1. 1
EGR 386W
PROJECT: Proposal of Solar truck Project
Date of Report: April, 27, 2014
GROUP MEMBER:
Solar International Corporation
Fahad Alahmari Hamed Alharbi
Nathan Ceniceros Jingyun Chen
Hengming Dai Mohammad Molani
Eli Palomares Jiyan Wang
2. Table of Contents
Table of Contents...........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Table................................................................................................................................................ 5
1. Project Summary...................................................................................................................... 6
2. Problem Statement ................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Need..................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Problem Definition............................................................................................................... 6
3. State of the Art ......................................................................................................................... 7
4. Quality Function Deployment.................................................................................................. 8
4.1 Customer Requirement ........................................................................................................ 8
4.2 Benchmarking.................................................................................................................... 10
4.3 Engineering Requirement .................................................................................................. 10
4.4 QFD.................................................................................................................................... 11
5. Project Management .............................................................................................................. 12
5.1 Work Breakdown Structure ............................................................................................... 12
5.2 Gantt Chart......................................................................................................................... 13
6. Final Design........................................................................................................................... 14
7. Analysis.................................................................................................................................. 15
7.1 Calculation of the energy of the car for the round trip and the number of solar panels .... 15
7.2 Calculating the number of solar panels that is needed....................................................... 16
7.3 The calculation of the needed number of solar batteries ................................................... 16
7.4 The calculation of the needed number of truck batteries................................................... 16
7.5 Vehicle Acceleration Test.................................................................................................. 16
6. 1. ProjectSummary
The client in Yua did not have a consistent transportation to deliver goods from the village
to the market. The group members were willing to help the client to use more reliable
transportation. The newly designed transportation would have an alternative fuel source
freeing the client from the inconsistent and unreliable fuel source. To solve the dependency
on an unreliable fuel source a vehicle was designed to run off of solar energy. Solar energy
is abundant and constant in the region so there are no essentially no days where work will
be hindered by lack of fuel. Thus, the team wanted to design a vehicle using the solar
energy instead of traditional fuel sources.
When the client is in Ghana, the fuel source is unreliable and limited. The unpredictable fuel
source hinders the ability to transfer goods and keep a regular work schedule. An alternative
fuel source form of transportation would lessen the dependency on the limited fuel.
Mr. David Willy is the client for this project. The stakeholders for this project are the
village of Yua in Ghana and the Green Village Plan Development Non-Governmental
Organization. The customer for this project is the workers of the village because they would
be the primary users of the new transportation.
2. Problem Statement
This section stated the problem that the team need to solve from the following two aspects:
need statements and problem definition, which was separated by three parts: the team goal
statement, objectives, and constraints.
2.1 Need
The client needs a reliable and consistent transportation and fuel source.
2.2 Problem Definition
This section has preliminary goal statements with the team’s objectives and constraints given by
the client.
Goal Statement
The following is a list of proposed goal statements provided to the client.
Design electrical system to reduce the use of fuel (consumption).
Design electrical car conversion that contains the solar system.
Design electrical car conversion and charging statement.
Design alternative source of fuel system or energy source.
Design a hybrid car to save fuel or other source consumption.
7. After discussing with the client, the final goal statement of the project is to design an
electrical vehicle conversion and charging station that is economical.
Objectives
Table 1 that is a detailed illustration of the project objective, which includes objectives, basis
of measurement, criteria, and units.
Table 1: Objective Table
Objective 2 should be evaluated under normal road conditions and use. Objective 3 and 4
should be evaluated under the proper knowledge and tools for necessary assembly/ repairs.
Objective 5 should be measured under the condition of a load of 1000lbs per trip.
Constraints
The following is a list of expected project constraints provided to the client.
The vehicle must travel 31miles round trip with a grade of 500ft in one direction.
The vehicle must carry a load of 1000lbs for 15.5 miles up a grade of 500ft.
The cost of the vehicle must be under client’s budget.
The solar panels must produce 240 volts and 30 amps in the village of Yua year round
during optimal day light hours.
The need of the client was refined with conversations and meetings with the client to find
the real problem of the village. The objectives were created for the unique situation of the
project. It must be inexpensive for lack of funding and simple yet durable because of the
remote location and minimal technical skills of the customers. The constraints were
provided by the client and based off of the tasks the transportation would need to complete.
3. State of the Art
This section summarizes the resources that relevant to the project which were solar battery,
electric battery, and the electric vehicle motor.
8. A key aspect of the group’s design is the storage of electricity from the solar panels. To store the
energy from the solar panels the group needs a solar battery.
“The heat battery: Solar thermal energy storage for heating loads” This conference discusses an
applied research project on how to design a Heat Battery system that is able to receive energy
converted from solar radiation and stored in the thermal form to be supplied on demand for
residential space and water heating [1]. An important design aspect of the vehicle is designing
for the load of the motor and to do this the group needed to adjust power limits of the batteries.
“Method for Adjusting Battery Power Limits in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle to Provide Consistent
Launch Characteristics” It represents important information on improving the performance of an
energy storage system which can lead to a high density electrical energy storage device such as a
battery. As a result, the electric vehicle can travel for a long distance due to high electrical
energy. It also gives information on the batteries performance and what cause them to function
professionally or last longer [2]. To get a basic understanding of how an electric vehicle works
and the different components of the vehicle, the group did some research. “Electric and Hybrid
Vehicles: Design Fundamentals” is a text book that goes into more details about the design
process for the electric and hybrid vehicles. It also represents the fundamental steps for designing
these car which involves the batteries that will be used in electric vehicle. Besides, it provides
effective design examples and discusses alternative vehicle control strategies and
communications [3].
A large part of the design of the truck depends on the electric motor. To find out what type of
motor needed the group looked for sources on electric vehicle motors. “Brushless DC motors for
electric and hybrid vehicles” this journal article is referenced because it detailed describes
several DC motors are used to design the electric and hybrid vehicles. In addition, it shows that
using the brushless DC motors for electric vehicles can make a significant contribution on energy
conservation at a reasonable initial cost. This motor drive system could be implemented into the
design of the solar truck [4].
The state of the art research was useful for individual aspects of the design of the solar truck. As
a whole there has not been many conversions of small utility trucks from gas to electric so little
information was found.
4. Quality Function Deployment
This section was the methodology to transform the customer desires into a specific plan. It
contained customer requirements, benchmarking, engineering requirements, and a detailed
QFD table (See Table A-1 in Appendix).
4.1 Customer Requirement
The customer requirements are a set of standards or qualities the vehicle and the solar charger
must meet.
9. 1. Weatherproof
The resistance to certain climate and weather changes. For example heavy
rains, sunny skies, etc.
2. Road Legal
Car dimensions pertaining to government regulations. For example, width,
height, wheel specifications, etc.
3. 3-year lifetime
Three year guarantee no major issues regarding over performance of the truck.
We are responsible for any malfunctions
4. Solar Efficiency
Energy being transferred from the sun to the solar panel. The amount of
luminous energy that is being converted to electricity.
5. Motor Efficiency
The motor efficiency is the ratio between the power output in the shaft, and the
electrical input power
6. 20-year solar panel lifespan
The solar panel has a guarantee lifespan of at least 20 years to work properly.
Any issues will result in free replacement
7. Solar Tracker
The angle best adjusted according to the sun’s full irradiated area. The most
effective latitude location in reference to the sun.
8. 1000lb Truck Capacity
The ability for the truck to carry a load of 1000 pounds of goods/people during
a duration of 31 miles roundtrip.
9. 31 Miles Roundtrip
The ability to travel 31 miles round trip with a weight of at least 1000 pounds
of goods/people.
10. Ease of repair
Repair of any damaged components in a short amount of time without
complications and least amount of effort.
11. Initial cost
The cost due to building the entire truck, including all features and functions.
12. Operation & Maintenance Cost
The money spent of operating and maintaining the truck in good condition,
including all repair costs.
13. Safety
Safe transportation for all passengers. For example, air bags, seat belts,
comfortable spacing, etc.
14. Ease to Build Solar Structure
Any solar component involved, easy to construct in a short matter of time.
15. Ease of Assembly of Truck
10. Includes all assembly parts needed to put the truck together in order for it to
function properly. Little effort needed in little amount of time.
16. Battery Storage Efficiency
The energy being stored inside the battery with its most efficiency. Some
energy may be lost when being transferred to the battery.
4.2 Benchmarking
This section compared the groups design with best electric vehicles on the market that are similar
in design to our vehicle. Benchmarking will give the group a good idea of what is on the market
currently.
Company: Wuling
Model: PLN Electric Truck
Wuling’s small electric truck can travel a maximum of 34 miles. It can seat 2 passengers in the
cab portion of the truck and a maximum speed of 25mph. The truck has a maximum load of
604 lbs not including 2 passengers.
Company: BYD
Model: e6
BYD’s e6 all electric car has an estimated range of 186 miles with a top speed of 87 mph. The
e6 can seats 5 passengers including the driver. The e6 can charge completely from 0 to 100%
battery in 2 hours.
Company: GEM
Model: eL XD
GEM’s el XD has a range of 40 miles and a top speed of 25mph. The el XD’s load capacity is
1,450lbs. The el XD’s flatbed size is 70”X48”.
4.3 Engineering Requirement
This section will set the standards of how the group will accomplish the costumer’s
requirements.
1. Electric Consumption
The amount of electric energy being consumed by the truck to travel a specific
distance. [kJ/miles]
2. Interior Area
The space within the passenger compartment used for storage and for seating.
[ft^3]
3. Resistance
The aerodynamics in regards to the surface area of the car. The drag force,
wind resistance, etc. [lbf]
11. 4. Electric Current
The flow of electric charge between the electrical components of the car. [A]
5. Cord Length
The length of the cord leading from the charging station to the electrical
output. [in]
6. Voltage
The difference in electrical potential energy of a unit charge transported
between two points. [V]
7. Width of truck
The distance that expands from the far left driver’s side, to the far left
passenger’s side. [ft]
8. Overall Height
The distance from the bottom of the tires up to the highest point of the truck.
[ft]
9. Weight
The overall load of the truck, including all passengers/goods.
10. Travel Time
The time needed to get from start to end point. [hr]
11. Charge Time
The duration to replenish the battery [hr]
12. Speed
The truck’s velocity. [Mph]
13. Solar Storage
The amount of electricity retained from the solar panels. [KW]
14. Energy Storage
The amount of electricity held within the truck. [KW]
15. Material Toughness
The materials elastic range. [Pa]
16. Wheel Dimensions
The length of the diameter of the truck’s wheel. [in]
4.4 QFD
The QFD table (See Table A-1 in appendices) was a process that assisted with the design
process by compiling the customer and engineering requirements with importance weighted
for each aspect. The QFD also benchmarked the group’s design against the leading
competitors.
The costumer’s requirements were what the client needed the transportation to be able to do,
while the engineering requirements were what the design needed to have in order to achieve
the customer requirements. The eL XD vehicle was the best comparison to what are truck
should be. It was able to achieve all the customer’s requirements and would be a good basis
to model the group’s vehicle.
12. 5. ProjectManagement
This section included the team’s work break down structure, and the project Gantt chart which
illustrated the work distribution and outline.
5.1 Work Breakdown Structure
Error! Reference source not found., located below, is a breakdownof engineering tasks used to
build an electric truck with solar charger
Figure 1: WBS
13. 5.2 Gantt Chart
The Gantt chart (See figure 1 in the appendices) was the team’s outline for the project. The
milestones in the Gantt chart were all marked by due dates of papers and presentations. The chart
was broken into three levels the top level was the broadest, and each lower level got narrower
with the last level having specific tasks assigned to each team member. All the tasks were given
a start date and the end dates either correlated with due dates or the time needed to complete each
task.
The WBS and the Gantt chart were created using the same program. The WBS was the written
part of the Gantt chart with all the labels of each task, the start and end dates, and the assigned
person to each task. The Gantt chart was the graphical representation of the WBS laid out as a
timeline.
14. 6. Final Design
The final design did not change much from the pre-proposal some more components were added
and parts were changed. Almost every initial picked part for the rhino had to be replaced. The
electric motor that was chosen for the first design did not have enough power for the
requirements. The new k-9 Kostov motor is able to accelerate the rhino from 0 to 60 in 11.91s
which is comparable to the stock motor of the rhino. The downside of the new motor was it
required 220V and 176A significantly more power than the original motor. In order to supply the
motor with 220V the first picked truck batteries would have to be wired 19 in series by 3 in
parallel which would have weighed over 3,000lb. To cut down the weight of the vehicle new
batteries were needed. The problem with deciding on new batteries was finding the right ratio
between voltage and Amh. To minimize weight, batteries with 24V and 200Amh was found to
be the best combination, there was no need to wire in parallel to increase the Amh and only ten
batteries were needed to get the correct voltage. Ten traditional 24V 200Amh batteries still
weighed around 2,000lb which would put too much stress on the rhino carrying a full 1,000lb
load. There is a direct correlation to the weight of a battery and the cost of a battery; to get the
total weight added of the batteries under 1,000lb a lithium ion type was needed. The lithium ion
lynx came as an entire system, ten batteries were selected and a charger was provided for an
additional cost. A solid works rendering of the motor and battery placement can be found in
Figure 6. The k-9 Kostov motor had a recommended controller on the website where it was
found, it suggested the Evnectic Soltin 1/Jr. The controller connects in-between the truck
batteries and the motor. The controller works by connecting a system to the back of the gas pedal
and the brake. When pressing down on the gas pedal the controller increases the voltage to the
motor. When the brake pedal is pressed down it sends a signal to the motor to switch from the
normal motor mode and change into essentially a generator recovering energy.
To optimize the solar radiation capture an angle changing stand was designed. The stand for the
solar panels was designed with 4” steel piping as the four supporting corner frames. A slightly
smaller steel piping was connected to the mounting system purchased from iron ridge with a
spring button locking system installed. The larger 4” steel frame has predrilled holes for the
smaller locking system to be inserted to adjust the angle of the solar panels and CAD drawing is
in Figure 7 and total drawing in Figure 8. From Solar Electricity Handbook [7] online calculator
the optimal angles were 96° for summer and 81° for the winter facing directly south. The stand
will be 9’ tall before the poles are adjusted but with the angle adjustment the height will range
from 6.89’ to 10.43’. To secure the corner poles in place a foundation will be dug 3’ with a
diameter of a 1’into the ground and the pole will be placed into the foundation and surrounded
with concrete. To provide the calculated 15.91KWh needed per day by the rhino the calculated
number of solar panels was 15. For the arrangement of the solar panels a 4X4 mounting system
was used but a corner panel was left out since only 15 panels were needed. The panels were
wired 2 pairs of 4 in series connected in parallel producing a total of 16.66A, over 150’ of wire
was needed. A solar panel controller rated up to 20A was selected in order to prevent over
charging and discharging of the 7 S-1590 solar batteries. To protect the batteries from the
elements they were placed inside a large prefabricated plastic container. An inverter was needed
15. after the solar batteries to increase the 12V output and the battery charging system ran off of AC.
There is a flow chart of the final design in Figure 5: Flow chart in the appendix.
7. Analysis
7.1 Calculation of the energy of the car for the round trip and the number of solar
panels:
In order to calculate the total amount of energy needed for the round trip, the trip has to be broken
into parts. The first part of the trip is to be going to the market with a full load so the total weight of
the vehicle is going to be 2,200 lbs for a distance of 15.5 miles and up to 500 ft.
m.g
θ = tan−1
(
500 ft
81,840 ft
) = 0.35°
Rolling resistance is 0.2 = kinetic friction
FA =
1
2
𝜌 A CD 𝑉2
= (1.23
kg
m2) (2.8066 m2) (29.50464
m
s
)2 =
1202.06
2
𝑘𝑔.𝑚
𝑠2
2299 lbs = 997.449 kg, FF = 𝜇 . 𝑚 . 𝑔 cos 𝜃 = 601.03 N to maintain 60 mph or 29.50464
𝑚
𝑠
Fm = m. g. sin𝜃 + FF + FA
Fm = (997.449 kg) (9.8
𝑚
𝑠2 ) (sin (0.35°)) + 0.2 (997.449 kg) (9.8
𝑚
𝑠2 ) (cos (0.35°)) + 601.03 N
sin comp + cos comp
+ Air comp
Fm = 59.7726 N + 195.69 N
+ 601.03 N
1000 lbs load at an angle of 0.35°, rolling resistance of 0.02 to the market
For the return trip there will be 1,199 lbs and 60 mph at an angel of -0.35° with the same
rolling resistance.
Fm = (543.854 kg) (9.8
𝑚
𝑠2 ) (sin (-0.35°)) + 0.2 (543.85 kg) (9.8
𝑚
𝑠2 ) (cos (-0.35°)) + 601.03 N
Fm = -32.5909 N + 106.703 N + 601.03 N
Fm = 675.142 N
The total energy needed to make a round trip
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = √24944.82 𝑚 + 162.42 𝑚 = 24945.3m
Fn
F500ft
F81840 ft.
162.4
24944.8 m
16. To needed energy to the market 856.499 N (24945.3 m) = 2136559 J
To needed energy from the market 675.142 N (24945.3 m) = 2136559 J
Total trip = 38207189 J
Kwh = 10.613 Kwh
Weight, factor of safety of 1.5
= 1.5 (10.613 Kwh) = 15.91 Kwh/day per day trip
7.2 Calculating the number of solar panels that is needed
The worst case scenario is the month of August 4.20 Kwh/m2/day
15.91 Kwh, Efficiency of solar panel 15.81 %, the size is 1.67658 m2
4.20 Kwh/ m2/day. 15.81%
15.91 kwh/day = 4.20 kwh/m2.15.81. (Size of array m2), Array > 23.9601 m2
The needed number of panels that is needed is
23.9601 𝑚2
1.67658 𝑚2
= 14.2911 = 15 panels at 31.9 Volt,
and 8.33 Amp
7.3 The calculation of the needed number of solar batteries :
2V × 1200 Amh
1000
= 2.4 𝑘𝑤ℎ, 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =
15.91
2.4
= 6.6 ≈ 7 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
7.4 The calculation of the needed number of truck batteries :
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =
220𝑉
24𝑉
= 9.2 ≈ 10 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠, Need 176A batteries have
200Amh.
7.5 Vehicle Acceleration Test
𝑡60 =
𝑣
𝑎
𝑡60 : Acceleration time of the vehicle from 0 to 60 mph; 𝑣: velocity of the vehicle,𝑎:
acceleration of the vehicle
𝐹𝑡 =
T × 𝑖 𝑔 × 𝑖 𝑑 ×𝜂 𝑡
𝑟
(𝐹𝑡 : driving force of the motor; T: the torque of the motor; 𝑖 𝑔 : gearbox ratio of the motor;
𝑖 𝑑 : differential ratio of the motor; 𝜂𝑡: the mechanical efficiency of the motor; 𝑟: the radius
of the tire of the vehicle.)
The motor that the team chose is K9-220v, which the torque of the motor (T) is 30.98 lbf*ft,
the gearbox ratio of the motor (𝑖 𝑔) is 3.67, the differential ratio of the motor (𝑖 𝑑) is 4.722.
The radius of the tire of the vehicle (𝑟) is 14in, and the mechanical efficiency of the motor
(ηt) is 89.5%.
17. 𝐹𝑡=
T × 𝑖 𝑔 × 𝑖 𝑑 ×𝜂 𝑡
𝑟
= 411.86 lbf
𝐹𝑚 = 0.5 × 𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟 × 𝐴 𝑐 × 𝐶 𝑑 × 𝑣𝑐
2
(𝐹𝑚 : the drag force of the vehicle; 𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟 : the density of the air; 𝐴 𝑐 : front area of the vehicle;
𝐶 𝑑 : drag efficiency; 𝑣𝑐 : the velocity of the vehicle relative to the wind.)
The density of the air (𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟) is 2.387×10-3 slug/ft3; the front area of the vehicle 𝐴 𝑐 is 30.21
ft2; the drag coefficient (𝐶 𝑑) is 0.4; the velocity of the wind (Vw) is 6mph, and the velocity
of the vehicle relative to the wind (𝑣𝑐) is 66 mph.
𝐹𝑚 = 0.5 × 𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟 × 𝐴 𝑐 × 𝐶 𝑑 × 𝑣𝑐
2 = 135.08 lbf
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇 × 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝐹𝑓: rolling resistance of the vehicle; µ: the friction coefficient; 𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑟 : the pure weight of the
vehicle; 𝑊𝑒𝑞: the weight of the battery and other equipment; 𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 : the weight of the load;
𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 : the total weight of the vehicle.
The friction coefficient (µ) is 0.02; the pure weight of the vehicle (𝑊𝑐𝑎𝑟) is 1199 lb; the
weight of the battery and other equipment (𝑊𝑒𝑞) is 801 lb; the weight of the load (𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ) is
1000 lb; the total weight of the vehicle (𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ) is 3100 lb.
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇 × 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 62 lbf
a =
𝐹𝑡+𝐹 𝑚−𝐹 𝑓
𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
=5.034 m/s2
𝑡60 =
𝑣
𝑎
= 11.91s
7.6 Solar irradiance figures
Country: Ghana
City: Tamale
Solar panel direction: Facing directly south
Figure 2: Solar Angle and Insolation
18. 7.7 Calculation of structure analysis # of legs is 4
Figure 3: Structure Analysis
19. 7.8 Braking energy recover system
Wair =
1
2
× 𝐶 𝑑 × 𝜌 × A × ∫ (29.50464 − 7.193𝑡)2 (29.5064𝑡 − 3.5965𝑡2)23.356
0
Choosing Cd = 0.4, A = 2.80660084 m2
𝐸 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 19.64 𝑘𝐽
𝐸 𝑘 =
1
2
× 1042.8088(26.82242 − 2.682242) = 371.36758 𝑘𝐽
𝐸 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙 = 𝑤 × 𝐹𝑟 × 49.5 𝑚
= 1042.8088 × 9.81 × 0.02 × 49.5 = 10.127655 𝑘𝐽
𝐸 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑤 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 × 49.5 = 1042.8088 × 9.81 × 0.006109367 × 49.5 = 3.094 𝑘𝐽
𝐸 𝑏 = 𝐸 𝑘 − 𝐸 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙 − 𝐸 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙 − 𝐸 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 343.9 𝑘𝐽
CD = 0.4, Eb = 338.51 kJ
New mass m = 1406.13635 kJ ----- Eb= 463.29 kJ
Pure Recover
a= -7.195, t = 23.1075
V1 = 29.50464 – 7.195 t
Wair =
1
2
× 𝐶 𝑑 × 𝜌 × A × ∫ (29.50464 − 7.195𝑡)2 (29.5064𝑡 − 3.5975𝑡2)23.73
0
Choosing Cd = 0.4, A = 2.80660084 m2
𝐸 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 19.89𝑘𝐽
𝐸 𝑘 =
1
2
× 1042.8088(26.82242 − 02) = 375.12 𝑘𝐽
𝐸 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙 = 𝑤 × 𝐹𝑟 × 49.5 𝑚
= 1042.8088 × 9.81 × 0.02 × 50 = 10.23 𝑘𝐽
𝐸 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑤 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 × 49.5 = 1042.8088 × 9.81 × 0.006109367 × 49.5 = 3..125 𝑘𝐽
𝐸 𝑏 = 𝐸 𝑘 − 𝐸 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙 − 𝐸 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙 − 𝐸 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 341.875 𝑘𝐽
CD = 0.4, Eb = 341.875 kJ
New mass m = 1406.13635 kJ ----- Eb= 467.92 kJ
8. Budget
The initial expense estimate for the project was $10,000 this was before researching the cost of
solar panels and electric car batteries the two most expensive components of the design. When
selecting each item needed for the project cost was weighted heavily to keep the budget low. The
solar panels contributed 23% of the budget costing $4,350, which was higher than anticipated
since 15 panels were needed. The solar batteries were the second most expensive component of
the charging station because the design required 7 batteries and each battery cost $403. The solar
20. charging station was about half of the total budget which was unexpected the solar panels were
estimated to be the most expensive part of the project. The vehicle batteries are what made the
initial expense estimate so far off. The rhino required ten 24 volt batteries to produce enough
voltage to run the electric motor. The light weight batteries cost over $500 a piece fortunately the
batteries came with a charger, the entire system was $6000, 31% of the total budget. A full list of
expenses follows in Table 2. The final predicted budget nearly doubled the initial estimate at
$18,812 this is not including employee pay since this project was meant as a charitable act. To
help with the cost of the project some NGO’s of liked minded interest were found the most
promising GGO is the Green Village Plan Development Non-Governmental Organization, which
likes to help green projects in third world countries.
The largest part of this project’s budget was allocated to personnel costs. There were 8 members
working on this project and everyone had fair effort on his part of this project. Assume each team
member got $30/hr due to each member’s high level of effort to be committed to this project and
the time that each member spent on this project was around to be 75 hours, the total compensate
of each member would be $2250 and the total compensate of all members would be $18,000.
9. Statement of Qualifications
Mohammad Molani:
Gear and Shaft analysis: calculating forces for both and design requirements for ex. Gear
ratio.
Machine design projects.
SolidWorks modeling software.
Fahad Alahmari
SolidWorks: 3D designs.
MATLAB: Write codes
Problem solving: bring a good ideas if we have a problems.
Bilingual: Arabic and English.
Nathan Ceniceros:
Solar panel experience from volunteering in the village of Yua in Ghana.
Knowledge of terrain from volunteering in the village of Yua in Ghana.
SolidWorks 3-D rendering of components and designs.
Jingyun Chen:
SolidWorks: 3D drawing for assembly
Bilingual: Chinese and English
21. Gantt Project: Create the timeline for the team
MATLAB: Writing codes for statistical analysis
Hengming Dai:
MATLAB- Write a couple code for simulation test
Photoshop- Work experience in newspaper for photography
SolidWorks- 3D software to build what the product is
Bilingual – Chinese and English
Hamed Alharbi:
Electrical engineering dealing with electricity, such as circuit, and motors
MATLAB writing short loops or functions to achieve any operation
Writing good technical writing skills
Bilingual Arabic and English
Eli Palomares:
Vehicle restorations- General knowledge of how car works. Research done for how
electric car works.
Bilingual Spanish and English
MATLAB- writing short loops or functions to achieve any operation
Jiyan Wang:
SolidWorks: 3D drawing for assembly
Bilingual : English and Chinese
Brain Storming: Bring good ideas
Without work experience most of the group’s qualifications come from classes taken at the
university. The group had some volunteer experience and extra-curricular activities that would
benefit the project in different aspects. See attached resumes in appendix.
10. Conclusion/Summary
As an overview, everything the group has worked on has led to complete analysis and design of
an electrical vehicle that is powered by sunlight. In a proceeding class, the next steps for our
project would be to apply the research and concepts previously formulated, to create a prototype
of the actual design intended for use. With any additional requirements, the continuing process
could include further detailed design with more analytical work and research. The biggest
challenge for the team would be meeting the budget requirements. The calculated budget was
almost $20,000, and with numbers this high it would be difficult for the team to find enough
22. sponsorships or funds to provide enough money for purchase of all the components. The client
will only provide the Yamaha Rhino/ vehicle, everything else, both solar and electrical, will need
to be provided by the team. For the most part, the team is satisfied with the result of our design
and work. If there was one approach we would change from the assignment, it would be with the
analysis of our budget. The budget would be the biggest issue in continuing the development of
our work, and for this reason we would try to decrease any possible costs. For example, we
would pick a cheaper motor with less voltage, so that in this way it not only decreased the price
of the motor, but it also decreased the number of batteries needed, also decreasing the total price
of the batteries. In summary, the group worked extremely well together. Each member
contributed their best qualities and work, which made it simple for the team to communicate our
ideas and opinions on every aspect of the project. Team S.I.C is content with the overall work
and results of our solar-powered electrical vehicle.
23. 11. References
[1] K. Mina, "The heat battery: Solar thermal energy storage for heating loads," in 2012 IEEE
Electrical Power and Energy Conference, EPEC 2012, October 10, 2012 - October 12, 2012, pp.
311-314.
[2] W. R. Cawthorne and G. A. Hubbard, Method for Adjusting Battery Power Limits in a
Hybrid Electric Vehicle to Provide Consistent Launch Characteristics, 2005.
[3] I. Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals. CRC press, 2011.
[4] Henneberger, Gerhardt. “Brushless motors for electric and hybrid vehicles” IEE Colloquium
Digest. pp. var paging. 1996.
[5] K. Motors, "Kostov Motors," Kostov Motors, 26 January 2011. [Online]. Available:
http://kostov-motors.com/tractionmotors/kostovevmotors(ac-
dc)/seriesdcmotorsforelectricvehicles/k9hv/. [Accessed 27 April 2014].
[6] S. Jr, "evwest," evwest, Tuesday May 2011. [Online]. Available:
http://www.evwest.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=1&products_id=48. [Accessed 27
April 2014].
[7] Greenstream, "Solar Electricity Handbook," Greenstream , 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.solarelectricityhandbook.com/solar-irradiance.html. [Accessed 27 April 2014].
[8] B. R. Munson, D. F. Young and T. H. Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. New York,
1990.
25. 12.2 Resume
Hamed Alharbi
700 S Blackbirds Roost, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86001
Cell: (928)-221-2479
Email: h.t@live.com
The objective anticipated date for graduation: May 2015
Applying for an electrical engineer position in Saudi Arabian Oil Company in Al Dhahran city.
Summary of professionalqualification
Dealing with Matlab and Python programming languages
Excellent classroom management
Active participation in group, plans, and events
Problem solver
Effective listening
Negotiation techniques
Organizational strategic planning
Communication skills
Experience and Qualifications
A bachelor degree in electrical engineering from Northern Arizona University
one year of experience in Al Madina institution as electrical technician 2008 - 2009
Six months of working in King Saud University in the computer 2/25/2009 -7/26/2009
maintenance department
A three months of working in the Saudi Club as an adviser for the 8/6/2009 - 11/1/2009
Saudi students in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Minor in Math
Six months of studying the English language in Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada. 8/12/2009 - 2/10/2010
Education
Bachelor of Science, electrical engineering.
Minor in math
Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
26. Eli Palomares
602-881-9543│eep35@nau.edu
2402 W. Muriel dr Phoenix, AZ 85023
CareerObjective
I want to obtain an internship with a big automotive company and move my way up
from there. I want to specialize in automotive design and design cars for a living. Until
then I will keep doing well in school and work on many other automotive related
projects. My career will be my greatest of pastimes so I will enjoy the patience needed
for the automotive field. I will invent new and improved cars that will save our economy
and our environment. The sky is the limit when finding new ways to bring style,
transportation, technology and fun into one amazing automobile.
Education
Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
Bachelors of Science Degree, Mechanical Engineering Expected
Graduation: May 2015
Related Courses
Computer-Aided Design Electrical Engineering I Electrical
Engineering I Lab
Intro to Engineering Design Engineering Analysis Applied Mechanics
Statics
Programming for ENG & SCI Programming for ENG & SCI LAB
Thermodynamics I
Engineering Design: Process Thermodynamics II Mechanics of
Materials
Mechanics of Materials Lab Applied Mechanics Dynamics Materials Science
Machine Design Fluid Mechanics Engineering Design:
The Methods
Course Project
Solar Truck/ Charger Electric Car Conversion
27. The goal of this team project is to improve the quality of life of a city located in
Africa, by giving them reliable and consistent transportation. Designing an
electric truck powered by solar panels that will provide our client the opportunity
to deliver goods to the country, free from any deterrence’s or impediments in the
process.
Related Work Experience
Complete 1968 Mustang Coupe Restoration
Phoenix, AZ
Automotive Mechanic May
2010-Present
At 16 years, I purchased an old beat down rusted 1968 Mustang that needed a
complete restoration. I restored the entire car, all aspects of it, whether it be
mechanical, electrical, priming/ paint buffering, trim/ chrome, etc… buying all new
parts, total disassembly and putting it back together.
*Bilingual: Fluent in both English and Spanish
28. Jingyun Chen
2800 S Highland Mesa Rd Apt 10-204
Flagstaff, AZ, 86001
jc2592@nau.edu
(928)221-9780
Objective
To obtain a summer internship at Northrop Grumman that will utilize my
analytical and technical skills.
Education
Aug.2012-Present NORTHERNARIZONAUNIVERSITY FLAGSTAFF, AZ
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. Minor: Mathematics
Expected graduation date of May, 2015.
Overall GPA: 3.94
Related Courses
Mechanical Engineering: Mathematics:
Machine Design Discrete Mathematics
Fluid Mechanics Linear Algebra
Intro to Solidworks Numerical Analysis
Working Experience
Ang.2013-Present NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY FLAGSTAFF, AZ
Calculus III grader
Helped students practice their math skills through homework problems
Prompt feedback about their level of understanding
May.2013-Aug.2013 SIEMENSAG CHINA XI’AN, SA
Summer Internship Program
Supported internal engineers, customers and suppliers to specify the
requirements of special containers
Designed detailed drawings of the special container types
Summarized the findings of the structural integrity assessment in a written
report
Performed statistics calculations
29. May.2012-Aug.2012 CHINACONSTRUCTION BANK SHANNXI BRANCH XI’AN, SA
Credit Card Salesman
Acquired knowledge of saling credit card and learned marketing plans for saling
credit card to college students.
Contacted college students to purchase credit cards and archive their cards
Personal Skills
Language skills:
Madarin (native speaker),
English (fluent)
Computer Language Skills:
MATLAB
NXC
VB
Computer Software:
MS Word
PowerPoint
Excel
Solidworks
Gantt Project
30. NATHAN CENICEROS
901 S. O’Leary St. Apt # 118 Flagstaff AZ, 86001
Cell: (520)-559-2192
Email: nc262@nau.edu
EDUCATION
School: Northern Arizona University
Flagstaff, AZ
Degree:Bachelors of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Dates : August 2009 to May 2015
CLUBS
Engineers Without Borders
Multicultural Engineering Program
COURSES
Computer Aid and Design
Advanced Computer Aid and Design
WORK HISTORY
Company: Harkins Theatre
Flagstaff, AZ
Position: Usher / Cashier
Dates: May 2010 to August 2011
Responsibilities: Ensured customer satisfaction, managed money and inventory
while working in a team environment .
Company: Independent Installers
Sierra Vista, AZ
Position: Installer / Metal Worker
Responsibilities: Designed and installed heating and cooling systems for
commercial and residential buildings, assembled plenums and rigid ductwork.
VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE
Association: Engineers Without Borders
Title: Field Engineer
Responsibilities: Installing and fixing a solar powered well system for the village
of Yua in Ghana Africa. Where I worked with a team to identify and meet the
needs of the village and budgeted expenses.
31. Hengming Dai
1105 E Ponderosa Pkwy, Flagstaff, 86001
Cell: 928-221-0779 • Home: 928-221-0779
Email: hd92@nau.edu
PROFESSIONAL PROFILE
Effective communicator with excellent planning, organizational, and negotiation strengths
as well as the ability to lead, reach consensus, establish goals, and attain results.
Have multiple cultural and academic backgrounds. Major in mechanical engineering and
minor in math.
Skilled in different languages (Chinese and English).
EDUCATION
Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ Anticipated graduation in May 2015
Bachelor of Science in Engineering,
Major in Mechanical Engineering, Minor in Mathematics
GPA: 3.84
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Internship June 2013 – Aug 2013
China Telecommunication Technology labs. Test communication equipment and signal
transmit.
Math Tutor Aug 2013 –June 2014
Math Jack Center in Math Department, Northern Arizona University. Worked in open lab
and private tutoring helping students succeed in math.
PROFESSIONAL AFFFILIATION
HPVC Aug 2012 – Apr 2013
Have experience working in building and designing vehicles for Human Powered Vehicle
Challenge (HPVC) project competition. Won third place in speed event in both women and men.
Sponsored by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
TECHNICAL SKILLS
Microsoft Office Suite expert Proficient in Solid Works
American study experience Skilled in MATLAB, Visual Basic,
Root cause analysis and Photoshop
Global sight
Careful about detail
32. Mohammad Molani
3601 south Lake Mary Road, Flagstaff,
AZ, 86001
928-6373606
Msm276@nau.edu
Objective
Applying for a job in Kuwait Oil Company as a Mechanical Engineer.
Education
Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
o Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate date in 5/9/2015.
o Have a have the minor math in Kuwait University and which consider the
second top university in the Middle East.
Summery
Expert in Solid Work and other CAD Programs.
Expert in solving group conflicts.
Have a good experience in Coding and Programing using MATLAB
Have a great background about the Design cycle which is consider the essential part of
engineering projects.
Experience
Building a telescoping antenna project in Machine design class in University of Arizona
in summer 2013. While we have to stick to the restrictions of the dimensions for
example the antenna should be 50 feet high.
Member of Kuwaiti Student Club. As a member of the club, I was responsible for
managing the gathering date and the dinner for every meeting we attend.
Designed an Electromagnetic Truck for grapping the huge trashes for class EGR-286.
Build and code an Arduino that makes a unique LED pattern that goes as a circle.
Awards
Won trophy as the second best player in Kuwait for video game calls”PES2009”.
Sponsored by Kuwait Gulf Company.
Won the Student of the year in my high school.
33. Alahmari Fahad
928-221-1528
FAA37@NAU.EDU
QUALIFICATIONS SUMMARY
Team leader / management, communication, event organizer.
Small independent projects in SolidWorks and MATLab.
“Design 4 Practice” program,created professional documents tables, graphs, design methods.
Mechanical Engineering skill set, physics, calculus, differential equations.
Objective
To find an employment position where I can apply the skills I have developed throughout my education.
Education
Northern Arizona University (NAU),Flagstaff, Arizona Expected Graduation: May 2015
Bachelor ofScience, Mechanical Engineering
Experience
Vacation/Travel Call Center, Alkoobar, Saudi Arabia June 2010 – August 2011
Telephone Operator
Worked at the call center for the marketing department making about 200-250 cold calls per day.
Followed up with customers to secure payments and travel arrangements.
Saudi Club, NAU,Flagstaff, AZ March 2012 – October 2012
Treasurer / Event Coordinator
Organized international student activities for the club and for international day on campus.
Received payments from active club members for future event use.
Planned monthly meetings with club officials to discuss future of club.
Skills
SolidWorks, MATLab, Microsoft Office Suite, Windows, Apple
Mechanics of Materials, Engineering Physics, Statics
Critical thinking (Calculus 3 & Differential Equations)
Design 4 Practice (D4P) Program:Teamwork, Communication, Design process
Created multiple professional documents to discuss the design process in engineering projects.
Languages
Arabic, English
Professional Summary:
I envision myself a hard working team member in any field where my skills will allow me to provide
solutions to any problem that I encounter.
34. Jiyan Wang
923 W University Ave. Unit 6 Rm 136
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
(928)399-0377
jw595@nau.edu
Qualification Summary
Effective communication skills, fluent in English and Chinese
Familiar with Microsoft Offices, SOLIDWORKS, Structure and Hydraulic program
Motivated and detail-oriented working skills on teams and individually
Objective
Looking for a job in Mechanical engineering field.
Education
[Northern Arizona University, 2011-2014, Flagstaff, AZ]
Major in Civil Engineering
Minor in Mechanical Engineering
Expected Graduation Date: May 10th, 2015
Skills
SOLIDWORKS software (Include SOLIDWORKS Simulations)
Microsoft Office Software
Course Experience
[Solid Works]
Constructing 3D graphics using this software
[Thermodynamics I+II]
Concepts of heat and temperature in relation to energy and work
How to increase the efficiency and power output of early steam engines
