Tumor markers
Many cancers are associated with the abnormal production of some molecules which can be measured in plasma. These molecules are known as tumor markers.
A good tumor maker should have those properties:
1. A tumor marker should be present in or produced by tumor itself.
2. A tumor marker should not be present in healthy tissues.
3. Plasma level of a tumor marker should be at a minimum level in healthy subjects and in benign conditions.
4. A tumor marker should be specific for a tissue, it should have different immunological properties when it is synthesized in other tissues.
5. Plasma level of the tumor marker should be in proportion to the both size of the tumor and the activity of the tumor.
6. Half-life of a tumor should not be very long
7. A tumor marker should be present in plasma at a detectable level, even though tumor size is very small
Tumor markers
Many cancers are associated with the abnormal production of some molecules which can be measured in plasma. These molecules are known as tumor markers.
A good tumor maker should have those properties:
1. A tumor marker should be present in or produced by tumor itself.
2. A tumor marker should not be present in healthy tissues.
3. Plasma level of a tumor marker should be at a minimum level in healthy subjects and in benign conditions.
4. A tumor marker should be specific for a tissue, it should have different immunological properties when it is synthesized in other tissues.
5. Plasma level of the tumor marker should be in proportion to the both size of the tumor and the activity of the tumor.
6. Half-life of a tumor should not be very long
7. A tumor marker should be present in plasma at a detectable level, even though tumor size is very small
Tumor markers (also known as biomarkers) are substances found at higher than normal levels in the blood, urine, or body tissue of some people with cancer. Although cancer cells often produce tumor markers, other healthy cells in the body produce them as well.
define the cancer, types of tumor cells, TNM classification, staging, cancer cells in different area, etiology, carcinogenesis, sign of cancer, diagnosis, prevention - radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgical management
An Overview of Pancreatic Cancer - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
Pancreatic cancer is one of the malignant tumors with strong invasiveness, high degree of deterioration and low surgical resection rate in the digestive system. Optimizing early diagnosis and developing targeted therapy of pancreatic cancer are the key to improving the survival rate of patients. The slide named an overview of pancreatic cancer is created by Creative Biolabs who provides high-quality antibody production with advanced research tools, professional technical support, and rapid global delivery. In the slide, we will give you a comprehensive introduction to pancreatic cancer and its signaling pathways, diagnostics markers and targeted therapies, as well as Creative Biolabs’ antibody-related products and services. It is believed that you can fully understand how important it is to optimize early diagnosis and develop targeted drugs.
What is biomarker?
What is the purpose of biomarker
Processes of biomarker development?
Types of Biomarkers
What is biomarker testing for cancer treatment?
Uses of Biomarkers in Cancer Medicine
Uses of Biomarkers in Cancer Drug Discovery
Biomarkers have a diversified role in diagnosis, prognostication and risk stratification. This presentation aims to compile the basic information and new literature on various biomarkers pertaining to cancer care.
Tumor markers (also known as biomarkers) are substances found at higher than normal levels in the blood, urine, or body tissue of some people with cancer. Although cancer cells often produce tumor markers, other healthy cells in the body produce them as well.
define the cancer, types of tumor cells, TNM classification, staging, cancer cells in different area, etiology, carcinogenesis, sign of cancer, diagnosis, prevention - radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgical management
An Overview of Pancreatic Cancer - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
Pancreatic cancer is one of the malignant tumors with strong invasiveness, high degree of deterioration and low surgical resection rate in the digestive system. Optimizing early diagnosis and developing targeted therapy of pancreatic cancer are the key to improving the survival rate of patients. The slide named an overview of pancreatic cancer is created by Creative Biolabs who provides high-quality antibody production with advanced research tools, professional technical support, and rapid global delivery. In the slide, we will give you a comprehensive introduction to pancreatic cancer and its signaling pathways, diagnostics markers and targeted therapies, as well as Creative Biolabs’ antibody-related products and services. It is believed that you can fully understand how important it is to optimize early diagnosis and develop targeted drugs.
What is biomarker?
What is the purpose of biomarker
Processes of biomarker development?
Types of Biomarkers
What is biomarker testing for cancer treatment?
Uses of Biomarkers in Cancer Medicine
Uses of Biomarkers in Cancer Drug Discovery
Biomarkers have a diversified role in diagnosis, prognostication and risk stratification. This presentation aims to compile the basic information and new literature on various biomarkers pertaining to cancer care.
In the recent years, knowledge about cancer biomarkers has increased tremendously
providing great opportunities for improving the management of cancer patients by
enhancing the efficiency of detection and efficacy of treatment.
• Recent technological advancement has enabled the examination of many
potential biomarkers and renewed interest in developing new biomarkers.
• Biomarkers of cancer could include a broad range of biochemical entities, such as nucleic
acids, proteins, sugars, lipids, and small metabolites, cytogenetic and cytokinetic
parameters as well as whole tumour cells found in the body
fluid. A COMPREHENSIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE RELEVANCE
OF EACH BIOMARKER WILL BE VERY IMPORTANT NOT
ONLY FOR DIAGNOSING THE DISEASE RELIABLY, BUT ALSO
HELP IN THE CHOICE OF MULTIPLE THERAPEUTIC
ALTERNATIVES CURRENTLY AVAILABLE THAT IS LIKELY TO
BENEFIT THE PATIENTS.• Measure or evaluate the normal biological process, pathogenic processes, or
pharmacological response to a therapeutic interventions.
• Includes ~ diagnostic test and imaging technology
• “ Cancer is clusters disease involving alterations in status and expression of
multiple genes that confer a survival advantage & diminished proliferative
potential to somatic or germinal cells"
Specific to tumor
• Level change in response to tumor size
• No fluctuations in level
• Low level in healthy individual
• Predict recurrence
• Test should be cost effective
DNA methylation
2. Alteration pattern of histone modification
3. Alterations in chromatin condensation
There are a variety of tests that you may face during the process of your diagnosis which will likely affect your treatment decision making. Join this informative webinar where Scott Weissman, MS, CGC, will explain the difference between tumor and germline testing so that you can better understand the tests you receive and what they mean for you.
Uterine Cancer Recurrence: All You Need To Knowbkling
t's not uncommon for uterine cancer survivors to worry about recurrence.
Whether you've had a recurrence or want to become more informed, join Dr. Susan C. Modesitt, Director of Gynecologic Oncology at UVA Cancer Center, to learn more information about uterine cancer recurrence as well as available treatment options.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. What are tumor markers ?
• Also Called as biomarkers
• Oncoproteins or mutated forms of proteins produced by cancer cells
or by other cells in response to cancer or by noncancerous conditions
too.
• Most are tumors antigens
• Can be found in the blood, urine, stool, tumor tissue or other tissues
or bodily fluids of some patients with cancer.
• Associated with only one type of cancer, whereas others are
associated with two or more cancer types
3. Tumor markers associated with colorectal cancer
Markers found in the blood : 1) CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen (CEA)
2) CA 19-9
3) Circulating tumor cells of epithelial origin
(CELLSEARCH®)
Markers found in tumor tissue: 1) Microsatellite Instability (MSI)
2) oncogenes mutation: BRAF mutations
3) Tumor suppressor gene mutations: K-RAS,p-53
4) Tumor M2-PK
4. CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen (CEA)
• What ? Glycoprotein used for cell adhesion.
• When ? 1.Production ceases before birth.
2.Colorectal carcinoma, lung carcinoma, gastric carcinoma,
pancreatic carcinoma and breast carcinoma
(a non-specific tumor marker)
• What else ? may also increase in heavy smoking, non-neoplastic conditions
like pancreatitis, cirrhosis, COPD
(Not reliable alone for diagnosis of cancer)
• Sample ? through blood
• Sensitivity 80.43% Specificity 75% (lower in early stages)
5. Contd..
• Normal level ? <2.5ng/ml
• During cancer ? upto 20ng/ml
• Detection ? detected by monoclonal antibody arcitumomab
6. CA 19-9
• What ? A cancer antigen 19-9 or also known as carbohydrate antigen 19-9
• When ? Level raises in GI cancer ; colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer
and hepatocellular cancer (a non-specific tumor marker)
• What else? May also increase in pancreatitis, cirrhosis, and diseases and
obstruction of the bile ducts. ( Not used alone for diagnosis and
screening)
• Sample ? Blood
• Sensitivity 69.57% Specificity 61.11%
• Normal <37 U/ml
7. Microsatellite Instability (MSI)
• What ? It is defined as appearance of abnormality long or short
microsatellite genes in individual’s DNA leading to instability.
• How ? It is a condition manifested by damaged DNA repair gene due to
mutations. loss of DNA repair gene Repetitive DNA sequence
Normal sequence of gene is broken in microsatelliteinstability
• Result Such microsatellite insertion in Tumor suppressor gene coding cause
1. uncontrolled cell division
2. tumor growth
9. Tumor M2-PK
• What ? dimeric form of the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme typeM2 and a key
enzyme within tumor metabolism.
• When ? colorectal cancer
• Sample ? feces
• Sensitivity 85% Specificity95%
• What else ? 1. Advance in the early detection of colorectal carcinomas
2. Non-invasive medical checkups
10. So, when are they useful ?
Screening
Diagnosing
Staging
Prognosis
Guidance
Monitoring
Therapy
11. 1. Screening and diagnosis : .To identify early cancer risk
.Done with combination of other tests like stool test,
occult blood test, radiographic studies and CT scan
2. Staging : . To assess the stage of the cancer
3. Prognosis : . To predict the outcome
4. Guidance : . To guide the course of treatment
5. Monitoring : . To evaluate response to treatment
6. Therapy : . To target and plan the therapy
12. What are their limitations?
• Lack of high specificity false positives
• Lack of high sensitivity false negatives
• Benign tumors positive CA-125 or CEA
• Sometimes, noncancerous conditions can cause the levels of certain tumor
markers to increase e.g. Raised CEA in smokers as well.
• Small amount in normal people.
• Not higher levels with some cancers .
• Absence of tumor markers for every type of cancers.