There are three main types of descriptive research methods: observational research, case studies, and surveys. Observational research involves viewing and recording participants, case studies provide an in-depth examination of an individual or group, and surveys involve brief interviews about a specific topic. Mixed methods research combines quantitative and qualitative methods to study a topic. Meta-analysis statistically combines data from multiple studies on a topic to estimate an overall effect. Epidemiology studies the distribution and causes of health outcomes in populations. Longitudinal studies follow a population over time to evaluate the effects of variables on a process.