This document provides an overview of cloud computing, including its evolution, definitions, characteristics, service models, deployment models, benefits, challenges, and case studies. It discusses the key technologies that enable cloud computing such as virtualization, web services, and software as a service. Several real-world examples of organizations using cloud computing are presented, including Google, Amazon, Facebook, IBM, Microsoft, Salesforce.com, and government agencies. The document also examines the economics of cloud computing and traditional data centers.

1. Cloud Computing – An OverviewKannan Subbiah

2. Evolution of ComputingCLOUDDISRUPTOR: VIRTUALIZATIONWEB197019801990200019602010CLIENT SERVERMINICOMPUTERMAINFRAME

3. Origin of the term “Cloud Computing”“Comes from the early days of the Internet where we drew the network as a cloud… we didn’t care where the messages went… the cloud hid it from us” – Kevin Marks, Google First cloud around networking (TCP/IP abstraction) & Second cloud around documents (WWW data abstraction) The emerging cloud abstracts infrastructure complexities of servers, applications, data, and heterogeneous platforms (“muck” as Amazon’s CEO Jeff Bezos calls it)

4. Thoughts on Cloud ComputingGalen Gruman, InfoWorld Executive Editor, and Eric Knorr, InfoWorld Editor in Chief“A way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software.”“The idea of loosely coupled services running on an agile, scalable infrastructure should eventually make every enterprise a node in the cloud.”

5. More ThoughtsTim O’Reilly, CEO O’Reilly Media“I think it is one of the foundations of the next generation of computing”“The network of networks is the platform for all computing”“Everything we think of as a computer today is really just a device that connects to the big computer that we are all collectively building”

6. More ThoughtsDan Farber, Editor in Chief CNET News“We are at the beginning of the age of planetary computing. Billions of people will be wirelessly interconnected, and the only way to achieve that kind of massive scale usage is by massive scale, brutally efficient cloud-based infrastructure.”

7. Next Inflection PointIT resources and services that are abstracted from the underlying infrastructure and provided “on-demand” and “at scale” in a multi-tenant environmentToday, clouds are associated with an off-premise, hosted model

8. A Working Definition of Cloud ComputingCloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models.

9. Essential Cloud CharacteristicsOn-demand self-service Broad network accessResource poolingLocation independenceRapid elasticityMeasured service

10. 3 Cloud Service ModelsCloud Software as a Service (SaaS)Use provider’s applications over a network Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS)Deploy customer-created applications to a cloud Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)Rent processing, storage, network capacity, and other fundamental computing resources To be considered “cloud” they must be deployed on top of cloud infrastructure that has the key characteristics

11. Service Model Architectures

12. 4 Cloud Deployment ModelsPrivate cloud enterprise owned or leasedCommunity cloudshared infrastructure for specific communityPublic cloudSold to the public, mega-scale infrastructureHybrid cloudcomposition of two or more clouds

13. Public vs Private Cloud

14. Common Cloud CharacteristicsCloud computing often leverages:Massive scaleHomogeneityVirtualizationResilient computingLow cost softwareGeographic distributionService orientationAdvanced security technologies

15. The NIST Cloud Definition Framework

16. Cloud Application usage

17. Core objectives of Cloud ComputingCore objectives and principles that cloud computing must meet to be successful: Security ScalabilityAvailability Performance Cost-effective Acquire resources on demand Release resources when no longer needed Pay for what you use Leverage others’ core competencies Turn fixed cost into variable cost

18. A “sunny” vision of the futureSun Microsystems CTO Greg PapadopoulosUsers will “trust” service providers with their data like they trust banks with their money“Hosting providers [will] bring ‘brutal efficiency’ for utilization, power, security, service levels, and idea-to-deploy time” –CNET articleBecoming cost ineffective to build data centersOrganizations will rent computing resources Envisions grid of 6 cloud infrastructure providers linked to 100 regional providers

19. Benefits of Cloud ComputingSource: IBSG, 2009

20. ChallengesSource: Cisco IBSG 2009

21. ReliabilityRackspace 11-03-09Microsoft Sidekick 10-11-09Sales Force 12-28-09, 1-5-09http://www.marketspaceadvisory.com/cloud/: “Envisioning the Cloud: the Next Computing Paradigm,” J Rayport & A.Heyward, 2009

22. Everyone Is Going To The CloudSpeedCostCLOUD ADOPTION Maximize revenue

23. Reduce cost

24. Expedite time to market

25. Focus resources

26. Do more projectsTHE CLOUD IN THE ENTERPRISE47%say they are already using it or actively researching it.58%say cloud computingwill cause a radicalShift in IT.- CIO Magazine (from IDC report) Oct 2008- CIO Magazine (From IDC Report) Oct. 2008 By 201220% of businesseswill own no IT assets.If you’re not integrating cloud computing into your mission critical IT strategy, you’ll soon be lapped by your competitors.- Gartner Key Predictions, Jan. 2010z

27. Foundational Elements of Cloud ComputingPrimary TechnologiesVirtualization

28. Grid technology

29. Service Oriented Architectures

30. Distributed Computing

31. Broadband Networks

32. Browser as a platform

33. Free and Open Source SoftwareOther TechnologiesAutonomic Systems

34. Web 2.0

35. Web application frameworks

36. Service Level AgreementsWeb 2.0Is not a standard but an evolution in using the WWW“Don’t fight the Internet” – CEO Google, Eric SchmidtWeb 2.0 is the trend of using the full potential of the webViewing the Internet as a computing platformRunning interactive applications through a web browserLeveraging interconnectivity and mobility of devicesThe “long tail” (profits in selling specialized small market goods) Enhanced effectiveness with greater human participationTim O'Reilly: “Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the Internet as a platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform.”

37. Software as a Service (SaaS)SaaS is hosting applications on the Internet as a service (both consumer and enterprise)Jon Williams, CTO of Kaplan Test Prep on SaaS“I love the fact that I don't need to deal with servers, staging, version maintenance, security, performance”Eric Knorr with Computerworld says that “[there is an] increasing desperation on the part of IT to minimize application deployment and maintenance hassles”

38. Three Features of Mature SaaS ApplicationsScalableHandle growing amounts of work in a graceful mannerMulti-tenancyOne application instance may be serving hundreds of companiesOpposite of multi-instance where each customer is provisioned their own server running one instanceMetadata driven configurabilityInstead of customizing the application for a customer (requiring code changes), one allows the user to configure the application through metadata

39. SaaS Maturity LevelsLevel 1: Ad-Hoc/CustomLevel 2: ConfigurableLevel 3: Configurable, Multi-Tenant-EfficientLevel 4: Scalable, Configurable, Multi-Tenant-Efficient

40. Utility Computing“Computing may someday be organized as a public utility” - John McCarthy, MIT Centennial in 1961 Huge computational and storage capabilities available from utilitiesMetered billing (pay for what you use)Simple to use interface to access the capability (e.g., plugging into an outlet)

41. Service Level Agreements (SLAs)Contract between customers and service providers of the level of service to be providedContains performance metrics (e.g., uptime, throughput, response time)Problem management detailsDocumented security capabilitiesContains penalties for non-performance

42. Autonomic System ComputingComplex computing systems that manage themselvesDecreased need for human administrators to perform lower level tasksAutonomic properties: Purposeful, Automatic, Adaptive, AwareIBM’s 4 properties: self-healing, self-configuration, self-optimization, and self-protectionIT labor costs are 18 times that of equipment costs.The number of computers is growing at 38% each year.

43. Grid ComputingDistributed parallel processing across a networkKey concept: “the ability to negotiate resource-sharing arrangements”Characteristics of grid computingCoordinates independent resourcesUses open standards and interfacesQuality of serviceAllows for heterogeneity of computersDistribution across large geographical boundariesLoose coupling of computers

44. Platform Virtualization“[Cloud computing] relies on separating your applications from the underlying infrastructure” - Steve Herrod, CTO at VMwareHost operating system provides an abstraction layer for running virtual guest OSsKey is the “hypervisor” or “virtual machine monitor”Enables guest OSs to run in isolation of other OSsRun multiple types of OSsIncreases utilization of physical serversEnables portability of virtual servers between physical serversIncreases security of physical host server

45. Web ServicesWeb Services

46. Self-describing and stateless modules that perform discrete units of work and are available over the network

47. “Web service providers offer APIs that enable developers to exploit functionality over the Internet, rather than delivering full-blown applications.” - Infoworld

48. Standards based interfaces (WS-I Basic Profile)

49. e.g., SOAP, WSDL, WS-Security

50. Enabling state: WS-Transaction, Choreography

51. Many loosely coupled interacting modules form a single logical system (e.g., legos)Service Oriented ArchitecturesService Oriented ArchitecturesModel for using web servicesservice requestors, service registry, service providersUse of web services to compose complex, customizable, distributed applicationsEncapsulate legacy applicationsOrganize stovepiped applications into collective integrated servicesInteroperability and extensibility