The injury rates in college athletes is high, with over half experiencing an injury in a single season. Psychological risk factors like stress have been linked to increased injury risk by causing muscle tension. This study examined whether self-reported stress and maladaptive coping predicted musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) in 245 college athletes. Questionnaires assessed stress and coping, while injuries were obtained from medical records. Logistic regression found no significant predictors of MSI, although high athletic stress trended toward increasing MSI risk. While psychological factors did not independently predict MSI in this study, injury prevention remains important given long-term health impacts of injuries sustained in college sports.
Mal-Alignment as a Risk Factor for Lower Extremity Overuse Injuries: A Case C...iosrjce
This study examined the association between mal-alignment and lower extremity overuse injuries in young adults engaged in unorganized sports activities. The study included 471 cases with overuse injuries and 857 controls without injuries. Mal-alignment was assessed clinically and radiographically. The most common unorganized activity was recreational running. A statistically significant correlation was found between mal-alignment and overuse injuries (p=0.003). The study concluded that overuse injuries in young adults are significantly associated with mal-alignments.
This document summarizes a study that explored psychological resilience in athletes who had recovered from a sports injury. It reviewed previous literature on resilience in sports and injury recovery. The study conducted semi-structured interviews with 6 previously injured male athletes to identify themes around protective factors that facilitated their successful return from injury. The interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis to explore key themes. Seven higher-order themes emerged as protective factors in the injury recovery process: being motivated, having previous adversity experience, having support systems, using faith, being confident, being positive, and being focused. These findings added to previous research on resilience in Olympic athletes by specifically examining resilience in relation to sports injury recovery.
This study compared the effectiveness of two rehabilitation programs for acute hamstring strains. Twenty-four athletes with hamstring strains were randomly assigned to either a static stretching, isolated strengthening, and icing program (STST group) or a progressive agility, trunk stabilization, and icing program (PATS group). The PATS group had a significantly shorter average time to return to sports (22.2 days vs 37.4 days) and lower reinjury rates both within 2 weeks of returning (0% vs 54.5%) and within 1 year (7.7% vs 70%) compared to the STST group. A rehabilitation program including progressive agility and trunk stabilization exercises was found to be more effective for returning athletes to
Elderly compliance to physical therapy programs is an important issue, as noncompliance can lead to negative health outcomes. Studies have found that one-third to two-thirds of patients are not fully compliant with prescribed exercises. The Health Belief Model and Self-Determination Theory can help explain factors influencing compliance. Key factors include a patient's perceived susceptibility, severity of their condition, barriers/benefits to treatment, and level of intrinsic motivation. Improving patient education and autonomy support can increase long-term compliance to physical therapy programs.
This document discusses the role of physical activity and exercise in aging populations. It covers factors for successful aging, characteristics of study populations according to physical activity levels, and the health benefits and goals of exercise for both younger-old and older-old age groups. The document also summarizes studies on the relationship between physical activity and reduced risks of mortality, cardiovascular disease, and other health outcomes. It provides guidelines for endurance and resistance training programs as well as screening recommendations for exercise in older adults.
To Compare The Effect Of Core Stability Exercises And Muscle Energy Technique...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Low back pain is considered one of the commonest condition in the western and industrialized
countries. It is estimated that up to 50% of adults experience low back pain during their life span. People of all
age group can be effected by this menace irrespective to their gender and quality of life. It has become one of
the leading causes for the visit to physician thus also puts a heavy burden on the currency of the country.
Physiotherapy is the most widely used form of treatment adopted for gaining relief from low back pain. The
exercises include stretching, strengthening, range of motion exercises, McKenzie therapy and core stability
exercises other techniques like muscle energy technique etc. It has been concluded in various studies core
stability exercises and muscle energy technique are beneficial in low back pain patients but comparison of their
effect needs to be established to provide early and better relief from the disability. Therefore objective of the
study was to compare the effect of core stability exercises and muscle energy techniques on low back pain
patients. 60 subjects aged 18 – 45 years with low back pain were made part of the study based on inclusion and
exclusion criteria and were then divided into three groups named A, B and C. Group A received core stability
exercise and conventional physiotheraphy and group B received muscle energy techniques and conventional
physiotherapy. The exercise program was given on alternate days with a total of 24 sessions and progression of
the activity was made within the tolerance of the patient. Pre and post treatment readings were taken of pain,
ROM and quality of life scale. Results were analyzed using paired, unpaired t- test and ANOVA. Results showed
that there is significant effect on pain, ROM and quality of life scale in the three groups but group A was
clinically more significant than the other groups. The study concluded that patients with low back pain are
benefitted more by core stability exercises. So, core stability exercises should be practiced more.
Keywords: Low Back Pain, Core Stabilization Exercises, Muscle Energy Technique.
The document discusses chronic pain disorders, specifically chronic muscle pain. It provides epidemiological data showing chronic muscle pain is highly prevalent and costly. It discusses the importance of differential diagnosis to determine if pain has central or peripheral causes. Trigger points in muscles are identified as a key peripheral mechanism of chronic pain. The document also summarizes research supporting the role of sympathetic nervous system activation in triggering and maintaining trigger points. It concludes by outlining a treatment approach focused on education to change causal attributions of pain, in addition to physical therapies and cognitive interventions.
This study examined the relationship between mental toughness, pain catastrophizing, and pain following exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). 37 participants completed measures of mental toughness and pain catastrophizing before performing an eccentric exercise protocol designed to induce DOMS. Participants reported pain intensity and interference before and 48 hours after exercise. Results showed increases in post-exercise pain intensity and interference. Higher pain catastrophizing correlated with greater reported post-exercise pain intensity and interference, while higher mental toughness correlated with lower reported post-exercise pain intensity but not interference. Thus, pain catastrophizing may be particularly important in influencing pain experiences in athletes.
Mal-Alignment as a Risk Factor for Lower Extremity Overuse Injuries: A Case C...iosrjce
This study examined the association between mal-alignment and lower extremity overuse injuries in young adults engaged in unorganized sports activities. The study included 471 cases with overuse injuries and 857 controls without injuries. Mal-alignment was assessed clinically and radiographically. The most common unorganized activity was recreational running. A statistically significant correlation was found between mal-alignment and overuse injuries (p=0.003). The study concluded that overuse injuries in young adults are significantly associated with mal-alignments.
This document summarizes a study that explored psychological resilience in athletes who had recovered from a sports injury. It reviewed previous literature on resilience in sports and injury recovery. The study conducted semi-structured interviews with 6 previously injured male athletes to identify themes around protective factors that facilitated their successful return from injury. The interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis to explore key themes. Seven higher-order themes emerged as protective factors in the injury recovery process: being motivated, having previous adversity experience, having support systems, using faith, being confident, being positive, and being focused. These findings added to previous research on resilience in Olympic athletes by specifically examining resilience in relation to sports injury recovery.
This study compared the effectiveness of two rehabilitation programs for acute hamstring strains. Twenty-four athletes with hamstring strains were randomly assigned to either a static stretching, isolated strengthening, and icing program (STST group) or a progressive agility, trunk stabilization, and icing program (PATS group). The PATS group had a significantly shorter average time to return to sports (22.2 days vs 37.4 days) and lower reinjury rates both within 2 weeks of returning (0% vs 54.5%) and within 1 year (7.7% vs 70%) compared to the STST group. A rehabilitation program including progressive agility and trunk stabilization exercises was found to be more effective for returning athletes to
Elderly compliance to physical therapy programs is an important issue, as noncompliance can lead to negative health outcomes. Studies have found that one-third to two-thirds of patients are not fully compliant with prescribed exercises. The Health Belief Model and Self-Determination Theory can help explain factors influencing compliance. Key factors include a patient's perceived susceptibility, severity of their condition, barriers/benefits to treatment, and level of intrinsic motivation. Improving patient education and autonomy support can increase long-term compliance to physical therapy programs.
This document discusses the role of physical activity and exercise in aging populations. It covers factors for successful aging, characteristics of study populations according to physical activity levels, and the health benefits and goals of exercise for both younger-old and older-old age groups. The document also summarizes studies on the relationship between physical activity and reduced risks of mortality, cardiovascular disease, and other health outcomes. It provides guidelines for endurance and resistance training programs as well as screening recommendations for exercise in older adults.
To Compare The Effect Of Core Stability Exercises And Muscle Energy Technique...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Low back pain is considered one of the commonest condition in the western and industrialized
countries. It is estimated that up to 50% of adults experience low back pain during their life span. People of all
age group can be effected by this menace irrespective to their gender and quality of life. It has become one of
the leading causes for the visit to physician thus also puts a heavy burden on the currency of the country.
Physiotherapy is the most widely used form of treatment adopted for gaining relief from low back pain. The
exercises include stretching, strengthening, range of motion exercises, McKenzie therapy and core stability
exercises other techniques like muscle energy technique etc. It has been concluded in various studies core
stability exercises and muscle energy technique are beneficial in low back pain patients but comparison of their
effect needs to be established to provide early and better relief from the disability. Therefore objective of the
study was to compare the effect of core stability exercises and muscle energy techniques on low back pain
patients. 60 subjects aged 18 – 45 years with low back pain were made part of the study based on inclusion and
exclusion criteria and were then divided into three groups named A, B and C. Group A received core stability
exercise and conventional physiotheraphy and group B received muscle energy techniques and conventional
physiotherapy. The exercise program was given on alternate days with a total of 24 sessions and progression of
the activity was made within the tolerance of the patient. Pre and post treatment readings were taken of pain,
ROM and quality of life scale. Results were analyzed using paired, unpaired t- test and ANOVA. Results showed
that there is significant effect on pain, ROM and quality of life scale in the three groups but group A was
clinically more significant than the other groups. The study concluded that patients with low back pain are
benefitted more by core stability exercises. So, core stability exercises should be practiced more.
Keywords: Low Back Pain, Core Stabilization Exercises, Muscle Energy Technique.
The document discusses chronic pain disorders, specifically chronic muscle pain. It provides epidemiological data showing chronic muscle pain is highly prevalent and costly. It discusses the importance of differential diagnosis to determine if pain has central or peripheral causes. Trigger points in muscles are identified as a key peripheral mechanism of chronic pain. The document also summarizes research supporting the role of sympathetic nervous system activation in triggering and maintaining trigger points. It concludes by outlining a treatment approach focused on education to change causal attributions of pain, in addition to physical therapies and cognitive interventions.
This study examined the relationship between mental toughness, pain catastrophizing, and pain following exercise-induced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). 37 participants completed measures of mental toughness and pain catastrophizing before performing an eccentric exercise protocol designed to induce DOMS. Participants reported pain intensity and interference before and 48 hours after exercise. Results showed increases in post-exercise pain intensity and interference. Higher pain catastrophizing correlated with greater reported post-exercise pain intensity and interference, while higher mental toughness correlated with lower reported post-exercise pain intensity but not interference. Thus, pain catastrophizing may be particularly important in influencing pain experiences in athletes.
This document discusses different types of stretching and their effects on injury prevention and performance. It analyzes static stretching, dynamic stretching, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching, and ballistic stretching. While research shows stretching can help flexibility and may reduce some injury risks, the effects of different stretching techniques on injury risk and performance are still uncertain and require more study, especially regarding dynamic stretching prior to speed and power sports.
The good life --assessing the relative importance of physical, psychological,...Younis I Munshi
The study examined the interrelationships between physical dysfunction, self-efficacy, psychological distress, exercise, and quality of well-being in osteoarthritis patients. It found that exercise was directly related to physical functioning but not related to self-efficacy, psychological distress, or quality of well-being. Self-efficacy and psychological distress were significantly related to quality of well-being, suggesting that treatments focusing on these may be most effective for improving well-being in osteoarthritis patients.
This study examined the effects of manual therapy techniques on 5 former professional football players with histories of concussion. The players underwent cognitive, pain, and mobility tests before and after a 5-day intensive manual therapy program. The therapies aimed to address post-concussion imbalances and included craniosacral, visceral, and neuromeningeal techniques. Results showed improvements in quality of life, depression symptoms, sleep, pain levels, and range of motion. However, the small sample size and lack of controls were limitations; further research with more participants is needed to validate the findings.
This study examined the intertester reliability of using James Cyriax's system for assessing patients with shoulder pain. Two experienced physical therapists independently evaluated 21 cases of painful shoulders using Cyriax's evaluation method. They classified the cases into specific shoulder lesions or indicated that the case did not fit the Cyriax model. The therapists agreed on the classification for 19 of the 21 cases, showing 90.5% agreement. Statistical analysis found "almost perfect" agreement between the therapists. Both therapists also agreed on the same 4 cases that did not fit the Cyriax model. The results demonstrate that Cyriax's evaluation can be a highly reliable method for assessing patients with shoulder pain.
This document discusses the importance of physical activity in reducing the risks of chronic diseases. It defines physical activity as any bodily movement that uses energy, while exercise is structured physical activity aimed at improving fitness. The document recommends at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week according to CDC guidelines. It notes that even lower amounts, such as 15 minutes per day, can significantly reduce disease incidence. The document proposes using the Quick Survey of Physical Fitness to assess members' activity levels, and refers members with low activity levels to health coaches for assistance in setting SMART goals to increase movement.
This study investigated whether balance scores measured by the SWAY Balance System could predict injury risk in intercollegiate athletes and whether balance scores improved over a sports season. 68 athletes from various winter sports underwent pre-season and post-season balance testing using SWAY. A weak correlation was found between higher double stance scores and lower injury occurrence. Most athletes showed improved balance scores after the season. While SWAY showed potential as a predictor, larger studies are needed to better determine its predictive abilities.
This document summarizes a presentation on concussions and cervical injuries. It discusses how concussions are caused by rotational forces on the brain and shares similarities in symptoms with cervical injuries, which result from neck muscle strains. Tests are presented to differentiate between concussion and cervical injury. The risk of lower extremity injuries in the 6 months following a concussion is significantly higher than in non-concussed athletes, with the knee and ankle being most commonly injured. Ongoing balance and strength training is recommended for several months after concussion recovery to prevent future injuries.
This document reviews the evidence for claims that physical activity and exercise have positive effects on mental health. It finds the strongest evidence suggests physical activity and exercise can alleviate symptoms of mild to moderate depression. The evidence also suggests physical activity and exercise may provide benefits as an adjunct for alcoholism and substance abuse programs, and can improve self-image, social skills, and cognitive functioning. However, the effects on mental disorders like schizophrenia are unclear. More research is needed to fully understand the relationships between physical activity, exercise, and mental health.
This document discusses prevention of sports injuries. It describes three types of injury prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention aims to promote health and prevent injury through measures like ankle braces. Secondary prevention focuses on early diagnosis and treatment to limit injury development through actions like RICE treatment. Tertiary prevention aims to rehabilitate and reduce existing disabilities through exercises after initial treatment. The document also discusses various injury prevention strategies and equipment like warm-ups, stretching, taping, bracing, protective gear, suitable shoes and surfaces.
Evaluation of Conditioning and Predisposition to Medial Tibial Stress SyndromeKrista Capelli, LAT, ATC
This study evaluated the conditioning and risk factors for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS, or "shin splints") in college athletes. The researchers surveyed 69 athletes about their training and administered an MTSS symptom questionnaire. They found that 9 athletes had signs of MTSS, most of whom were female. Athletes with MTSS had significantly higher average intensity of plyometric training and longer duration of cardiovascular training than those without MTSS. However, overall the study found no significant differences in training between athletes with and without MTSS. The researchers concluded that plyometric training intensity may be a risk factor for MTSS, but larger studies are needed to better understand risk factors and conditioning influences on MTSS in athletes.
Perceived barriers to exercise in people with spinal cord injury igbenito777
This document summarizes a study that surveyed 72 individuals with spinal cord injuries about perceived barriers to exercise. The top barriers reported were lack of motivation, lack of energy, cost of exercise programs, lack of knowledge about where to exercise, and lack of interest. Barriers related to accessibility of facilities and lack of knowledgeable instructors were also commonly reported. Those with tetraplegia reported greater concerns about exercise difficulty and health limitations. Reporting more barriers was associated with higher stress levels. The study aims to identify barriers to help increase participation in exercise, which can improve health outcomes for those with spinal cord injuries.
Muscle function and strength are vital for joint health and proper functioning. Muscle weakness and dysfunction may be an important factor in the development of joint damage in conditions like osteoarthritis. While the relationship between muscle and joint problems is complex, regular exercise and physical rehabilitation can help maintain muscle strength and proprioception, delaying or preventing further joint deterioration. Community- and home-based exercise programs are important for allowing patients to independently manage their condition long-term through regular physical activity.
1) Many physical factors are associated with increased risk of low back pain, including heavy physical strain, frequent lifting, whole-body vibration, prolonged sitting or standing, and bending and twisting.
2) Occupational factors like heavy physical labor, driving vehicles that experience vibration, and jobs requiring static postures are linked to higher prevalence of low back pain.
3) Psychosocial work factors such as low job satisfaction, poor employee relations, and high job demands may also contribute to increased risk and persistence of low back pain.
This document provides an update to the 2001 American College of Sports Medicine position stand on appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in adults. It summarizes evidence that greater amounts of physical activity than previously recommended, between 150-250 minutes per week, may be needed to effectively prevent weight gain, promote weight loss, and prevent weight regain. Moderate-intensity physical activity of this duration is supported to prevent weight gain greater than 3% and provide modest weight loss of around 2-3 kilograms, but greater amounts above 225-420 minutes per week may be needed for clinically significant weight loss of 5-7.5 kilograms. However, no randomized controlled trials have clearly established physical activity levels needed
Effects of Strength Training in Multiple sclerosis patientsDaniel Yazbek
1) A systematic review of 4 randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) in patients with multiple sclerosis found that PRT can improve muscle strength and size.
2) Meta-analysis of the 3 studies measuring leg strength showed a significant mean increase in strength for patients undergoing PRT compared to controls.
3) While the studies had some limitations, overall they provide evidence that PRT can provide health benefits for MS patients and help increase muscle strength and size. Larger and higher quality studies are still needed.
Physical therapy exercises for low back painHealthQuest
Physical therapy exercises are highly acclaimed solutions for low back pain. Under proper guidance, you can undertake various physical therapy exercises to reduce pain and bring back muscle strength.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis (OA), including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment approaches. OA is a common joint disorder characterized by cartilage breakdown and bone changes that cause pain and stiffness. Risk factors include age, obesity, joint injuries, and genetics. Treatment involves education, exercise, weight loss, analgesics like acetaminophen and NSAIDs, and possibly joint replacement surgery for severe cases.
Exercise Therapy in the Management of Low Back PainOlubusola Johnson
This document discusses exercise therapy for the management of low back pain. It provides background on low back pain, noting that most episodes are non-specific and occur with normal activities. It reviews the epidemiology of low back pain and classifications by duration and etiology. The document then discusses the anatomy of core muscles like the transversus abdominis and multifidus. It reviews evidence on exercises for flexibility, strengthening, core stabilization and their effectiveness in treating low back pain according to studies. Core stabilization exercises targeting the transversus abdominis and multifidus are emphasized as important for both treatment and prevention of recurrent low back pain.
This document discusses sports injury prevention. It begins by outlining the extent of the sports injury problem, noting that millions of Americans receive medical attention for sports injuries annually. It then discusses the etiology and mechanisms of common sports injuries. The document proposes several preventative measures such as targeting high-risk activities, risk behaviors, and protective devices. It evaluates the effectiveness of previous prevention programs and notes they have significantly reduced injury rates by 72-89% through neuromuscular and proprioceptive training. The document concludes by outlining key aspects prevention programs should focus on, including balance, eccentric strength, proper mechanics, and flexibility training.
1. risk factors and prevention of sports injuriesQuan Fu Gan
The document discusses sports injuries, including the role of sports physiotherapists in prevention, evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation. It outlines intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for sports injuries, such as lower extremity malalignment, muscle weakness, training errors, and environmental conditions. Prevention strategies are discussed at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, including pre-competition screening, proper warm-up and cooling down techniques, education on risk factors, and policy changes. The take-home message is to play safely, follow rules, stop activity if in pain, and see a physiotherapist to prevent or treat sports injuries.
This document discusses different types of stretching and their effects on injury prevention and performance. It analyzes static stretching, dynamic stretching, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching, and ballistic stretching. While research shows stretching can help flexibility and may reduce some injury risks, the effects of different stretching techniques on injury risk and performance are still uncertain and require more study, especially regarding dynamic stretching prior to speed and power sports.
The good life --assessing the relative importance of physical, psychological,...Younis I Munshi
The study examined the interrelationships between physical dysfunction, self-efficacy, psychological distress, exercise, and quality of well-being in osteoarthritis patients. It found that exercise was directly related to physical functioning but not related to self-efficacy, psychological distress, or quality of well-being. Self-efficacy and psychological distress were significantly related to quality of well-being, suggesting that treatments focusing on these may be most effective for improving well-being in osteoarthritis patients.
This study examined the effects of manual therapy techniques on 5 former professional football players with histories of concussion. The players underwent cognitive, pain, and mobility tests before and after a 5-day intensive manual therapy program. The therapies aimed to address post-concussion imbalances and included craniosacral, visceral, and neuromeningeal techniques. Results showed improvements in quality of life, depression symptoms, sleep, pain levels, and range of motion. However, the small sample size and lack of controls were limitations; further research with more participants is needed to validate the findings.
This study examined the intertester reliability of using James Cyriax's system for assessing patients with shoulder pain. Two experienced physical therapists independently evaluated 21 cases of painful shoulders using Cyriax's evaluation method. They classified the cases into specific shoulder lesions or indicated that the case did not fit the Cyriax model. The therapists agreed on the classification for 19 of the 21 cases, showing 90.5% agreement. Statistical analysis found "almost perfect" agreement between the therapists. Both therapists also agreed on the same 4 cases that did not fit the Cyriax model. The results demonstrate that Cyriax's evaluation can be a highly reliable method for assessing patients with shoulder pain.
This document discusses the importance of physical activity in reducing the risks of chronic diseases. It defines physical activity as any bodily movement that uses energy, while exercise is structured physical activity aimed at improving fitness. The document recommends at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week according to CDC guidelines. It notes that even lower amounts, such as 15 minutes per day, can significantly reduce disease incidence. The document proposes using the Quick Survey of Physical Fitness to assess members' activity levels, and refers members with low activity levels to health coaches for assistance in setting SMART goals to increase movement.
This study investigated whether balance scores measured by the SWAY Balance System could predict injury risk in intercollegiate athletes and whether balance scores improved over a sports season. 68 athletes from various winter sports underwent pre-season and post-season balance testing using SWAY. A weak correlation was found between higher double stance scores and lower injury occurrence. Most athletes showed improved balance scores after the season. While SWAY showed potential as a predictor, larger studies are needed to better determine its predictive abilities.
This document summarizes a presentation on concussions and cervical injuries. It discusses how concussions are caused by rotational forces on the brain and shares similarities in symptoms with cervical injuries, which result from neck muscle strains. Tests are presented to differentiate between concussion and cervical injury. The risk of lower extremity injuries in the 6 months following a concussion is significantly higher than in non-concussed athletes, with the knee and ankle being most commonly injured. Ongoing balance and strength training is recommended for several months after concussion recovery to prevent future injuries.
This document reviews the evidence for claims that physical activity and exercise have positive effects on mental health. It finds the strongest evidence suggests physical activity and exercise can alleviate symptoms of mild to moderate depression. The evidence also suggests physical activity and exercise may provide benefits as an adjunct for alcoholism and substance abuse programs, and can improve self-image, social skills, and cognitive functioning. However, the effects on mental disorders like schizophrenia are unclear. More research is needed to fully understand the relationships between physical activity, exercise, and mental health.
This document discusses prevention of sports injuries. It describes three types of injury prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention aims to promote health and prevent injury through measures like ankle braces. Secondary prevention focuses on early diagnosis and treatment to limit injury development through actions like RICE treatment. Tertiary prevention aims to rehabilitate and reduce existing disabilities through exercises after initial treatment. The document also discusses various injury prevention strategies and equipment like warm-ups, stretching, taping, bracing, protective gear, suitable shoes and surfaces.
Evaluation of Conditioning and Predisposition to Medial Tibial Stress SyndromeKrista Capelli, LAT, ATC
This study evaluated the conditioning and risk factors for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS, or "shin splints") in college athletes. The researchers surveyed 69 athletes about their training and administered an MTSS symptom questionnaire. They found that 9 athletes had signs of MTSS, most of whom were female. Athletes with MTSS had significantly higher average intensity of plyometric training and longer duration of cardiovascular training than those without MTSS. However, overall the study found no significant differences in training between athletes with and without MTSS. The researchers concluded that plyometric training intensity may be a risk factor for MTSS, but larger studies are needed to better understand risk factors and conditioning influences on MTSS in athletes.
Perceived barriers to exercise in people with spinal cord injury igbenito777
This document summarizes a study that surveyed 72 individuals with spinal cord injuries about perceived barriers to exercise. The top barriers reported were lack of motivation, lack of energy, cost of exercise programs, lack of knowledge about where to exercise, and lack of interest. Barriers related to accessibility of facilities and lack of knowledgeable instructors were also commonly reported. Those with tetraplegia reported greater concerns about exercise difficulty and health limitations. Reporting more barriers was associated with higher stress levels. The study aims to identify barriers to help increase participation in exercise, which can improve health outcomes for those with spinal cord injuries.
Muscle function and strength are vital for joint health and proper functioning. Muscle weakness and dysfunction may be an important factor in the development of joint damage in conditions like osteoarthritis. While the relationship between muscle and joint problems is complex, regular exercise and physical rehabilitation can help maintain muscle strength and proprioception, delaying or preventing further joint deterioration. Community- and home-based exercise programs are important for allowing patients to independently manage their condition long-term through regular physical activity.
1) Many physical factors are associated with increased risk of low back pain, including heavy physical strain, frequent lifting, whole-body vibration, prolonged sitting or standing, and bending and twisting.
2) Occupational factors like heavy physical labor, driving vehicles that experience vibration, and jobs requiring static postures are linked to higher prevalence of low back pain.
3) Psychosocial work factors such as low job satisfaction, poor employee relations, and high job demands may also contribute to increased risk and persistence of low back pain.
This document provides an update to the 2001 American College of Sports Medicine position stand on appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in adults. It summarizes evidence that greater amounts of physical activity than previously recommended, between 150-250 minutes per week, may be needed to effectively prevent weight gain, promote weight loss, and prevent weight regain. Moderate-intensity physical activity of this duration is supported to prevent weight gain greater than 3% and provide modest weight loss of around 2-3 kilograms, but greater amounts above 225-420 minutes per week may be needed for clinically significant weight loss of 5-7.5 kilograms. However, no randomized controlled trials have clearly established physical activity levels needed
Effects of Strength Training in Multiple sclerosis patientsDaniel Yazbek
1) A systematic review of 4 randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) in patients with multiple sclerosis found that PRT can improve muscle strength and size.
2) Meta-analysis of the 3 studies measuring leg strength showed a significant mean increase in strength for patients undergoing PRT compared to controls.
3) While the studies had some limitations, overall they provide evidence that PRT can provide health benefits for MS patients and help increase muscle strength and size. Larger and higher quality studies are still needed.
Physical therapy exercises for low back painHealthQuest
Physical therapy exercises are highly acclaimed solutions for low back pain. Under proper guidance, you can undertake various physical therapy exercises to reduce pain and bring back muscle strength.
This document provides an overview of osteoarthritis (OA), including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment approaches. OA is a common joint disorder characterized by cartilage breakdown and bone changes that cause pain and stiffness. Risk factors include age, obesity, joint injuries, and genetics. Treatment involves education, exercise, weight loss, analgesics like acetaminophen and NSAIDs, and possibly joint replacement surgery for severe cases.
Exercise Therapy in the Management of Low Back PainOlubusola Johnson
This document discusses exercise therapy for the management of low back pain. It provides background on low back pain, noting that most episodes are non-specific and occur with normal activities. It reviews the epidemiology of low back pain and classifications by duration and etiology. The document then discusses the anatomy of core muscles like the transversus abdominis and multifidus. It reviews evidence on exercises for flexibility, strengthening, core stabilization and their effectiveness in treating low back pain according to studies. Core stabilization exercises targeting the transversus abdominis and multifidus are emphasized as important for both treatment and prevention of recurrent low back pain.
This document discusses sports injury prevention. It begins by outlining the extent of the sports injury problem, noting that millions of Americans receive medical attention for sports injuries annually. It then discusses the etiology and mechanisms of common sports injuries. The document proposes several preventative measures such as targeting high-risk activities, risk behaviors, and protective devices. It evaluates the effectiveness of previous prevention programs and notes they have significantly reduced injury rates by 72-89% through neuromuscular and proprioceptive training. The document concludes by outlining key aspects prevention programs should focus on, including balance, eccentric strength, proper mechanics, and flexibility training.
1. risk factors and prevention of sports injuriesQuan Fu Gan
The document discusses sports injuries, including the role of sports physiotherapists in prevention, evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation. It outlines intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for sports injuries, such as lower extremity malalignment, muscle weakness, training errors, and environmental conditions. Prevention strategies are discussed at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, including pre-competition screening, proper warm-up and cooling down techniques, education on risk factors, and policy changes. The take-home message is to play safely, follow rules, stop activity if in pain, and see a physiotherapist to prevent or treat sports injuries.
Preventing Knee and Ankel Impact Injuries in GymnasticsDavidTilley17
The document discusses impact knee and ankle injuries in gymnastics. It notes that these types of overuse injuries affect thousands of gymnasts worldwide and are a major problem that is getting worse. The document outlines several contributing factors, including a lack of understanding of workload management principles, the evolving difficulty of skills and equipment, and cultural resistance to prioritizing basics over new skills. It then details some of the most common knee and ankle injuries at different age ranges. The document concludes by discussing prevention methods, including radical communication, workload management, physical preparation, proper landing and skill technique, prehab, and managing injuries when they first occur.
This study examined the relationship between personality traits, pain tolerance, and exercise frequency in 97 undergraduate college students. Participants completed questionnaires on personality and exercise habits and a cold pressor task to measure pain tolerance. The study found no significant correlations between pain tolerance and personality traits like extraversion or neuroticism. There were also no significant correlations found between exercise frequency and pain tolerance or personality traits. The lack of significant findings may be due to limited variability in exercise habits and a lack of competitive athletes in the study population. Future research with a wider range of athletic abilities is needed to better understand connections between personality, pain tolerance, and athleticism.
Sports medicine deals with physical fitness and injury prevention for athletes. The sports medicine team includes physicians, surgeons, athletic trainers, physical therapists, and coaches who work together to prepare athletes for optimal performance while maintaining safety. Sports injuries can be acute from trauma or overuse from repetitive motions. They affect soft tissues like muscles and ligaments as well as hard tissues like bones. The causes of injuries can be intrinsic factors like anatomy and age or extrinsic factors like training errors, equipment issues, environment, nutrition, and psychology.
Training injuries are common in long distance runners due to improper technique. Common injuries include shin splints, muscle strains and tears. These injuries can negatively impact a runner's performance and ability to train. Runners can lower their risk of injury by improving their form, taking rest days, and learning prevention techniques like ChiRunning. Researchers are also studying new ways to prevent running injuries through better training methods and shoe technology.
Introduction to Sports Injuries by- Dr. Anjali RaiGoogle
Sports injury are the injury which occurs in athletic activities or physical exertion which results from acute trauma or repetitive stress associated with athletic activities. It cans affect bones or soft tissues such as ligaments, muscles and tendons. Also Sports injuries can be defined as the physical alignment that hinders a person sports performance and prevent him/her from performing. The main aim on the injury assessment and management Is to avoid the major injuries like death, brain injury fracture and to provide primary care or immediate care to injury.
At the end, learner’s should be able to know about the:-
1. Introduction to sports injury
2. Causes of Sports Injury
3.Classification of Sports Injuries
4. Acute Injuries
5. Overuse Injuries
6. Soft Tissue Injuries
7. Hard Tissue Injuries
8. Region Wise Common Sports Injuries
Introduction to Sports Injuries by- Dr. Anjali RaiGoogle
Sports injury are the injury which occurs in athletic activities or physical exertion which results from acute trauma or repetitive stress associated with athletic activities. It cans affect bones or soft tissues such as ligaments, muscles and tendons. Also Sports injuries can be defined as the physical alignment that hinders a person sports performance and prevent him/her from performing. The main aim on the injury assessment and management Is to avoid the major injuries like death, brain injury fracture and to provide primary care or immediate care to injury.
At the end, learner’s should be able to know about the:-
1. Introduction to sports injury
2. Causes of Sports Injury
3.Classification of Sports Injuries
4. Acute Injuries
5. Overuse Injuries
6. Soft Tissue Injuries
7. Hard Tissue Injuries
8. Region Wise Common Sports Injuries
Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture With Generalized Joint Laxity Foll...Apollo Hospitals
THE function of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is to
provide stability to the knee and minimize stress across the knee joint. It restrains excessive forward movement of the tibia in relation to the femur. It also limits rotational
movements of the knee. A hard twist or excessive pressure on the ACL can tear or rupture the ligament, resulting in high levels of short-term disability and extensive rehabilitation. The cost of treatment & rehabilitation of an ACL injured person is also phenomenal.
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown hamstring
strain injuries (HSIs) to have a high prevalence rate in many
sports, such as sprinting (11%; Lysholm & Wiklander, 1987),
Australian Rules Football (16–23%; Orchard, 2001; Orchard,
Marsden, Lord, & Garlick, 1997) and football (12–14%:
Ekstrand, Hagglund, & Walden, 2011; Hawkins, Hulse,
Wilkinson, Hodson, & Gibson, 2001). The epidemiology and
aetiology of HSI in football has received extensive attention in
the scientific literature (Ekstrand et al., 2011; Woods et al., 2004),
given the economic burden associated with professional
players missing training and competitive fixtures (Woods,
Hawkins, Hulse, & Hodson, 2002). b
Some Mechanisms of the Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury among Male Sport Activities by
Kasbparast Mehdi in Examines in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
The document discusses several key points about factors that impact bone health and injury risk for female athletes and military personnel:
1) Nutrition, training load, and other lifestyle factors are interlinked and influence bone health and risk of injury, rather than individual factors alone. Inadequate intake of key nutrients can limit the benefits of exercise on bone health.
2) Past injuries increase future risk of re-injury, highlighting the importance of addressing underlying nutrition, training, and other issues to aid recovery and prevent reoccurrence.
3) Nutrients like calcium, vitamin D, and protein work together synergistically to support bone health, so optimizing one without others may not improve outcomes. A whole diet approach is
Tamara Valovich McLeod, Ph.D. - "The Impact of Sport-Related Injury on Health...youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Tamara Valovich McLeod, Ph.D. - "The Impact of Sport-Related Injury on Health-Related Quality of Life"
Valovich McLeod is the John P. Wood, D.O., Endowed Chair for Sports Medicine and a Professor in the Athletic Training Program at A.T. Still University.
Panel 5 -- Injury Prevention and Treatment. While being physically active is important for positive youth development, injuries can result. This panel will discuss ways to minimize injury, particularly concussions, while addressing the impact of sport-related injury on quality of life. The panel will also provide a blueprint for encouraging life-long physical activity.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
This document discusses hamstring strain injuries, which are common in sports requiring sprinting. It notes that about one-third of hamstring injuries will recur within two weeks of returning to sport, suggesting rehabilitation programs may be inadequate. The injuries typically occur during the late swing phase of running when the hamstrings absorb energy. Rehabilitation aims to address weakness, inflexibility and movement impairments from the injury. Future research should develop more individualized rehabilitation based on injury location and measures of reinjury risk.
Diploma in Osteopathic Manual Practice (DOMP) student, Justine Teng, explores the benefits of osteopathic manual treatment on aerobic group exercise instructors.
Every athlete at some time during their athletic career has experiBetseyCalderon89
Every athlete at some time during their athletic career has experienced a physical injury that holds them back from partaking in the sport that they love, if it's from practice or competitive play it's a thing every athlete in the world wishes they could prevent. Even if you have been fortunate enough to train without a critical injury, all things considered, you know somebody who has had a physical injury that requires quite some time of professional rehabilitation before they can get back to training. These injuries and rehabilitation are regularly joined by abiding mental consequences, affecting the competitors' prosperity just as their probability of getting back to the sport. An anticipated result indicated that athletes with a high internal locus of control tend to recover faster than others. There is a fine line between being psychologically ready to return to a sport and being physically cleared for athletes with injuries. Some individuals possess specific personality traits that can forecast one's rate of psychological and physical recovery from an injury. This paper will elucidate the correlation between injuries' effect on mental health and the psychological health of an athlete.
When athletes at any level face an injury, it puts them in a dilemma on how to face adversity; the athlete either chooses to overcome and grow or fold and eventually wash out of the sport. When one experiences an injury, there is a tendency that the athlete will have more of a negative than positive impact on one's psyche. Athletes have tended to use various negative terms (e.g., anger, bitterness, confusion, depression, fear, frustration, helplessness, shock) to characterize their emotions after injury (W. Brewer, 2017). Evidence shows that athletes who report higher levels of emotional disturbance after sustaining an injury than before being injured and that athletes with injury tend to report higher levels of emotional disturbance than athletes without injury (M. Rice, 2016).
Relationship Between Stress and Injury
Stress is a broad term; many underlying factors come into play, such as anxiety and depression. Furthermore, when stress (psychological, academic, training, or performance-related) overloads an athlete's stress-coping ability, the susceptibility to performance decrement increases, as does the risk of injury and illness (J. Hamlin, 2019). Those who have a high-stress factor in their life are more likely to be prone to injury. When looking at stress-based injuries, there are two factors: muscle tension and attentional disruption. Attentional changes may include increased muscle tension, narrowing of the visual field, and increased distractibility, which may have a negative impact on the stress-injury response (L. Lavallee, 2019). A notable example to best relate to is Anderson and Williams stress injury model. According to this model, personality, coping resources, and history of stress have impacted competitors’ reaction to distressing at ...
Data Analytical Study of Injury Reduction in SportsIRJET Journal
The document discusses reducing injuries in sports through various methods like proper warm up, wearing protective gear correctly, addressing environmental factors, and using wearable technology and analytics. It notes that musculoskeletal injuries are common in athletes and can negatively impact their careers and finances. Various behaviors from coaches, referees, medical staff, and associations can influence injury risk factors. A proper warm up including stretching and increased muscle temperature may help lower injury rates by improving range of motion and muscle efficiency. Focusing on identifying injury risks and risk mitigation through technologies can help reduce dangers to players. More research is still needed on prevention methods and risk factors in real world settings.
Dr. Christina Morganti shares information on preventing youth sports injuries, including training tips, overuse injuries, the differences in youth anatomy and ways to keep your kids in the game.
POSITION STATEMENTOveruse Injuries and Burnout in Youth Sp.docxharrisonhoward80223
POSITION STATEMENT
Overuse Injuries and Burnout in Youth Sports:
A Position Statement from the American Medical Society for
Sports Medicine
John P. DiFiori, MD,* Holly J. Benjamin, MD,† Joel Brenner, MD, MPH,‡ Andrew Gregory, MD,§
Neeru Jayanthi, MD,¶ Greg L. Landry, MD,∥ and Anthony Luke, MD, MPH**
(Clin J Sport Med 2014;24:3–20)
Executive Summary
BACKGROUND
• Youth sport participation offers many benefits including
the development of self-esteem, peer socialization, and
general fitness.
• However, an emphasis on competitive success, often driven
by goals of elite-level travel team selection, collegiate schol-
arships, Olympic and National team membership, and even
professional contracts, has seemingly become widespread.
• This has resulted in increased pressure to begin high-
intensity training at young ages.
• Such an excessive focus on early intensive training and
competition at young ages rather than skill development
can lead to overuse injury and burnout.
PURPOSE
• To provide a systematic, evidenced-based review that will:
∘ Assist clinicians in recognizing young athletes at risk
for overuse injuries and burnout.
∘ Delineate the risk factors and injuries that are unique to
the skeletally immature young athlete.
∘ Describe specific high-risk overuse injuries that present
management challenges and/or can lead to long-term
health consequences.
∘ Summarize the risk factors and symptoms associated
with burnout in young athletes.
∘ Provide recommendations on overuse injury prevention.
METHODOLOGY
• Medical Subject Headings (MeSHs) and text words were
searched on March 26, 2012, for MEDLINE, CINAHL,
and PsychINFO.
• Nine hundred fifty-three unique articles were initially
identified. Additional articles were found using cross-
referencing. The process was repeated July 10, 2013,
to review any new articles since the original search.
• Screening by the authors yielded a total of 208 relevant
sources that were used for this paper.
• Recommendations were classified using the Strength of
Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) grading system.
DEFINITION OF OVERUSE INJURY
• Overuse injuries occur due to repetitive submaximal
loading of the musculoskeletal system when rest is not
adequate to allow for structural adaptation to take place.
• Injury can involve the muscle-tendon unit, bone, bursa,
neurovascular structures, and the physis.
• Overuse injuries unique to young athletes include apoph-
yseal injuries and physeal stress injuries.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• It is estimated that 27 million US youth between 6 to 18
years of age participate in team sports.
• The National Council of Youth Sports survey found that
60 million children aged 6 to 18 years participate in some
Submitted for publication November 2, 2013; accepted November 6, 2013.
From the *Division of Sports Medicine and Non-Operative Orthopaedics, Depart-
ments of Family Medicine and Orthopaedics, University of California, Los
Angeles, California; †Departments of Pediatrics an.
Duaa M. Bani-Irshid1
, Dr. Abdullah M. Bani-Rshaid2
1 Master of Sport Science, Yarmouk University,
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Abu Dhabi
University, UAE
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of s port injuries on the level of confidence and
anxiety among athletes in different games. Participants were (121) athletes (M-81, F-40) were selected randomly
from different sports. Descriptive data was collected through the use of a questionnaire established by the
researcher, which included personal information (age, years of experience, gender and place of living), and a
questionnaire of psychological effect of sport which consisted of (50) items, divided into four subscales.
(Confidence, Anxiety, Physical abilities). The results showed relationship between sport injuries and physical
abilities in reducing or increasing injuries among athletes, also the results showed that self-confidence and anxiety
(trait, state) did not affect in increasing or reducing in percentage of injuries among athletes, meanwhile the results
showed a significant relationship between the effect of sport injuries and (self-confidence, anxiety and physical
abilities) among athletes in different games. A significant difference between male and female in favor of female in
trait anxiety, significant differences between trait anxiety and different sports a significant differences showed
between psychological variables and effect of sport injuries (between different sports, also a significant difference
between sport injuries and physical abilities according to sport variable; between basketball players and tennis
players in favor of basketball, and a significant difference between sport injuries and trait anxiety between football
players and basketball players in favor of basketball.
Similar to TU Research Day Brandi Poster 2015.03.31 (20)
Effect of Sport Injuries on the Level of Confidence and Anxiety among Athlet...
TU Research Day Brandi Poster 2015.03.31
1. Measures
Methods
Ribs
2.4%
Fingers
2.4%
Hip
2.4%
Ankle
16.1%
Foot
2.4%
Knee
13.7%
Thigh
19.4%
Lower Leg
3.2%
Shoulder
17.7%
Cervical
Spine
7.3%
Thoracic
Spine
7.3%
Lumbar
Spine
3.2%
Nose
0.8%
Lower Back
1.6%
Elbow
0.8%
Wrist
2.4%
Upper Arm
0.8%
Figure 1.
Distribution of total MSI by body region
Methods (continued)
Introduction & Background
Abstract
Impact of Self-Reported Stress on Musculoskeletal Injuries
Brandi Krieg, Emily Kaier MA, Lisa D. Cromer PhD, Joanne L. Davis PhD, & Kathleen Strunk APRN, CNS
Research Aim
A special thanks to our athletes for taking time to participate in this study. Also,
thank you to Dr. Greg Gardner, Dr. Derrick Gragg, Dave Polanski and the athletic
trainers and support staff. We would also like to thank all the SPARTA lab
undergraduate research assistants.
Results
Discussion
References
Table 1.
Binary Logistic Regression Predicting Likelihood of MSI
To cite this poster use the following citation:
Krieg, B., Kaier, E., Cromer, L. D., Davis, J. L., & Strunk, K (2015, April). Impact of
Self-Reported Stress on Musculoskeletal Injuries. Poster presented at the meeting
of The 18th Annual Student Research Colloquium, Tulsa, OK.
• Categorizing of the medical conditions and injuries revealed that 29% (n = 72) of the sample
experienced a total of 126 MSI. See Figure 1.
• There were 20 different diagnoses of injuries categorized as MSI. See Table 2.
• A logistic regression revealed no significant factors for increased risk of MSI.
• Although it was not statistically significant, the most likely predictor of an athlete incurring a MSI
was high levels of stress associated with the CSALSS (p= .076). See Table 1.
• The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not psychological factors including self-
reported stress and maladaptive coping styles would independently predict the likelihood that an
athlete would sustain a MSI.
• We predict that stress and maladaptive coping behavior would independently be able to predict the
occurrence of MSI.
These findings suggest that stress and coping may not independently predict injury specificity among
college athletes. This may be due to the fact that athletes are at a high risk of many kinds of injuries,
especially MSI, due to playing in an injury-prone environment, i.e., acute trauma in contact sports and
chronic overuse injuries in noncontact sports. Furthermore, athletes at the collegiate level tend to play
through a lot of injuries or come back to full participation without complete healing; this may be a
greater risk factor than fatigue, stress, and coping in predicting injury. Previous injury, especially when
tissue healing is incomplete, is one of the major risk factors for injury (Whiting & Zernicke, 2008). In
future research, we will be controlling for injury chronicity. In addition, the method used to collect injury
data could not account for transient injuries or injuries that do not involve time loss or are not reported
due to the ability to train through these injuries (Hodgson, Gissane, Gabbett, & King, 2007).
Anderson, M. B., & Williams, J. M. (1988). A model of stress and athletic injury: prediction and prevention.
Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 10(3), 294-306.
Carver, C. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long: Consider the brief cope.
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92-100. doi: 10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health
& Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396.
Corrigan, A. B., & Maitland, G. D. (1994). Musculoskeletal and Sports Injuries: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Delforge, G. (2002). Musculoskeletal Trauma: Implications for Sports Injury Management: Human Kinetics.
Hodgson, L., Gissane, C., Gabbett, T. J., & King, D. A. (2007). For debate: consensus injury definitions in
team sports should focus on encompassing all injuries. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(3), 188-
191.
Johnson, U., Tranaeus, U., & Ivarsson, A. (2014). Current Status and Future Challenges in Psychological
Research of Sport Injury Prediction and Prevention. Revista de psicología de deporte, 23(2), 401-409.
Lu, F. J.-H., Hsu, Y.-W., Chan, Y.-S., Cheen, J.-R., & Kao, K.-T. (2012). Assessing College Student-Athletes' Life
Stress: Initial Measurement Development and Validation. Measurement in Physical Education and
Exercise Science, 16(4), 254-267.
Nideffer, R. (1983). The injured athlete: psychological factors in treatment. The Orthopedic clinics of North
America, 14(2), 373-385.
Simon, J. E., & Docherty, C. L. (2013). Current health-related quality of life is lower in former Division I
collegiate athletes than in non–collegiate athletes. The American journal of sports medicine,
0363546513510393.
TITAN. (2012). Student Health, Athletic Performance, and Education Study: Annual Report. Unpublished
Manuscript. The University of Tulsa.
Whiting, W. C., & Zernicke, R. F. (2008). Biomechanics of musculoskeletal injury (2nd ed.): Human Kinetics.
• The injury rates in college athletes is high. One study found that in a single season, 57% of athletes at
an NCAA Division 1 school experienced at least one injury, according to training room and medical
records (The University of Tulsa Institute for Trauma, Adversity, and Injustice, 2012).
• Long-term effects of injuries are serious. Former college athletes have significantly lower health-
related post-collegiate quality of life, and this is in part due to the enduring impact of injuries
sustained in college sports (Simon & Docherty, 2013).
• Psychological risk factors have been found to increase injury risk. These risk factors include: high
stress, inattention, fatigue, depression, and poor coping resources (Whiting & Zernicke, 2008).
• Psychological stress leads to muscle tension (Anderson & Williams, 1988; Nideffer, 1983).
Theoretically, stress-related muscle tension could lead to a greater likelihood that a strain, sprain, or
other musculoskeletal injury (MSI) will occur (Anderson & Williams, 1988).
• MSI are defined in the literature as any injury that causes damage and/or dysfunction of the
musculoskeletal system and can affect muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and bones (Corrigan &
Maitland, 1994; Delforge, 2002; Whiting & Zernicke, 2008).
• Understanding and managing precursors and vulnerabilities to athletic injury could help reduce injury
rates in college athletes. In the current study, we sought to examine stresses related to being a
college athlete and how well athletes managed their stress as it relates these to injury records. Our
hope is that if a relationship exists, that we could use this information to motivate athletes to manage
and reduce stress in healthy ways.
• To our knowledge, investigation of psychological stress factors as predictors of injury has not been
applied to specificity of injuries (Johnson, Tranaeus, & Ivarsson, 2014).
• Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a 10-item stress scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983) that
was used to assess life stress non-specific to athletics. For example, “In the last month, how often
have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?” Responses to each
question are provided on a 0 (never) to 4 (very often) Likert scale. Responses are summed and total
scores can range from 0-40 where higher scores indicate more stress.
Coping
• The 28-item Brief COPE (Carver, 1997) was used to assess adaptive versus maladaptive coping
styles. The 14 subscales that make up the styles include eight adaptive styles (planning, positive
reframing, acceptance, active coping, humor, religion, using emotional support, using instrumental
support) and six maladaptive styles (self-distraction, denial, substance use, behavioral
disengagement, venting, and self-blame). An example of maladaptive coping questions include:
“I’ve been saying to myself ‘this isn’t real’” and “I’ve been giving up trying to deal with it.”
Responses to each question are ranked on a Likert scale of 1 (I haven’t been doing this at all) to 4 (I
have been doing this a lot). Scores are summed by each category and higher scores indicate more
use of the specific coping behavior(s). For the purposes of this study, we were only interested in
the overall maladaptive coping style as a predictor of MSI.
Musculoskeletal Injury (MSI)
• Injuries were coded to be either MSI or non-MSI. Injuries considered to be musculoskeletal in
nature were defined as damage to the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage, or skeletal
system resulting in time loss from participation and/or treatment sought out and treated through
the athletic training department. All injury coding was verified by an athletic training staff
member. Eleven athletes were excluded because the injuries that they incurred were either not
MSI or could not be determined as MSI or another form of injury.
Evidence suggests that as many as 57% of athletes will experience an injury within an athletic season.
Furthermore, recent evidence has shown that former college athletes have significantly lower health-
related quality of life long after the competition years are over, and that this is influenced by the
enduring impact of injuries that occurred while playing college sports. Injury prevention, therefore, is
a worthwhile pursuit. Although most research is dedicated to the physiological (e.g., prior injury,
health status) and environmental (e.g., weather, sport type) risk factors of injury, evidence suggests a
potential relationship exists between psychological stress and athletic injuries. Psychological stress
could lead to an increase in generalized muscle tension which in turn may lead to greater likelihood of
a strain, sprain, or other musculoskeletal injury (MSI). The current study examined psychological risk
factors for sport injury incidence. Specifically, we investigated whether self-reported stress and
maladaptive coping with stress predicted MSI occurrence. As part of a longitudinal study examining
the connections between stress and health, athletes (N = 245) completed questionnaires assessing
current perceived stress, athletic stress, and maladaptive coping (e.g., drinking). Objective injury data
were collected from electronic medical records and revealed that 29% (n = 72) of the sample
experienced a MSI. A logistic regression revealed no increase in risk of MSI; however, a trend emerged
for high levels of athletic stress increasing risk for MSI (p = .076). The implications of these findings
suggest that the psychological risk factors do not independently predict MSI for college athletes.
• The sample (N=245) consisted of male and female collegiate athletes of a Division I university
participating in a range of both contact (e.g. football, basketball) and noncontact (e.g. volleyball, cross
country) sports.
• As part of a longitudinal study examining the connections between stress and health, athletes
completed questionnaires assessing current perceived stress, athletic stress, and maladaptive coping.
Athletes were recruited before and after practices. A researcher explained the nature of the study,
risks and benefits. Athletes could then voluntarily participate in the study by completing a consent
form and the questionnaires.
• Objective injury data (with consent) were collected from electronic medical records maintained by the
athletic training staff of the university.
S.E. Wald Sig.
Odds
Ratio
95% C.I. for
Odds Ratio
Lower Upper
CSALSS .010 3.159 .076 1.017 .998 1.057
PSS .029 .004 .952 .998 .943 1.057
COPE (maladaptive) .035 1.526 .217 1.044 .975 1.117
Table 2.
Distribution of total MSI specified by injury diagnosis
Athletic Stress
• The College Student Athlete’s Life Stress Scale (CSALSS) is a 24-item scale that includes a global score
comprised of 8 subcategories of stress including sport injury, performance demand, training
adaptations, coaching relationships, interpersonal relationships, romantic relationships, family
relationships, and academic requirements (Lu, Hsu, Chan, Cheen, & Kao, 2012). A sample
performance demand item is: “I worry about my unstable performance.” A sample injury item is: “I
worry about frequently being injured.” Responses to each question are provided on a 0 (never) to 5
(always) Likert scale; higher scores indicate more stress.
Diagnosis Percent of All MSI
Strain 26.2%
Sprain 25.4%
Contusion 11.9%
Tendonitis 8.7%
Spasm(s) 7.9%
Brachial Plexus Stinger 5.6%
Glenoid Labrum Tear (Non-SLAP) 2.4%
Dislocation 1.6%
Fracture 1.6%
The following occurred in less than 1% of total diagnoses: bursitis, impingement, inflammation
(lower extremity), labral tear, multidirectional instability, non-specific cartilage tear, sacroiliac
dysfunction, scaplothoracic dysfunction, scoliosis, shin splints, and spinal stenosis.