reasonable hope you will like it!!!
Optical band gap measurement by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (drs)Sajjad Ullah
Introduction to Optical band gap measurement
by electronic spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) with comparison of the results obtained suing different equation and measurement techniques.
The role of scattering in extinction of light as it passes through media is briefly discussed.
weiss molecular theory of ferromagnetismsantoshkhute
Weiss' Theory (Domain theory of ferromag : According to weiss, a feromagnetic substance. contains atoms with permanent magnetic. moments, as in a paramagnetic substance, but due to special form of interaction.
Influence of Interface Thermal Resistance on Relaxation Dynamics of Metal-Die...A Behzadmehr
Nanocomposite materials, including noble metal nanoparticles embedded in a dielectric host medium, are interesting because of their optical properties linked to surface plasmon resonance phenomena. For studding of nonlinear optical properties and/or energy transfer process, these materials may be excited by ultrashort pulse laser with a temporal width varying from some femtoseconds to some hundreds of picoseconds. Following of absorption of light energy by metal-dielectric nanocomposite material, metal nanoparticles are heated. Then, the thermal energy is transferred to the host medium through particle-dielectric interface. On the one hand, nonlinear optical properties of such materials depend on their thermal responses to laser pulse, and on the other hand different parameters, such as pulse laser and medium thermodynamic characterizes, govern on the thermal responses of medium to laser pulse. Here, influence of thermal resistance at particle-surrounding medium interface on thermal response of such material under ultrashort pulse laser excitation is investigated. For this, we used three temperature model based on energy exchange between different bodies of medium. The results show that the interface thermal resistance plays a crucial role on nanoparticle cooling dynamics, so that the relaxation characterized time increases by increasing of interface thermal resistance.
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The present article gives the fundamental properties magnetism, different materials, properties of different magnetic materials like, dia,para and ferro magnetic materials. The notes also explain how magnetism appear in materials, type of magnets and brief applications of magnetic materials. The materials is best for undergraduate science and engineering students and any other people of interest in magnetism
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Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic
University
College of Sciences
Department of Physics
Title : Magnetic Susceptibility of magnetic materials
Prepared by: Samia Abdullah A_lotaibi
Supervisor: Dr. Mohamed Alamen
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2. Introduction
This final project will be dived in two parts :
1) first part: we will study each type of magnetic materials by
giving the definition, magnetic susceptibility, the properties and
some examples. Four type of magnetic materials are reviewed:
diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic and anti-
ferromagnetic.
2) second part: we will determine experimentally the type of some
magnetic materials based on the magnetic susceptibility by using
vibrator sample magnetometer (VSM) located at physics
department –Al imam University.
2 21/12/14392
4. Magnetic Susceptibility
Magnetic Susceptibility : is the ratio of the intensity of magnetism induced (M) in
a substance to the magnetizing force or intensity of field (B) .
Magnetic susceptibility reflects a material's degree of sensitivity to magnetic fields .
, (CGS)
* magnetic field intensity have two expression which are equally (B = H).
* units of χ is dimensionless.
Where :
χ : is the magnetic susceptibility of material .
M : is the Magnetization of material or the total magnetic moment per unit
volume .
B : is the magnetic field intensity (applied magnetic field).
4 21/12/14394
5. Types of magnetic materials :
1) Diamagnetic
2) paramagnetic
3) ferromagnetic
4) anti-ferromagnetic
5 21/12/14395
6. Diamagnetic Materials
Diamagnetic substances are composed of atoms which have no net
magnetic moments.
A negative magnetization is produced when the material is exposed
to external magnetic field, thus the susceptibility is negative .
Figure 1. Relationship between temperature and magnetic
susceptibility for diamagnetic materials
6 21/12/14396
7. In diamagnetic materials, the magnetic susceptibility can be
accurately predicted by Langevin's classical theory of
electromagnetism as follows :
Where :
: frequently a susceptibility is defined referred to unit mass or to a mole of the substance ,
which means The molar susceptibility .
: the magnetic permeability of a vacuum in H.
Z : the atomic number of the atom .
n : the atomic density in
e : the elementary charge in C .
: the root mean square of the square of the atomic radius in .
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8. Properties of diamagnetic materials :
• Diamagnetic materials exhibit small and negative magnetic susceptibility
in the range .
• Relative magnetic permeability of diamagnetic materials is always less than unity
that is μr < 1 .
• Magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic materials does not change with temperature
Examples of diamagnetic materials are :
• Gases such as hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine, and bromine and noble gases such as He,
Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe .
• The chemical elements from group IIA(2): Be; group IIIA(13): B, Ga, In, Tl; group
IVA(14): C, Si, Ge, Pb; group VA(15): P, As, Sb, Bi, group VIA(16) S, Se, Te; group
IA(11): Cu, Ag and Au; group IIA(12): Zn, Cd, Hg .
• Crystalline solid materials such as (MgO) and diamond .
8 21/12/14398
9. Paramagnetic Materials
In the paramagnetic materials, the magnetic moments do not interact with each
other and they are randomly arranged in the absence of a magnetic field .
Figure 3: Spin orientation in paramagnetic materials before and
after applying magnetic field
When a field is applied, the atomic magnetic moments are aligned in the
direction of the field and that will induce a net positive magnetization and
positive susceptibility.9 21/12/14399
10. The efficiency of the field in aligning the moments is opposed by
the randomizing effects of temperature.
This results in a temperature dependent susceptibility, known as
the Curie Law.
Figure 4: Relationship between temperature and
magnetic susceptibility for paramagnetic materials.
10 21/12/143910
11. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic
materials is given by the Curie Law :
Curie Law
where:
: it is the magnetic permeability of a vacuum in .
n : it is the atomic density in
m : it is the microscopic dipolar magnetic moment of an atom in A.
k : it is the Boltzmann constant in J.
T : it is the absolute thermodynamic temperature in K
: the paramagnetic Curie temperature in K at which the susceptibility reaches its
maximum value.
C : it is the the paramagnetic Curie constant in
11 21/12/1439
11
12. Properties of paramagnetic materials :
1) The magnetic lines of forces due to the applied field are attracted towards the
paramagnetic material.
2) When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, the paramagnetic materials move
from weaker parts of the field to the stronger parts.
3) Permeability of paramagnetic material is greater than 1.
4) Magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic material is
positive
5) Susceptibility of paramagnetic materials varies inversely with the temperature
(Curie law).
6) Arises from permanent dipole moments on the atoms.
Examples of paramagnetic materials :
Gases for example: oxygen , and all the chemical elements dealing with diamagnets
for example :Li , Na , Mn , and all the platinum-group metals: Ru, Os, Pt.
12
21/12/143912
13. Ferromagnetic Materials
Ferromagnetic materials have magnetic dipolar moments aligned parallel
to each other even without an external applied magnetic field.
Figure 5 : Spin orientation in ferromagnetic materials
13 21/12/143913
14. Curie temperature
The Curie temperature is the temperature above it the ferromagnetic
materials become paramagnetic .
Figure 6 : Relationship between magnetic susceptibility
and temperatures for ferromagnetic materials
Materials Co Fe Ni Gd Fe2O3 MnAs
Curie temperature(K) 1388 1043 627 292 948 318
* Examples of Curie temperature for some materials:
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15. Properties of ferromagnetic materials :
1) A ferromagnetic materials has a spontaneous magnetic moment- a magnetic moment
even in zero applied magnetic field (at H = 0) below .
2) All ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic above a temperature called Curie
temperature Tc .
3) Permeability is greater than 1 .
4) Magnetic susceptibility is large and positive .
5) Magnetic susceptibility decreases with the rise in temperature according to Curie law.
6) The source of ferromagnetism is the spin of the electrons.
Examples of ferromagnetic materials :
Nickel , cobalt, iron .
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16. Anti-ferromagnetic materials
In the antiferromagnetic materials, the alignment of the spin moments of
neighboring atoms or ions in exactly opposite directions
Figure 7: Spin orientation of anti-ferromagnetic materials
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17. Neel temperature
The Neel temperature is the temperature above it the anti-ferromagnetic
materials become paramagnetic .
Figure 8: Relationship between susceptibility and
temperatures for antiferromagnetic materials
Examples of Neel temperature for some materials:
Materials Cr NiO FeO MnO CoO MnS
Neel temperature(K) 308 525 198 116 291 160
17 21/12/143917
18. Properties of antiferromagnetic materials :
1) The antiferromagnetism will not produce any magnetisation because of the two
opposing spin components .
2) When we applied external field , the net magnetization will be different of zero due
to that the maximum spin are in the same direction .
3) Antiferromagnetism is a special case of ferrimagnetism .
4) Neel temperature is the critical temperature for the antiferromagnetic
materials .
Examples of antiferromagnetic materials : MnO , FeO, MnF2 .
18 21/12/143918
20. Experimental results
In this part, we studied the magnetic properties of three materials by using
vibrator sample magnetometer (VSM) equipment
located at physics department. An external magnetic field is applied on the
powders materials and the magnetization values are registered. Based on the
definition of magnetic susceptibility in the first part of this report, we will
determine the type of each materials by calculating the value for each
materials.
20 21/12/143920
21. ZnO powder
Fig.9 shows the magnetization of ZnO powders . If we compare this figure
to Figure 1 in the first part of this report, we can conclude that the
behavior is similar to diamagnetic materials.
-0.015
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
-6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000
Moment(emu)
Magnetic Field (G)
Graph of ZnO material
Figure 9. : Magnetization of ZnO powder
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22. We can confirm this conclusion by calculating also the magnetic susceptibility
for this materials . The magnetic susceptibility is :
If we take : (x , y) = (m ,B) , where : m = Magnetic Field (G) , B =Moment (emu)
magnetic susceptibility for two points :
So we conclude from the calculation of the magnetic susceptibility of the Zno
materials which are negative that ZnO is diamagnetic materials .
22 21/12/143922
23. ZnO:Mn powder
We showed in Fig.9 that ZnO is diamagnetic materials. If we doped it with ferromagnetic
materials, we are expecting that this magnetic behavior changes. Fig.10 shows the
magnetization of ZnO doped with 5% of Mn. It can be seen that ZnO change behavior
comparing to Fig.9. If we compare Fig.10 to Fig.4 of the first part, we can conclude that
(ZnO:Mn) is a paramagnetic material.
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
-60000 -40000 -20000 0 20000 40000 60000
Moment(emu)
Magnetic Field (Oe)
Graph of ZnO:Mn material
Figure 10. : Magnetization of ZnO doped Mn powder
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24. From the data table the magnetic susceptibility :
If we take : (x , y) = (m ,B) , where : m = Magnetic Field (G) , B =Moment (emu)
magnetic susceptibility for two points :
We conclude from the figure and from the positive value of the magnetic
susceptibility that ZnO:Mn powder is paramagnetic material .
24 21/12/143924
25. Ni powder
Fig.11 shows the magnetization of Ni powders. It is clear that the
behavior is different from the previous materials (ZnO and ZnO:Mn) .
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
-15000 -10000 -5000 0 5000 10000 15000
Moment(emu)
Magnetic Field (G)
Graph of Ni metal
Figure 11. : Magnetization of Ni
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26. From the data table the magnetic susceptibility :
If we take : (x , y) = (m ,B) , where : m = Magnetic Field (G) , B =Moment (emu)
magnetic susceptibility for two points :
So we conclude from the calculation the magnetic susceptibility of the Ni
powder which is a positive and high that Ni materials is ferromagnetic
materials.
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