Senior design report for Eaton Corporation on improving TVS supercharger volumetric efficiency. Specifically looking at the Dwell and Seal times within the supercharger.
This tutorial demonstrates a dynamic analysis of a generator on an elastic foundation using PLAXIS. An axisymmetric model is used to model the generator, concrete footing and surrounding sandy clay soil. Harmonic loads are applied to simulate vibrations from the generator. Absorbent boundaries are used to avoid wave reflections. The analysis has three phases: 1) construction of the footing and application of static loads, 2) application of harmonic dynamic loads to simulate generator vibrations, and 3) free vibration of the soil after the generator is turned off. Rayleigh damping is also introduced in a second calculation to account for material damping. The tutorial demonstrates key aspects of dynamic modeling and analysis in PLAXIS.
The document is a proposal for a solar truck project submitted by a group of engineering students. It includes sections on the project summary, problem statement, state of the art research, quality function deployment analysis, project management, final design, analysis, budget, and conclusions. The goal of the project is to design an electric vehicle conversion and charging station for a client in Ghana that is economical and provides reliable transportation. The design process and components considered are outlined, including researching solar batteries, electric vehicle motors, and developing engineering requirements to meet customer needs. Project planning details like the work breakdown structure and Gantt chart are also included.
Solar powering your community, a guide for local governmentsJustin Bean
This document provides a guide for local governments to develop and implement a strategic solar plan for their community. It discusses organizing a solar advisory committee and conducting assessments to identify barriers. It offers policies and incentives to accelerate solar demand such as direct incentives, loans, and property tax incentives. It also covers updating local rules and regulations like improving solar access laws and building codes. The guide provides examples from Solar America Cities and is intended to help local governments tailor an approach that fits their community's needs.
Project co‐funded by the European Union under the .docxwoodruffeloisa
The document presents a prototype policy modelling and simulation tool. The tool allows users to build systems models of public policy problems through a graphical interface. Models define actors, variables, relationships and can be simulated over time to analyze the impacts of policy interventions and changing factors. The tool is intended to support transparent, evidence-based policymaking and engagement of decision-makers and stakeholders in participatory modelling.
Abstract:
Banks are often confronted with the situation where they have to construct a portfolio from scratch. In order to make decisions about which assets to use so that the portfolio makes a profit with as little risk as possible, we have developed an engine that allows you to import assets, check their characteristics and then generate an optimal portfolio. The portfolio has been optimized in such a way, that from 2008 to 2018 it has the lowest
possible risk, even in high-volatility phases and the Sharpe ratio is improved by rebalancing the assets. For optimization purposes, various rolling windows were used, which performed
differently. What stood out was, that a Sharpe ratio improved by almost 30% through the use of a specific method. The paper shows that the Sharpe ratio of the portfolio can best be improved by taking assets from different asset allocation classes and minimizing volatility by diversifying the portfolio as much as possible.
This document provides guidance on architecting and deploying MetroCluster configurations, including an overview of MetroCluster, planning considerations, installation steps, and best practices. It covers stretched, switched, and fabric MetroCluster topologies using NetApp storage and includes configuration examples for 16-port and 8-port Brocade switches. The intended audience is field personnel responsible for MetroCluster implementations.
This document summarizes the design of a multilink suspension and steering system for a Formula electric vehicle. It begins with background on fundamental tire and vehicle dynamics including suspension basics, tire basics, slip angle, inclination, and their combined effects. It then discusses dynamic camber designs before presenting the final design of a static camber system. The final design section describes the kinematics and component design including analysis and testing. Recommended revisions are provided.
This tutorial demonstrates a dynamic analysis of a generator on an elastic foundation using PLAXIS. An axisymmetric model is used to model the generator, concrete footing and surrounding sandy clay soil. Harmonic loads are applied to simulate vibrations from the generator. Absorbent boundaries are used to avoid wave reflections. The analysis has three phases: 1) construction of the footing and application of static loads, 2) application of harmonic dynamic loads to simulate generator vibrations, and 3) free vibration of the soil after the generator is turned off. Rayleigh damping is also introduced in a second calculation to account for material damping. The tutorial demonstrates key aspects of dynamic modeling and analysis in PLAXIS.
The document is a proposal for a solar truck project submitted by a group of engineering students. It includes sections on the project summary, problem statement, state of the art research, quality function deployment analysis, project management, final design, analysis, budget, and conclusions. The goal of the project is to design an electric vehicle conversion and charging station for a client in Ghana that is economical and provides reliable transportation. The design process and components considered are outlined, including researching solar batteries, electric vehicle motors, and developing engineering requirements to meet customer needs. Project planning details like the work breakdown structure and Gantt chart are also included.
Solar powering your community, a guide for local governmentsJustin Bean
This document provides a guide for local governments to develop and implement a strategic solar plan for their community. It discusses organizing a solar advisory committee and conducting assessments to identify barriers. It offers policies and incentives to accelerate solar demand such as direct incentives, loans, and property tax incentives. It also covers updating local rules and regulations like improving solar access laws and building codes. The guide provides examples from Solar America Cities and is intended to help local governments tailor an approach that fits their community's needs.
Project co‐funded by the European Union under the .docxwoodruffeloisa
The document presents a prototype policy modelling and simulation tool. The tool allows users to build systems models of public policy problems through a graphical interface. Models define actors, variables, relationships and can be simulated over time to analyze the impacts of policy interventions and changing factors. The tool is intended to support transparent, evidence-based policymaking and engagement of decision-makers and stakeholders in participatory modelling.
Abstract:
Banks are often confronted with the situation where they have to construct a portfolio from scratch. In order to make decisions about which assets to use so that the portfolio makes a profit with as little risk as possible, we have developed an engine that allows you to import assets, check their characteristics and then generate an optimal portfolio. The portfolio has been optimized in such a way, that from 2008 to 2018 it has the lowest
possible risk, even in high-volatility phases and the Sharpe ratio is improved by rebalancing the assets. For optimization purposes, various rolling windows were used, which performed
differently. What stood out was, that a Sharpe ratio improved by almost 30% through the use of a specific method. The paper shows that the Sharpe ratio of the portfolio can best be improved by taking assets from different asset allocation classes and minimizing volatility by diversifying the portfolio as much as possible.
This document provides guidance on architecting and deploying MetroCluster configurations, including an overview of MetroCluster, planning considerations, installation steps, and best practices. It covers stretched, switched, and fabric MetroCluster topologies using NetApp storage and includes configuration examples for 16-port and 8-port Brocade switches. The intended audience is field personnel responsible for MetroCluster implementations.
This document summarizes the design of a multilink suspension and steering system for a Formula electric vehicle. It begins with background on fundamental tire and vehicle dynamics including suspension basics, tire basics, slip angle, inclination, and their combined effects. It then discusses dynamic camber designs before presenting the final design of a static camber system. The final design section describes the kinematics and component design including analysis and testing. Recommended revisions are provided.
Rethinking power sector reform in the developing worldPRAMODTIWARI67
This document provides an overview and contents list for the report "Rethinking Power Sector Reform in the Developing World". It summarizes that after 30 years of power sector reforms based on a 1990s model, only about a dozen developing countries have fully implemented the model. Many countries selectively adopted reforms, resulting in a mix of market and state roles not anticipated by the original model. It also notes that global goals and technologies have changed, requiring updated reform approaches to achieve universal energy access and a transition to clean energy. The report aims to provide a fresh perspective on reform approaches shaped by context, outcomes, and alternatives rather than a one-size-fits-all framework.
The document describes a senior project to design a progressive controller for water/methanol injection in forced induction vehicles. The system will have two operating modes - sport mode activates injection progressively after 10 psi of boost, while economy mode activates injection above 120 degrees Fahrenheit. It will incorporate a CAN bus to capture engine data. The project aims to model system behavior in Simulink and eventually create a physical prototype using an embedded processor. Due to COVID, the project was not fully completed but future work is planned.
Challenge.gov is a government-wide website launched in 2010 that allows federal agencies to post public challenges and competitions. The document analyzes competitions held on Challenge.gov between 2010-2012, providing an overview of the platform and descriptions of selected competitions. It identifies recommendations to improve the design, implementation, operation, and evaluation of competitions based on interviews with competition sponsors and winners. The recommendations center around improving planning, problem definition, criteria development, engagement, and feedback to help agencies better utilize public participation through Challenge.gov.
The report examines Challenge.gov, a government-wide website launched in 2010 to host public competitions and award prizes to solve problems. It reviews 199 competitions posted until August 2012. Through interviews with competition winners and federal managers, the report identifies opportunities to improve Challenge.gov's operations and impact. While still developing, Challenge.gov furthers open government goals and has been embraced by agencies as a way to source new ideas from the public. Recommendations are provided on better designing and implementing future competitions on the platform.
This document discusses the development of a Flow Assurance Tool (FAT1) for simulating flow through subsea pipelines. It acknowledges those who helped in developing the tool, including the advisor Dr. Robert Randall. The tool aims to predict flow patterns, pressures, velocities and temperatures for single-phase and two-phase flow, including through valves, pumps and chokes. It also aims to predict cooldown times during shutdown. The document outlines the development of a black oil flow model for single-phase and two-phase flow, heat transfer calculations, and cooldown time estimation. It then compares results from FAT1 to the commercial software PipeSIM to validate FAT1's accuracy.
This document provides a stocktaking and comparison of long-term energy scenarios (LTES) and low-emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) from around the world. It finds that while LTES focus primarily on the energy system, LT-LEDS take a broader approach and include additional elements like economic and social development. Both tools typically cover power, transport and buildings but provide less detail on industry and natural resources. The analysis also identifies gaps and opportunities to better align LTES and LT-LEDS to support countries' energy transition goals.
Renewable energy capacity and generation has grown significantly in recent years due to supportive policies, falling technology costs, and environmental and energy security benefits. However, further major increases in renewable energy deployment are needed to meet climate and sustainable development goals. Bridging this gap will require enhanced policy frameworks, financing mechanisms, and continued technology innovation to further reduce costs. Accelerating the global energy transformation through increased renewable energy adoption presents both opportunities and challenges going forward.
This document provides an overview of the IBM IMS Interface for Teradata. It discusses prerequisites, supported releases, writing IMS programs, synchronizing resources for non-2PC and 2PC applications, sample IMS programs, annotated listings, and additional information. The interface allows IMS programs running in BATCH, BMP and MPP regions to access Teradata data. Programs can be written in languages supporting CLIv2 such as COBOL, PL/I, assembler, Fortran, Pascal and C. The 2PC protocol synchronizes IMS and database resources during transactions, while non-2PC applications require manual synchronization.
The document provides acknowledgments for those who helped and supported the author's research. It thanks God, as well as several doctors for their encouragement and assistance with the project. It also acknowledges the author's parents for their love and support during graduate school.
The abstract summarizes a decision support tool called PROEQUIP that was developed to assist in selecting optimal equipment combinations for earthmoving projects. PROEQUIP can simulate production rates and costs for different equipment options using data on trucks, materials, and roads stored in its database. It contains modules to calculate performance and costs deterministically or through simulation. PROEQUIP was validated using data from projects in Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
The document is a thesis submitted by Ahmad Muammar to the University of Strathclyde Business School for the degree of Master of Business Administration. It contains 14,903 words excluding appendices and tables of contents. The thesis explores big data and proposes a framework to guide big data analytics. It includes a literature review on big data definitions, value, and characteristics. Case studies of big data implementation at companies like Procter & Gamble, Obama's election campaign, GE, and Walmart are also reviewed. The author aims to understand big data thoroughly and differentiate realities from myths to suggest a practical framework for organizations to evaluate and guide their performance with big data.
This document provides information about coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) and geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T). It discusses how CMMs work through their structural components, drive systems, displacement transducers, and probing processes. GD&T definitions, terminology, and design considerations are explained. The document also details the design of a fixture for fastening a part during CMM inspection, including stand off post and suction cup testing. It analyzes CMM measurement results from the fixed part to evaluate the fixture design.
This document is a guide to achieving operational efficiency through best practices in operations and maintenance (O&M). It was prepared by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the Federal Energy Management Program. The guide consists of 11 chapters that cover topics such as why O&M is important, O&M management, computerized maintenance management systems, types of maintenance programs, predictive maintenance technologies, commissioning existing buildings, metering for O&M, and O&M ideas for major equipment types. The target audience includes federal O&M and energy managers.
Master Thesis - A Column Generation Approach to Solve Multi-Team Influence Ma...Manjunath Jois
This document presents a thesis submitted to the State University of New York at Buffalo for a Master of Science degree. The thesis proposes a column generation approach to solve a multi-team influence maximization problem for social lottery design to promote energy conservation. It first reviews literature on modeling influence spread in social networks and identifying optimal sets of nodes to maximize awareness spread. It then defines the problem of designing a social lottery to maximize awareness of energy savings and develops a linear programming model. The thesis proposes using column generation to solve large real-world instances of this problem by iteratively generating and adding candidate teams to the solution. Computational experiments are performed on real social network datasets to demonstrate the efficiency of the approach.
This document presents the final report on the impact assessment of the plan assistance provided to the Forum of Regulators by the Ministry of Power during India's 11th Five-Year Plan period (2008-2012). The report assesses the studies undertaken and capacity building programs conducted by the Forum's secretariat during this period. It describes the Forum's role, outlines the report's objectives and methodology, which included designing questionnaires and collecting data from electricity regulatory commissions. The methodology also involved developing an evaluation framework and analytical structure to assess the studies and programs. The analysis section then evaluates each study and capacity building program based on this framework, presenting scores and insights. In conclusion, the report finds that the studies and programs had varying levels of impact and
This document provides an introduction to modelling communication systems using TIMS (Telecommunications Instructional Modelling System). It discusses key concepts like modulation, messages, bandwidths and spectra, measurement instruments, and modelling techniques. The document is an instruction manual for a system that allows students to build hardware models of communication system block diagrams and observe waveforms on an oscilloscope. It aims to support courses in telecommunications at various levels.
This white paper discusses the evolution from circuit-switched to packet-based core networks. It notes that most modern communications, including voice calls, video, and file transfers, are delivered via packets. However, some core networks have not fully converged on packet transport, still relying on legacy circuit-switched infrastructure that is more costly and complex. The paper examines different transport technologies and argues that a fully packet-based approach using next-generation packet switches can optimize costs while improving scalability, manageability and bandwidth utilization compared to hybrid circuit-packet networks.
The document summarizes the findings of a study examining the effectiveness of the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) after 25 years of implementation. Key findings include:
- NEPA has been successful in requiring agencies to consider environmental impacts and allowing public
input, but implementation is sometimes inefficient and documents are too long.
- Five elements are critical to effective NEPA implementation: strategic planning, public involvement,
interagency coordination, place-based interdisciplinary decision-making, and adaptive management.
- Agencies could improve NEPA by integrating it earlier in planning, being more creative in public
outreach, better coordinating with other agencies, and implementing long-term monitoring and
This document provides an overview of the Ramallah electrical network. It describes the 14 main substations that feed the city and their transformer capacities. It lists the different types of transmission lines and load categories served. It also introduces power system protection, describing its key components like transformers, relays, circuit breakers and batteries used to isolate faults while keeping the network stable and as operational as possible. The document aims to analyze the network's maximum and minimum load conditions and improve voltages, losses and reliability through protection schemes and upgrades.
This is a report detailing my industrial placement year at Tomo Motor Parts Ltd. This report was submitted to Brunel University and formed the majority of my A+ result for the year.
This document provides guidance for developing utility-scale solar photovoltaic power plant projects. It covers the entire project development process from initial site selection and design through construction, operation and maintenance. Key topics discussed include solar PV technology, predicting energy yield, environmental permitting, power purchase agreements, and financial analysis. The intended audience is project developers.
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Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
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Rethinking power sector reform in the developing worldPRAMODTIWARI67
This document provides an overview and contents list for the report "Rethinking Power Sector Reform in the Developing World". It summarizes that after 30 years of power sector reforms based on a 1990s model, only about a dozen developing countries have fully implemented the model. Many countries selectively adopted reforms, resulting in a mix of market and state roles not anticipated by the original model. It also notes that global goals and technologies have changed, requiring updated reform approaches to achieve universal energy access and a transition to clean energy. The report aims to provide a fresh perspective on reform approaches shaped by context, outcomes, and alternatives rather than a one-size-fits-all framework.
The document describes a senior project to design a progressive controller for water/methanol injection in forced induction vehicles. The system will have two operating modes - sport mode activates injection progressively after 10 psi of boost, while economy mode activates injection above 120 degrees Fahrenheit. It will incorporate a CAN bus to capture engine data. The project aims to model system behavior in Simulink and eventually create a physical prototype using an embedded processor. Due to COVID, the project was not fully completed but future work is planned.
Challenge.gov is a government-wide website launched in 2010 that allows federal agencies to post public challenges and competitions. The document analyzes competitions held on Challenge.gov between 2010-2012, providing an overview of the platform and descriptions of selected competitions. It identifies recommendations to improve the design, implementation, operation, and evaluation of competitions based on interviews with competition sponsors and winners. The recommendations center around improving planning, problem definition, criteria development, engagement, and feedback to help agencies better utilize public participation through Challenge.gov.
The report examines Challenge.gov, a government-wide website launched in 2010 to host public competitions and award prizes to solve problems. It reviews 199 competitions posted until August 2012. Through interviews with competition winners and federal managers, the report identifies opportunities to improve Challenge.gov's operations and impact. While still developing, Challenge.gov furthers open government goals and has been embraced by agencies as a way to source new ideas from the public. Recommendations are provided on better designing and implementing future competitions on the platform.
This document discusses the development of a Flow Assurance Tool (FAT1) for simulating flow through subsea pipelines. It acknowledges those who helped in developing the tool, including the advisor Dr. Robert Randall. The tool aims to predict flow patterns, pressures, velocities and temperatures for single-phase and two-phase flow, including through valves, pumps and chokes. It also aims to predict cooldown times during shutdown. The document outlines the development of a black oil flow model for single-phase and two-phase flow, heat transfer calculations, and cooldown time estimation. It then compares results from FAT1 to the commercial software PipeSIM to validate FAT1's accuracy.
This document provides a stocktaking and comparison of long-term energy scenarios (LTES) and low-emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) from around the world. It finds that while LTES focus primarily on the energy system, LT-LEDS take a broader approach and include additional elements like economic and social development. Both tools typically cover power, transport and buildings but provide less detail on industry and natural resources. The analysis also identifies gaps and opportunities to better align LTES and LT-LEDS to support countries' energy transition goals.
Renewable energy capacity and generation has grown significantly in recent years due to supportive policies, falling technology costs, and environmental and energy security benefits. However, further major increases in renewable energy deployment are needed to meet climate and sustainable development goals. Bridging this gap will require enhanced policy frameworks, financing mechanisms, and continued technology innovation to further reduce costs. Accelerating the global energy transformation through increased renewable energy adoption presents both opportunities and challenges going forward.
This document provides an overview of the IBM IMS Interface for Teradata. It discusses prerequisites, supported releases, writing IMS programs, synchronizing resources for non-2PC and 2PC applications, sample IMS programs, annotated listings, and additional information. The interface allows IMS programs running in BATCH, BMP and MPP regions to access Teradata data. Programs can be written in languages supporting CLIv2 such as COBOL, PL/I, assembler, Fortran, Pascal and C. The 2PC protocol synchronizes IMS and database resources during transactions, while non-2PC applications require manual synchronization.
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The abstract summarizes a decision support tool called PROEQUIP that was developed to assist in selecting optimal equipment combinations for earthmoving projects. PROEQUIP can simulate production rates and costs for different equipment options using data on trucks, materials, and roads stored in its database. It contains modules to calculate performance and costs deterministically or through simulation. PROEQUIP was validated using data from projects in Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
The document is a thesis submitted by Ahmad Muammar to the University of Strathclyde Business School for the degree of Master of Business Administration. It contains 14,903 words excluding appendices and tables of contents. The thesis explores big data and proposes a framework to guide big data analytics. It includes a literature review on big data definitions, value, and characteristics. Case studies of big data implementation at companies like Procter & Gamble, Obama's election campaign, GE, and Walmart are also reviewed. The author aims to understand big data thoroughly and differentiate realities from myths to suggest a practical framework for organizations to evaluate and guide their performance with big data.
This document provides information about coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) and geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T). It discusses how CMMs work through their structural components, drive systems, displacement transducers, and probing processes. GD&T definitions, terminology, and design considerations are explained. The document also details the design of a fixture for fastening a part during CMM inspection, including stand off post and suction cup testing. It analyzes CMM measurement results from the fixed part to evaluate the fixture design.
This document is a guide to achieving operational efficiency through best practices in operations and maintenance (O&M). It was prepared by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the Federal Energy Management Program. The guide consists of 11 chapters that cover topics such as why O&M is important, O&M management, computerized maintenance management systems, types of maintenance programs, predictive maintenance technologies, commissioning existing buildings, metering for O&M, and O&M ideas for major equipment types. The target audience includes federal O&M and energy managers.
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This document presents a thesis submitted to the State University of New York at Buffalo for a Master of Science degree. The thesis proposes a column generation approach to solve a multi-team influence maximization problem for social lottery design to promote energy conservation. It first reviews literature on modeling influence spread in social networks and identifying optimal sets of nodes to maximize awareness spread. It then defines the problem of designing a social lottery to maximize awareness of energy savings and develops a linear programming model. The thesis proposes using column generation to solve large real-world instances of this problem by iteratively generating and adding candidate teams to the solution. Computational experiments are performed on real social network datasets to demonstrate the efficiency of the approach.
This document presents the final report on the impact assessment of the plan assistance provided to the Forum of Regulators by the Ministry of Power during India's 11th Five-Year Plan period (2008-2012). The report assesses the studies undertaken and capacity building programs conducted by the Forum's secretariat during this period. It describes the Forum's role, outlines the report's objectives and methodology, which included designing questionnaires and collecting data from electricity regulatory commissions. The methodology also involved developing an evaluation framework and analytical structure to assess the studies and programs. The analysis section then evaluates each study and capacity building program based on this framework, presenting scores and insights. In conclusion, the report finds that the studies and programs had varying levels of impact and
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This white paper discusses the evolution from circuit-switched to packet-based core networks. It notes that most modern communications, including voice calls, video, and file transfers, are delivered via packets. However, some core networks have not fully converged on packet transport, still relying on legacy circuit-switched infrastructure that is more costly and complex. The paper examines different transport technologies and argues that a fully packet-based approach using next-generation packet switches can optimize costs while improving scalability, manageability and bandwidth utilization compared to hybrid circuit-packet networks.
The document summarizes the findings of a study examining the effectiveness of the National
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- NEPA has been successful in requiring agencies to consider environmental impacts and allowing public
input, but implementation is sometimes inefficient and documents are too long.
- Five elements are critical to effective NEPA implementation: strategic planning, public involvement,
interagency coordination, place-based interdisciplinary decision-making, and adaptive management.
- Agencies could improve NEPA by integrating it earlier in planning, being more creative in public
outreach, better coordinating with other agencies, and implementing long-term monitoring and
This document provides an overview of the Ramallah electrical network. It describes the 14 main substations that feed the city and their transformer capacities. It lists the different types of transmission lines and load categories served. It also introduces power system protection, describing its key components like transformers, relays, circuit breakers and batteries used to isolate faults while keeping the network stable and as operational as possible. The document aims to analyze the network's maximum and minimum load conditions and improve voltages, losses and reliability through protection schemes and upgrades.
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This document provides guidance for developing utility-scale solar photovoltaic power plant projects. It covers the entire project development process from initial site selection and design through construction, operation and maintenance. Key topics discussed include solar PV technology, predicting energy yield, environmental permitting, power purchase agreements, and financial analysis. The intended audience is project developers.
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International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
1. TVS: Improving Supercharger Volumetric
Efficiency
ME 4790
Spring 2019
Group 15
Group members: Robert Beneteau, Alex Brunk, Devin Singer
Faculty Adviser: Dr. Tianshu Liu
Sponsoring Company: Eaton Corporation
2. 2 | P a g e
Disclaimer
This project report was written by students at Western Michigan University to fulfill an
engineering curriculum requirement. Western Michigan University makes no representation that
the material contained in this report is error-free or complete in all respects. Persons or
organizations who choose to use this material do so at their own risk.
3. 3 | P a g e
Abstract
Superchargers are generally associated with fast cars used in road racing and drag racing.
With governments around the world pushing for regulations requiring vehicles to have better fuel
efficiency and high gas mileage ratings, different sized superchargers are becoming increasingly
used in vehicles of all types to achieve this. A supercharger is a very complex system that has a
lot of moving parts. The advanced supercharger engineering team at Eaton Corporation has taken
up the task of trying to understand each aspect of the supercharger one by one. They have sought
out a team to begin in understanding the first part of this task, optimal dwell and seal.
To achieve the solution of optimal dwell and seal times for a supercharger system, a
series of steps were created. As each step gets accomplished, the analytical model would become
closer to the result. After discussion the team came up with four steps. The first step was to
determine an area of dwell in relation to the rotation of the rotor. Next, we wanted to determine
how the pressure of the volume between lobes increases with the change in mass flow. Then,
find the pressure of the control volume at the end of seal. Finally, find the amount of pressure
leakage of all sides of the control volume. An equation or system of equations were determined
for each step as outlined in the following report. A MATLAB program was also developed in
order to easily input, change, and plot results as the project progressed.
4. 4 | P a g e
Contents
Disclaimer..........................................................................................................................................2
Abstract.............................................................................................................................................3
Table of Figures .................................................................................................................................5
Table of Equations..............................................................................................................................5
Definition of Symbols..........................................................................................................................6
Background........................................................................................................................................7
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................8
Initial Concepts ..................................................................................................................................8
Analytical Process..............................................................................................................................9
Step 1.............................................................................................................................................9
Step 2...........................................................................................................................................10
Step 3...........................................................................................................................................12
Step 4...........................................................................................................................................12
Pistons Cylinder Relation..................................................................................................................14
Results.............................................................................................................................................15
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................19
Recommendations ............................................................................................................................19
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................21
References .......................................................................................................................................22
Appendices ......................................................................................................................................23
Appendix A (MATLAB Code) ......................................................................................................23
Appendix B (Decision Matrix/ Gantt Chart)....................................................................................24
Appendix C (ABET Outcomes) .....................................................................................................25
Appendix D (Robert Beneteau Resume).........................................................................................35
Appendix E (Alex Brunk Resume).................................................................................................36
Appendix F (Devin Singer Resume)...............................................................................................37
5. 5 | P a g e
Table of Figures
Figure 1: How a Supercharger Works...................................................................................................7
Figure 2: Depiction of Dwell and Seal..................................................................................................9
Figure 3: Front View of Supercharger Inlet Geometry.........................................................................10
Figure 4: Simplified Inlet Geometry...................................................................................................10
Figure 5: L1 leakage diagram .............................................................................................................13
Figure 6: Basic Piston/Cylinder Model...............................................................................................14
Figure 7: Piston Cylinder Leakage Diagram .......................................................................................15
Figure 8: Chamber Pressure vs Time ..................................................................................................16
Figure 9: Pressure Loss (Left) and Pressure Overshoot (Right)..............................................................17
Figure 10: Pressure Settling Time (Left) and Steady State Pressure (Right)............................................18
Figure 11: Minimum Pressure............................................................................................................18
Figure 12: Peak Pressures..................................................................................................................19
Table of Equations
Equation 1..........................................................................................................................................9
Equation 2..........................................................................................................................................9
Equation 3..........................................................................................................................................9
Equation 4..........................................................................................................................................9
Equation 5: Bernoulli’s Equation .......................................................................................................10
Equation 6: Basic Mass Flow ............................................................................................................11
Equation 7: Combined Bernoulli’s and Mass Flow Equation ...............................................................11
Equation 8: Valve Flow Equation ......................................................................................................11
Equation 9: Stagnation Speed of Sound..............................................................................................11
Equation 10: Leakage Mass Flow ......................................................................................................12
Equation 11: Distance for Leakage to Occur Along Rotor ...................................................................13
Equation 12: Distance for Leakage o Occur Along Inlet ......................................................................13
6. 6 | P a g e
Definition of Symbols
𝐶 𝑑 = Orifice Coefficient
𝑐0 = Speed of Sound
𝛾 = Specific Heat Ratio
𝑃𝑣 = Pressure Inside the Control Volume
𝑃0 = Atmospheric Pressure
𝑚̇ = Mass Flow
dA = Change in area of the inlet
Atc = Inlet Area While Closing
Ato = Inlet Area While Opening
AInlet = Area of the inlet
t = Time
dt = Change in time
RPM = Revolutions per minute
𝜃0 = Position of Angle (degrees)
router = Outer radius of simplified geometry
rinner = Inner radius of simplified geometry
A(t) = Combination of Opening and Closing Inlet Area Equations
L = Leakage
L1 = Leakage across surface number 1
L2 = Leakage across surface number 2
L3 = Leakage across surface number 3
L4 = Leakage across surface number 4
7. 7 | P a g e
Background
A supercharger is essentially an air compressor that supplies a higher pressure of air into
the manifold of an internal combustion engine and allows for someone to get higher power out of
their engine by increasing the pressure of the air to fuel mixture. A basic supercharger has
“screws” or “rotors” inside the housing which are spun using a belt driven system. When the
rotors spin, air is drawn into the open volume between the lobes, and then forced into the
manifold of the engine where it is then compressed.
Currently, Eaton designs and manufactures precision Roots-type positive displacement
superchargers for highly specific automotive applications. Although supercharging is most
associated with high-performance and drag racing, Eaton Roots-type superchargers are currently
being used more frequently by manufacturers to improve fuel efficiency because they provide the
option of using smaller, more efficient engines to achieve desired driving characteristics.
As time goes on, governments throughout the world are implementing stricter vehicle
emissions standards, which in turn starts the process of engine downsizing, yet the market strives
for more powerful systems. To meet the demand of increased power tied with high efficiency and
lower emissions, Eaton’s TVS2 superchargers focus on improved thermal efficiency, reduced
weight, a greater range of airflow, and high and low-pressure systems to fit any range of vehicle.
Unlike turbocharging however, superchargers provide instantaneous throttle response across the
entirety of the engine’s power band. With the idea of financial penalties looming over the heads
of automakers, the implementation of Eaton’s supercharger systems will increase engine
performance while knocking down the levels of carbon dioxide produced by the vehicles. If Eaton
can produce a cheaper, more efficient supercharger then they will be able to gain a larger market
share of production automobile superchargers.
Figure 1: How a Supercharger Works
8. 8 | P a g e
Introduction
The advanced supercharger engineering team at the Eaton proving grounds wanted a
Senior Design team to help them identify key features of their superchargers that will greatly
affect the overall efficiency and performance of the system. Specifically looking at the Dwell
and Seal times within the supercharger. The Dwell stage is the point in which the inlet to the
volume is open and air can fill the volume, but there is no output. The Seal stage directly follows
the Dwell stage and consists of neither an input of air into the volume, nor an output of air into
the manifold of the vehicle. As the name of the stage states, the air is “sealed” between the lobes
of the rotor and the housing. Finding the optimal times for these two instances will in turn allow
the supercharger to push as much air into the manifold as possible increasing the pressure ratios
which also increases the efficiency.
It was determined that the best way to accomplish this task would be to use an analytical
method solving several equations, and then creating a GT Power and a MATLAB program that
would allow for quick input and plotting of different solutions to determine the optimal Dwell
and Seal times. The thought would then be for the Eaton Engineers to use this program to help
them design future superchargers by understanding how the twist on the lobes of the rotors and
the size of the rotors, which all effect the Dwell and Seal times, will affect the future
supercharger.
Initial Concepts
In analyzing the Dwell and Seal times of the supercharger, the mass flow through the
inlet and the pressure build up in the volume between lobes was key. Due to the complex
geometry of an actual supercharger, it was decided that the best course of action to complete the
task would be to start with simplified geometries and relate them back to a supercharger. A series
of steps were created that would allow the group to have a baseline of requirements to follow to
complete the project. Those steps are outlined in 1-4 below.
1. Determine the area of Dwell with relation to the rotational velocity of rotor.
2. Determine how the pressure of the volume between lobes increases with the
change in mass flow.
3. Find the pressure of the control volume at the end of Seal.
4. Find the amount of pressure leakage of all sides of the control volume.
9. 9 | P a g e
Analytical Process
Step 1
During the Dwell stage of a supercharger, the volume between lobes is filled with
incoming air. As simple as this may sound, there are many variables that come into play. With
the rotation of each rotor, the inlet area changes with respect to the position of the lobe. Also,
since air is a compressible fluid, entering at some unknown velocity, by the time the seal stage
occurs, there can be a pressure within the volume higher than atmospheric pressure. From this,
the pressure of air within the manifold can be maximized, allowing for a greater than 100%
volumetric efficiency of the supercharger.
Figure 2: Depiction of Dwell and Seal
With all above, an equation for the area of Dwell time in relation to the rotational
velocity had to be found before anything else could happen. Using the idea of a linear system to
simplify the geometry, the areas of the inlet are simply based off a sector as seen in Figure 3 and
Figure 4. The equations are as follows;
𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝐴 𝑡𝑐 = 𝐴 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 − 𝑑𝐴 ∗ 𝑡
Equation 1
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 = 𝑑𝐴 ∗ 𝑡
Equation 2
Where:
𝐴 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = [
1
2
∗ 𝜃0 ∗ ( 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟
2
− 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
2 )]
Equation 3
𝑑𝐴 = [
1
2
∗ ( 𝑟𝑝𝑚 ∗
2𝜋
60
) ∗ ( 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟
2
− 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟
2 )] 𝑑𝑡
Equation 4
10. 10 | P a g e
These equations show that the opening and closing of the inlet area for the Dwell phase are a
piecewise function in relation to time and that the rate of the change of this area is an indirect
relation to the rpm of the supercharger.
Figure 3: Front View of Supercharger Inlet Geometry
Figure 4: Simplified Inlet Geometry
Step 2
When talking about the mass flow of a fluid and how the pressure relates to it, the
analysis usually revolves around that of an incompressible fluid, like what is used in hydraulics.
Analyzing the air entering the supercharger in an incompressible manner allows a for a base
point in which to build the necessary inlet mass flow equation from. Doing this required a
combination of Bernoulli’s equation, and a generic mass flow equation seen below.
𝑃0 +
𝑣0
2
2
+ 𝑔𝑧0 = 𝑃1 +
𝑣1
2
2
+ 𝑔𝑧1
Equation 5: Bernoulli’s Equation
router
rinner
θ
11. 11 | P a g e
𝑚̇ = 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣
Equation 6: Basic Mass Flow
These two equations were then combined and resulted in one generalized equation that
would solve for pressure inside the control volume shown below. With some of the variables in
Bernoulli’s equation being zero like height and atmospheric velocity, it allows for it to be
properly plugged into the generic mass flow equation. The combination of the equation results in
the equation shown below.
𝑃1 = −[
(
𝑚̇
𝜌 ∗ 𝐴
)2
2
∗ 𝜌] + 𝑃0
Equation 7: Combined Bernoulli’s and Mass Flow Equation
However, using intuition, it was realized that the generalized equation above will not
work for the project. The equation does not consider of the compressibility of air as it is entering
the control volume. Continuing with this equation, assuming the air was incompressible would
just lead to an answer of P1=P0 as everything would simply equal zero or cancel out. However,
moving forward it was determined that a mass flow equation and pressure equation for a
compressible fluid must be used in order to achieve an adequate solution. Using the final
pressure equation above, a rough estimation can be made as to what variables and aspects will be
needed for an equation that considers the compressibility of the air and knowing that the
compressibility of air entering the control volume is key to the overall volumetric efficiency of
the supercharger, an equation for valve flow was used.
𝑚̇ = 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴(𝑡) ∗ 𝑐 ∗ √
2
𝛾 − 1
((
𝑃𝑣
𝑃0
)
2
𝛾 − (
𝑃𝑣
𝑃0
)
𝛾+1
𝛾 )
Equation 8: Valve Flow Equation
Where: 𝑐 ( 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑)
𝑐 = √ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝑇0
Equation 9: Stagnation Speed of Sound
Using this mass flow equation, having all other variables known, one could solve for the
pressure in the volume, Pv. However, rearranging the equation to solve for Pv will result in an
overall complex solution. To overcome this issue, it was determined that to get adequate results,
the overall project would be simplified and related to a piston cylinder type event where actions
mimic that of what a supercharger does.
12. 12 | P a g e
Step 3
Continuing to look at the main mass flow equation, Equation 8, a large issue arose to
finding the final pressure within the control volume. For the solution to find the pressure in the
supercharger, the mass flow of air at the inlet was needed to calculate it. However, this became
an issue as the mass flow at the inlet was not known and was difficult to give an approximate
value as it is not constant, nor linear throughout the change in rpm of the system.
In an attempt to combat this issue of an unknown mass flow rate, it was determined that
simulation of a Piston-cylinder event must be used to find a generalized mass flow value that
could then be used in a MATLAB program to find the pressure in the control volume. It was
determined that the best program for this task would be GT Power. Other simulation software’s
such as ANSYS Fluent and Simulink were looked at, but it was decided that each software was
not capable of solving for what was needed and that GT Power would be the best course of
action as if was designed for engine simulations.
To ultimately find the final pressure at the end of the time of Seal, based on intuition, the
amount of time spent in the Seal stage will ideally be zero. As previously stated, during the Seal
stage, there is neither an input nor output to the system, yet leakage will still exist, causing a loss
of pressure to the specific control volume.
Step 4
Being that all the parts within the supercharger are moving, inevitably there will be small
gaps between each of the lobes and the housing of the supercharger. There will be leakage within
the system from these gaps. Leakage is the spilling of air from the transfer volume (higher
pressure) into the surrounding areas (lower pressure) and back to ambient. Leakage can be found
on all surfaces however, the leakage on three of the four surfaces will be constant. The leakage
on the fourth surface will depend on the rotation of the lobes and the overall size of the inlet. An
equation for leakage of the control volume was found to be;
𝑚̇ 𝑙 = 𝜌0 ∗ 𝐶 𝑑 ∗ 𝐴 𝑙 ∗ 𝑐0 ∗ √
2
𝛾 − 1
((
𝑃0
𝑃𝑣
)
2
𝛾 − (
𝑃0
𝑃𝑣
)
𝛾+1
𝛾 )
Equation 10: Leakage Mass Flow
Where;
𝐶 𝑑 = Orifice Coefficient
𝑐0 = Speed of Sound
𝛾 = Specific Heat Ratio
𝑃𝑣 = Pressure Inside the Control Volume
𝑃0 = Atmospheric Pressure
𝐴 𝑙 = Leakage Area
13. 13 | P a g e
The overall leakage is related the change in Dwell area. The leakage area on L2, L3, and
L4 are constant during Dwell but depend on the overall pressure in the control volume. As the air
gets compressed more, the pressure in the control volume will become higher and more leakage
will occur. When the transfer volume is either fully closed off or fully open to the inlet, then L1
is;
𝐿1 = 2 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑒
Equation 11: Distance for Leakage to Occur Along Rotor
During any time in between when the transfer volume is either fully open of fully closed, leakage
on L1 will only exist on one lobe as the other lobe is exposed to the inlet as shown in Figure 7.
Thus, the area equation becomes;
𝐿 = 𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑒
Equation 12: Distance for Leakage o Occur Along Inlet
Figure 5: L1 leakage diagram
14. 14 | P a g e
Pistons Cylinder Relation
However, as stated earlier, the compressibility of the gas becomes a serious factor on the
performance of the supercharger. To help analyze the effects of compressible air flow, the
geometry of the supercharger had to be simplified further than just the inlet geometry. To do this
the simplified geometry was to be that of a piston/cylinder. A piston/cylinder model was used to
simulate that of the supercharger because even though the geometry is vastly different, the
concept is very much the same. Air is drawn in to an expanding volume, then pushed out the
same volume as it begins to decrease in size.
Figure 6: Basic Piston/Cylinder Model
Since the supercharger can be thought of as a piston/cylinder setup, the inlet can roughly
be considered that of a valve. Because of this, a predetermined equation can be considered for
inlet mass flow with relation to pressure which can be seen below. This is the same valve flow
equation as used in the earlier section under Step 2.
𝑚̇ = 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴(𝑡) ∗ 𝑐 ∗ √
2
𝛾 − 1
((
𝑃𝑣
𝑃0
)
2
𝛾 − (
𝑃𝑣
𝑃0
)
𝛾+1
𝛾 )
Equation 13: Equation of Valve Mass Flow
Where: 𝑐 ( 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑)
𝑐 = √ 𝛾 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝑇0
Equation 14: Stagnation Speed of Sound Equation
Even though that the end goal is to find the pressure within the volume based on a given
mass flow, to solve directly for the final pressure would cause for a complex solution. Thus, to
solve for this, an estimated guess is needed to be made to match that of the mass flow instead.
This was done using GT Power engine simulation software. The results from GT Power were
then plugged into a MALAB program for ease of calculations. Also, to further relate the piston
15. 15 | P a g e
cylinder geometry to a supercharger, a set of boundary conditions for leakage must be
determined. These are shown I the figure below.
Figure 7: Piston Cylinder Leakage Diagram
However, the overall leakage inthe systemisdeterminedtobe verysmall andwasneglected in
the analysisandresults.Leakage addedagreatamountof complexitytothe resultsandhada very
minimal effectonthe overall system.
Results
A GT Powerprogramwascreatedand usedto testthe simple pistonmodel.Thispistonmodel
can be seen below inFigure8.To keepthe data recorded at a manageable level the intakewasheldat
constant30mm diameterandwasopenedwhenthe pistonstartedtomove backandthenclosedwhen
the pistonreachedthe back of the cylinder.The distance thatthe pistontraveledwas115mm andwas
alsoheldconstantfor thistest. It alsoshouldbe notedthatleakage wasalsotakenoutof the model to
helpsimplifythe resultsandallow the testtofocusonthe Dwell phase,the intake openandthe piston
movingback,and the endpressure atthe start of the Seal phase,the intake closedandpistonatthe
back of the cylinder.
Figure 8: Test Piston Cylinder Dimensions
16. 16 | P a g e
The test wasthenrun at 10 differentvelocitiesrangingfrom10
𝑚
𝑠
to 100
𝑚
𝑠
inintervalsof 10
𝑚
𝑠
.
While the testwasrunningthe chamberpressure,loss,overfill,settlingtime,steadystate value,
maximum,andminimumpressure valueswere recordedwithrespecttothe velocityandtime.The first
graph producedisthe average chamberpressure foreachvelocitywithrespecttotime,thiscanbe seen
inFigure 9. Inthisgraph whenthe pistoninitiallystartstomove backthe pressure drops whichdrawsin
the air thenthe pressure peaksbefore itstartstoequalize afterthe intake closes.Thisgraphshowsthat
the resultingpressure isdependedonthe volume of the chamberandthe velocityof the piston.
Figure 9: Chamber Pressure vs Time
The nextsetof data recordedisthe pressure differencesfromatmosphericpressureof 1 Bar.
The final pressure lossisshownin Figure10 Left.Thiswas recordedasthe difference inBarof the
atmosphericpressure andthe final pressureinthe chamber.The graphon the rightin Figure10, is the
percentovershootwhichrepresentsthe percentage of pressure differential fromatmosphericpressure.
In thiscase,for 90 and 100 m/s of pistonvelocity,the MATLABcode thatwas writtenassumesthat
steadystate existsata chamberpressure of 1 bar. Ascan be seenin Figure9, steadystate for 90 and
100 m/sexistcloserto0.9 bar, thuscreatingthe error inthe percentovershootgraphonthe rightin
Figure 10. Furtherinvestigationof the MATLABcode wouldhave tobe done to solve the incorrect
percentovershootvaluesshown.
17. 17 | P a g e
Figure 10: Pressure Loss (Left) and Pressure Overshoot (Right)
Thenthe settlingtime andsteadystate final valueswere recordedforeachvelocityandare
shownin Figure 11 Leftand Rightrespectively. The ChamberPressure SettlingTime plotonthe leftin
Figure 11 showsthatas the pistonvelocityincreases,the amountof airthat entersthe volume
decreases,thusallowingthe pressureinside the volume tostabilize muchmore quicklythan whenmore
air isable to enterthe volume.
In the ChamberPressure SteadyState Final Value isarepresentationof the inletwaitingtoclose
several tensof milliseconds afterthe volumewascompletelyexpanded,whatthe internal pressure
wouldnormalize to. Byanalyzingthisgraphmore closely,itcanbe seenthatas the pistonvelocity
increasesthe steadystate pressure valuedecreases atanexponentialrate.
18. 18 | P a g e
Figure 11: Pressure Settling Time (Left) and Steady State Pressure (Right)
The minimumpressure wasalsorecordedandisshownin Figure12 Left andin Figure12 Rightis
the time ittakesto reach the minimumpressure.Thiscorrespondstothe initial dropinpressure asthe
pistonstartsto move backwardsand is expectedasthe firstpart of the Dwell Phase. Fromthese graphs
the fasterthe pistonmovesthe lowerthe pressure dropisdue tothe volume of the cylinderexpanding
withthe rate of the piston. To counteract thispressure dropasthe velocityincreasesthe intake must
be increasedtoallowformore air to enter.
Figure 12: Minimum Pressure
19. 19 | P a g e
The peak pressure wasalsorecordedandisshownin Figure 13 Leftand in Figure 13 Rightis the
time ittakesto reach the peakpressure.Tooptimize the Dwellphase,the peakpressure isavery
importantmeasurementasthe more pressure inthe volume increasesthe efficiencyof the
supercharger.
Figure 13: Peak Pressures
Conclusion
From these graphswitha fixedintakeandvolume there isanoptimal velocityof the piston to
maximize the pressurewithinthe cylinder.Thiscanbe usedtocorrespondthe velocityof the pistonto
the rotational velocityof the superchargerrotors.Since the superchargersystemisdirectlydrivenfrom
the engine,givenatargetcruise speedof the vehiclewillallow forselectingarotational velocityof the
superchargerforoptimal peakefficiencytofitthe vehicle’sneeds.Also, usingthe graphshownin Figure
9, the ideal Dwell phaseduration canbe designedtoendatpeakpressure valuesforthe range of
operational speeds.Fromthis optimizationof Dwell duration,the resultwill be avolume filledwith
slightlypressurizedairatthe start of the Seal phase,trappingthe airin the volume allowingthe
superchargertodelivermore airthanit can technicallydeliveratatmosphericpressures.
As the data from Figure 9 suggests,there isan optimal range speedinwhich asuperchargerwill
operate. Engineersmayhave control overthistosome degree asthe geometryof the supercharger
playsa large role.Dependingonthe use of the superchargerunit, propergeometrical sizingwill be
neededtofitthe applicationneeds.Fromthis,the datapresented onlyrepresentsasmall portion of the
possible range fordesign.
Recommendations
From thistest,a relationshipcanbe seenbetweenthe pistonspeed,volume,andintake area.
The nextstepswouldbe torelate thispistoncylindermodeltothe superchargerhousingandscrews
that have similargeometriccharacteristics.The horizontal velocityof the pistoncouldbe
20. 20 | P a g e
mathematicallyrelatedbacktothe rotationof the screws usingthe equationof conversionbetween
linearvelocitytoangularvelocity seenbelow.
𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
= 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Equation 15: Relation of Linear Velocity and Rotational Velocity
Thisthencouldbe ultimatelybe showninrelationtothe rpmof the engine basedfromgearing
ratiosbetweenthe twosystems. Withthe relationof linearvelocitytorotational velocity,the pressure
withincanbe superchargervolume canbe foundmore easily byfindingthe rate atwhichthe volume
betweenthe lobesonthe screw expands.The intake areacanalsobe relatedbackto the supercharger
model byconsideringthe average intakeareaasthe screw rotates or a more in-depthmodel couldbe
createdwithan intake areathat changeswithtime.
Furthermore,toverifythissimplifiedmodel anAnsysmodel canbe createdtotestthe more
complex superchargermodel andthencanbe comparedto the simplifiedmodel withthe mathematical
relationsthatwere found. Thiswouldallow the simplifiedGTPowermodel tobe usedto geta base line
readingwhile designednewsuperchargermodels.Thiswouldbe verybeneficial asthe GT Powermodel
takesa fractionof the time to runwhencomparedto a complex Ansysmodel.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to give a special thanks to everyone who is listed below. Our project would not have
been possible if it weren't for the great help from the engineers at Eaton and the faculty here at Western
Michigan University.
Nathan Deville (Eaton Corporation)
Ali Merat (Eaton Corporation)
Andrew Meyers (Eaton Corporation)
Mark VanWingerden (Eaton Corporation)
Dr. Tianshu Liu (Western Michigan University Faculty)
Dr. Shiva Om Bade Shrestha (Western Michigan University Faculty)
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References
[1] Milburn, S. M. (1994). Introducing a High Efficiency Variable Positive Displacement Automotive
Supercharger. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/940845
[2] TVS2 Technology: Improving Supercharger Efficiency and Capability Ouwenga D. Hopkins J.
Swartzlander M.
[3] Ganesan, V. (2012). Internal combustion engines. New York: McGraw-Hill.
[4] Brynych, P.,Macek,J., Vitek, O.,& Cervenka, L. (2013). 1-D Model of Roots Type Supercharger.
SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2013-01-0927
[5] Pohorelsky, L., Zak, Z., Macek,J., and Vitek, O., "Study of Pressure Wave Supercharger Potential
using a 1-D and a 0-D Approach," SAE Int. J. Engines 4(1):1331-1353, 2011
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Appendices
Appendix A (MATLAB Code)
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Appendix B (DecisionMatrix/ Gantt Chart)