This study evaluated the conditioning and risk factors for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS, or "shin splints") in college athletes. The researchers surveyed 69 athletes about their training and administered an MTSS symptom questionnaire. They found that 9 athletes had signs of MTSS, most of whom were female. Athletes with MTSS had significantly higher average intensity of plyometric training and longer duration of cardiovascular training than those without MTSS. However, overall the study found no significant differences in training between athletes with and without MTSS. The researchers concluded that plyometric training intensity may be a risk factor for MTSS, but larger studies are needed to better understand risk factors and conditioning influences on MTSS in athletes.
This study compared the effectiveness of two rehabilitation programs for acute hamstring strains. Twenty-four athletes with hamstring strains were randomly assigned to either a static stretching, isolated strengthening, and icing program (STST group) or a progressive agility, trunk stabilization, and icing program (PATS group). The PATS group had a significantly shorter average time to return to sports (22.2 days vs 37.4 days) and lower reinjury rates both within 2 weeks of returning (0% vs 54.5%) and within 1 year (7.7% vs 70%) compared to the STST group. A rehabilitation program including progressive agility and trunk stabilization exercises was found to be more effective for returning athletes to
This research article studied whether TRX suspension training could reduce injury rates in futsal athletes by improving Functional Movement Screening (FMS) scores. 24 futsal players were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group. The intervention group did TRX training 3 times a week for 6 weeks, while the control group did regular training. Both groups were tested with the FMS before and after. The intervention group significantly improved their deep squat, hurdle step, inline lunge, trunk rotary stability, and total FMS scores compared to the control group. The results suggest that TRX training can strengthen the core and improve motor control patterns to potentially reduce injuries in futsal players by increasing FMS scores.
This systematic review identified five prospective studies that examined risk factors for recurrent hamstring injuries. The studies reported recurrence rates ranging from 13.9% to 63.3% within two years of the initial injury. There was limited evidence that athletes with a larger volume of initial injury seen on MRI, a Grade 1 initial injury, or a previous ACL reconstruction were at increased risk of recurrent hamstring injury. There was also limited evidence that rehabilitation programs focusing on agility/stabilization exercises rather than stretching/strengthening reduced the risk of re-injury. No significant relationships were found for other factors like age, muscle involved, or functional tests at return to sport. Evidence on the relationship between cross-sectional area of initial injury and
A comparison of 2 circuit exercise training techniques igbenito777
This study compared the metabolic, heart rate, and perceived exertion responses to circuit resistance training (CRT) using either a multistation isoinertial exercise system (MultiGym) or a customized system using Thera-Band resistance bands (ElasticGym) in people with paraplegia. Sixteen men and one woman with chronic paraplegia completed familiarization and testing on both systems. There were no significant differences in average oxygen consumption or heart rate between the two systems. However, average ratings of perceived exertion were significantly higher when using the ElasticGym system. The results suggest that CRT using a customized ElasticGym elicits similar metabolic and heart rate responses but greater perceived exertion compared to
This systematic review examined the effects of stretching before and after exercise on muscle soreness and injury risk. Five studies on stretching and muscle soreness were included, all using static stretching. A meta-analysis found that stretching had a negligible effect on soreness up to 72 hours later, reducing it by less than 2mm on a 100-mm scale. Two studies on injury risk in army recruits found that a specific stretching protocol reduced lower extremity injuries by 5%, which was not a meaningful risk reduction. The evidence does not support stretching for reducing muscle soreness or injury risk.
This study analyzed factors influencing scores on the K-STARTS return to sport test battery in 676 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction. The only factor found to significantly influence scores above the minimal detectable change threshold was completion of a specific return to sport program in addition to standard rehabilitation, which resulted in improved K-STARTS scores at 6 months post-surgery compared to standard rehabilitation alone. No other factors such as age, sex, graft type, or meniscal injury status significantly influenced scores.
Hamstring strain prevention in elite soccer playersFernando Farias
Hamstring strains are among the most
common injury in sport and are most
often observed in sports that involve
sprinting, turning, and jumping
(8,38,63). The prevalence of hamstring
strains has been measured between 11
and 16% in studies of soccer, Australian
rules football, and cricket (92). This can
result in an average of 6 players per squad
suffering a hamstring injury (defined as
“preventing player participation in
a match”) each season in professional
soccer and Australian rules football
The document summarizes research on return to sport activity (RTS) following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Key findings include:
- Studies report wide variation in rates of RTS from 54-98% and time to RTS from 16-28 weeks. Higher activity levels were associated with younger age, male gender, lower BMI, pre-op sport participation, and lack of other joint pain.
- Intensity of returned sports is generally lower than pre-op levels, though some studies found equal or better performance in 44-71% of patients who returned to sports.
- Recommendations for allowed sports vary significantly between studies and surgeon groups, though cycling, swimming and golf are commonly considered permissible while
This study compared the effectiveness of two rehabilitation programs for acute hamstring strains. Twenty-four athletes with hamstring strains were randomly assigned to either a static stretching, isolated strengthening, and icing program (STST group) or a progressive agility, trunk stabilization, and icing program (PATS group). The PATS group had a significantly shorter average time to return to sports (22.2 days vs 37.4 days) and lower reinjury rates both within 2 weeks of returning (0% vs 54.5%) and within 1 year (7.7% vs 70%) compared to the STST group. A rehabilitation program including progressive agility and trunk stabilization exercises was found to be more effective for returning athletes to
This research article studied whether TRX suspension training could reduce injury rates in futsal athletes by improving Functional Movement Screening (FMS) scores. 24 futsal players were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group. The intervention group did TRX training 3 times a week for 6 weeks, while the control group did regular training. Both groups were tested with the FMS before and after. The intervention group significantly improved their deep squat, hurdle step, inline lunge, trunk rotary stability, and total FMS scores compared to the control group. The results suggest that TRX training can strengthen the core and improve motor control patterns to potentially reduce injuries in futsal players by increasing FMS scores.
This systematic review identified five prospective studies that examined risk factors for recurrent hamstring injuries. The studies reported recurrence rates ranging from 13.9% to 63.3% within two years of the initial injury. There was limited evidence that athletes with a larger volume of initial injury seen on MRI, a Grade 1 initial injury, or a previous ACL reconstruction were at increased risk of recurrent hamstring injury. There was also limited evidence that rehabilitation programs focusing on agility/stabilization exercises rather than stretching/strengthening reduced the risk of re-injury. No significant relationships were found for other factors like age, muscle involved, or functional tests at return to sport. Evidence on the relationship between cross-sectional area of initial injury and
A comparison of 2 circuit exercise training techniques igbenito777
This study compared the metabolic, heart rate, and perceived exertion responses to circuit resistance training (CRT) using either a multistation isoinertial exercise system (MultiGym) or a customized system using Thera-Band resistance bands (ElasticGym) in people with paraplegia. Sixteen men and one woman with chronic paraplegia completed familiarization and testing on both systems. There were no significant differences in average oxygen consumption or heart rate between the two systems. However, average ratings of perceived exertion were significantly higher when using the ElasticGym system. The results suggest that CRT using a customized ElasticGym elicits similar metabolic and heart rate responses but greater perceived exertion compared to
This systematic review examined the effects of stretching before and after exercise on muscle soreness and injury risk. Five studies on stretching and muscle soreness were included, all using static stretching. A meta-analysis found that stretching had a negligible effect on soreness up to 72 hours later, reducing it by less than 2mm on a 100-mm scale. Two studies on injury risk in army recruits found that a specific stretching protocol reduced lower extremity injuries by 5%, which was not a meaningful risk reduction. The evidence does not support stretching for reducing muscle soreness or injury risk.
This study analyzed factors influencing scores on the K-STARTS return to sport test battery in 676 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction. The only factor found to significantly influence scores above the minimal detectable change threshold was completion of a specific return to sport program in addition to standard rehabilitation, which resulted in improved K-STARTS scores at 6 months post-surgery compared to standard rehabilitation alone. No other factors such as age, sex, graft type, or meniscal injury status significantly influenced scores.
Hamstring strain prevention in elite soccer playersFernando Farias
Hamstring strains are among the most
common injury in sport and are most
often observed in sports that involve
sprinting, turning, and jumping
(8,38,63). The prevalence of hamstring
strains has been measured between 11
and 16% in studies of soccer, Australian
rules football, and cricket (92). This can
result in an average of 6 players per squad
suffering a hamstring injury (defined as
“preventing player participation in
a match”) each season in professional
soccer and Australian rules football
The document summarizes research on return to sport activity (RTS) following total hip arthroplasty (THA). Key findings include:
- Studies report wide variation in rates of RTS from 54-98% and time to RTS from 16-28 weeks. Higher activity levels were associated with younger age, male gender, lower BMI, pre-op sport participation, and lack of other joint pain.
- Intensity of returned sports is generally lower than pre-op levels, though some studies found equal or better performance in 44-71% of patients who returned to sports.
- Recommendations for allowed sports vary significantly between studies and surgeon groups, though cycling, swimming and golf are commonly considered permissible while
High intensity warm ups elicit superior performance Fernando Farias
The benefits of an active warm-up (WU) have been
attributed to increases in muscle temperature, nerve
conductivity, and the speeding of metabolic reactions.1 Non-
temperature-related benefifis include an increased blood-flflw
to working muscles, elevated baseline oxygen consumption,
and the induction of a post-activation potentiation (PAP)
effect.
Abstract
Go to
The motivation and habits of rock climbers were investigated using mixed methodology in order to better understand exercise participation. Forty-one patrons of a south eastern United States climbing gym completed a demographics form and adapted Sports Motivation Scale II (SMS-II), while thirty-six participants completed the Rock Climbing Motivation Survey (RCMS). Those with higher climbing frequency reported significantly higher levels of identified regulation than individuals who climbed less often (p=0.011). According to a thematic analysis, exercise balance and personal growth and challenges were the most commonly reported themes of motivation for rock climbing. The most frequently cited barriers were injury and time. Participants reported external motivators to climb upon initiation of the sport, but appeared to rely more on internal motivators to continue climbing. These findings, which are supported by current literature on physical activity, may be applicable to promoting exercise participation and maintenance.
Abstract
The present investigation has been conducted to find out the relationship of selected motor fitness tests to percentage of body fat and reaction time (visual) in mid level male footballer players volunteered to participate in this study.16 students of 15 to 18 years of age and having training in BKSP, were recruited as the subjects. The data on the variables such as percentage of body-fat (BF), speed, agility and reaction-time (RT) were collected by using standard tools and techniques. Each subject’s speed, agility, and reaction time were measured, and the data analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and paired t tests (using SPSS-16). There were no meaningful correlations between reaction time and speed in the subjects .There was a negative correlation between percentage of body fat and reaction time.
Post exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signallingFernando Farias
these two studies offer new and
important insights into how cold water immersion during
recovery from strength exercise affects chronic training
adaptations and some of the molecular mechanisms that
underpin such adaptations. Cold water immersion delayed
or inhibited satellite cell activity and suppressed the
activation of p70S6K after acute strength exercise. These
effects may have been compounded over time to diminish
the expected increases in muscle mass and strength as a
result of training. The results of these studies challenge the
notion that cold water immersion improves recovery after
exercise. Individuals who use strength training to improve
athletic performance, recover from injury or maintain
their health should therefore reconsider whether to use
cold water immersion as an adjuvant to their training.
A Study to compare the effect of Open versus Closed kinetic chain exercises i...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Background And Purpose Of The Study: Patello-femoral arthritis is the most common type of
arthritis especially older people sometimes it is called as degenerative joint disease. Patello- femoral arthritis is
one of the common causes of physical disability in adults. It is the second most common cause of chronic
conditions. 50% of older persons after 55 years are affected. Some of the young people get arthritis from the
joint injuries. Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in our nation more than other systemic diseases like
heart diseases, cancer and diabetes. There are many therapeutic interventions for the treatment of patellofemoral
arthritis. The study is to determine whether closed kinetic chain exercise offer any advantages over
open kinetic chain exercises.
Method: The patients are randomly selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into two
groups. Group A and Group B. Group A is trained with closed kinetic chain exercise and Group B is trained
with open kinetic chain exercises for a period of 12 weeks. the pre and post treatment readings of VAS and
KUJALA scale are taken in both groups for statistical analysis.
Results: The results showed reduction in pain and improvement in functional activity in both Group A and
Group B, significant improvement has been noted in Group A after 12 weeks of training.
Conclusion: This study shows that there was significant improvement in functional ability and reduction of pain
as a result of both open and closed kinetic chain exercises program. There are only few significant differences
between closed kinetic chain exercises (GROUP-A) and open kineticchain exercises (GROUP-B). It reviles that
closed kinetic chain exercises are more effective in the treatment of patello-femoral arthritis than the
(GROUP-B) open kinetic chain exercises
A Practical Measure of Balance, Gait, and Muscular Power in Older Adults: The...Kyle Menkosky
This document describes the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), which is a validated test used to assess physical function in older adults. The SPPB examines balance, gait, and lower body strength through tests of standing balance, walking speed, and repeated chair stands. It provides an overall score of 0-12 based on performance in each test. Studies have shown SPPB scores predict disability, nursing home admission, and mortality in older adults. The document argues the SPPB is a practical test that can be used in cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation to safely identify frailty and guide exercise interventions to improve outcomes in older patients.
This study investigated the relationship between body fat percentage and physical fitness performance among 30 male basketball players aged 19-25 who participated in intervarsity games. The AAHPER test was used to measure physical fitness, while the Jackson & Pollock equation was used to determine body fat percentage. Pearson's correlation found a significant relationship between higher body fat percentage and lower physical fitness performance. This suggests that increased body fat negatively impacts athletic performance in sports requiring body movement.
This study investigated whether balance scores measured by the SWAY Balance System could predict injury risk in intercollegiate athletes and whether balance scores improved over a sports season. 68 athletes from various winter sports underwent pre-season and post-season balance testing using SWAY. A weak correlation was found between higher double stance scores and lower injury occurrence. Most athletes showed improved balance scores after the season. While SWAY showed potential as a predictor, larger studies are needed to better determine its predictive abilities.
The document provides a critical evaluation of the 1987 study "Injuries in Runners" by Lysholm and Wiklander. It summarizes the key findings of the original study regarding common injury sites among different groups of runners. However, it notes that some of these findings contradict other literature. It also analyzes weaknesses in the original study's methodology, such as lack of detail on training protocols and potential inconsistencies in defining injuries. Overall, the evaluation questions some of the reliability and conclusions of the original study due to its methodological limitations.
This document summarizes 10 research studies on gait and balance as assessed through plantar pressure and center of pressure measurements. Several key findings are: 1) Certain center of pressure measures can predict chronic ankle instability but with low accuracy; 2) Center of pressure velocity can classify elderly fallers versus non-fallers with high accuracy; 3) Gait velocity affects orthotic prescription, as rearfoot pronation differs between walking and running; 4) Rocker-bottom shoes increase postural sway in response to perturbations compared to normal shoes; 5) Specific plantar pressure patterns are associated with lower leg injuries in runners; 6) Center of pressure data can indicate rearfoot motion but not precisely; 7) Plantar pressure can be reliably
High-velocity muscular power training improves functional outcome measures in...Chris Hattersley
High-velocity muscular power training can improve functional outcomes in older adults according to a systematic review. The review examined 8 studies with 328 total participants comparing high-velocity training to no training or traditional resistance training. High-velocity training focused on exercises using maximum intended movement velocity, especially for the lower limbs. Various functional outcome measures showed small to large improvements, such as increased walking and stair climbing speed. However, some studies noted potential safety issues like injuries that could be prevented with proper pre-conditioning and exercise selection.
Effect of cold water immersion on skeletal muscle contractile properties in s...Fernando Farias
This study shows that repeated cold-water immersions (4
4 mins at 4-C) cause considerable alterations to muscle behavior. These alter-
ations signififiantly affect the state of muscles and their response capacity, partic-
ularly in relation to muscle stiffness and muscle contraction velocity.
This article summarizes 8 studies that examined the effects of various resistance training interventions on vertical jump performance in athletes. The studies tested interventions such as Olympic weightlifting, power lifting, back squats, and line drills. Most studies found that resistance training can improve vertical jump height, with some studies finding Olympic weightlifting may provide slightly greater improvements than power lifting. However, the increases in vertical jump from resistance training were generally small.
Acute cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to high intensity interval trai...Fernando Farias
Results from the present study quantify the effects of altering either the intensity of the
work or the recovery interval when performing interval sessions consisting of 60s of work and
60s of recovery for multiple repetitions. The information provided may aid those interested in
designing interval training sessions by providing ranges of values that could be expected for
individuals who possess moderate levels of cardiopulmonary fitness. Using a work intensity of
80% or 100% VGO2peak and a recovery intensity of 0% or 50% VGO2peak, subjects were able to
exercise within the ACSM recommended range for exercise intensity. Based upon the data it
would appear that a protocol such as the 80/0 may be appropriate for those individuals who
are just beginning a program or have little experience with interval-type activity. By contrast, a
100/50 protocol could not be completed by all of the subjects and therefore may be too intense
for some individuals.
Winner of the Richard O'Connor Research Award from the Arthroscopy Association of North America 2017. This study demonstrates major improvement in the outcome of ACL reconstruction when an extra-articular procedure (ALL reconstruction) is also performed. The full manuscript is published in AJSM. Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Is Associated With Significantly Reduced ACL Graft Rupture Rates at a Minimum Follow-up of 2 Years: A Prospective Comparative Study of 502 Patients From the SANTI (Scientific ACL NeTwork International) Study Group
This study aimed to develop a visual assessment tool to evaluate movement quality during the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and determine if poor movement quality predicts injury risk. Researchers had three physical therapists evaluate video recordings of 100 subjects performing the anterior reach of the SEBT. The therapists assessed trunk, pelvis, and knee movement on a scoring system and classified subjects as "at risk" or "not at risk" based on reach distances. Interrater reliability for movement scoring was poor to moderate except for the knee, which was moderate. While movement scores did not predict reach distances, subjects deemed "at risk" tended to have fewer movement faults. Knee assessment showed moderately strong specificity and poor sensitivity for detecting risk. Thus
Crimson Publishers: Impact of Resistance Training on Flexibility of Male Coll...Crimson-ForensicScience
The aim of this study was to find out the effect of resistance training on flexibility of male college hostel students. Twenty male hostel students (n=20) were randomly selected from the Government Degree College, Anantnag. The ages were ranged between 18 and 22 years. The selected subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups as training group (TG) control group (CG). The training group (TG) underwent respective resistance training programme for twelve weeks duration for three days per week and a session on each day. The control group (CG) did not expose any special training apart from their regular activities. The flexibility was taken as a dependant variable for the study and it was measured by using sit and reach test. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the collected data. The result revealed that resistance training was made significant improvement (p≤0.05) in Physical Fitness of selected subjects. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 levels.
The study evaluated the effects of exercise training, with or without supplemental oxygen, on adults with complex congenital heart disease. Eight patients participated in a randomized crossover study that assigned them to exercise initially with or without supplemental oxygen. The results showed that exercise training improved cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle function, and walking distance. Additionally, patients tolerated high-intensity exercise and no safety issues arose. However, recruiting patients proved difficult.
Hamstring injuries have increased by 4% annuallyFernando Farias
Muscle injuries are a substantial problem for pro-
fessional football players. They constitute more
than one-third of all time-loss injuries and cause
more than a quarter of the total injury absence in
high-level European professional football clubs.1
Hamstring injury is the most common injury
subtype, representing 12% of all injuries, and a
team with a 25 player-squad typically suffers about
5–6 hamstring injuries each season, equivalent to
more than 80 days involving football activities
(training or matches) lost due to injury.
An aquatic exercise program improved muscular strength, endurance, work and power in patients with multiple sclerosis. For the lower extremities, knee extensor peak torque significantly increased from pre- to mid-trial. Fatigue and work values improved significantly from pre- to post-trial. For the upper extremities, all force measurements significantly increased from pre- to post-trial. Power and total work values also improved significantly, though no significant change in fatigue was found. The results indicate aquatic exercise can induce positive changes to muscular functioning for individuals with multiple sclerosis.
The document is a European Parliament recommendation to the Council regarding setting up an EU rapid response capability. It makes several recommendations, including: acknowledging progress made in EU disaster response but noting need for continued improvement; establishing an EU Civil Protection Force that can respond within 24 hours; basing the force on principles like being civilian-led, observing international law, and respecting voluntary participation; and developing a comprehensive approach between EU institutions to better coordinate disaster prevention, response, and reconstruction efforts.
High intensity warm ups elicit superior performance Fernando Farias
The benefits of an active warm-up (WU) have been
attributed to increases in muscle temperature, nerve
conductivity, and the speeding of metabolic reactions.1 Non-
temperature-related benefifis include an increased blood-flflw
to working muscles, elevated baseline oxygen consumption,
and the induction of a post-activation potentiation (PAP)
effect.
Abstract
Go to
The motivation and habits of rock climbers were investigated using mixed methodology in order to better understand exercise participation. Forty-one patrons of a south eastern United States climbing gym completed a demographics form and adapted Sports Motivation Scale II (SMS-II), while thirty-six participants completed the Rock Climbing Motivation Survey (RCMS). Those with higher climbing frequency reported significantly higher levels of identified regulation than individuals who climbed less often (p=0.011). According to a thematic analysis, exercise balance and personal growth and challenges were the most commonly reported themes of motivation for rock climbing. The most frequently cited barriers were injury and time. Participants reported external motivators to climb upon initiation of the sport, but appeared to rely more on internal motivators to continue climbing. These findings, which are supported by current literature on physical activity, may be applicable to promoting exercise participation and maintenance.
Abstract
The present investigation has been conducted to find out the relationship of selected motor fitness tests to percentage of body fat and reaction time (visual) in mid level male footballer players volunteered to participate in this study.16 students of 15 to 18 years of age and having training in BKSP, were recruited as the subjects. The data on the variables such as percentage of body-fat (BF), speed, agility and reaction-time (RT) were collected by using standard tools and techniques. Each subject’s speed, agility, and reaction time were measured, and the data analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and paired t tests (using SPSS-16). There were no meaningful correlations between reaction time and speed in the subjects .There was a negative correlation between percentage of body fat and reaction time.
Post exercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signallingFernando Farias
these two studies offer new and
important insights into how cold water immersion during
recovery from strength exercise affects chronic training
adaptations and some of the molecular mechanisms that
underpin such adaptations. Cold water immersion delayed
or inhibited satellite cell activity and suppressed the
activation of p70S6K after acute strength exercise. These
effects may have been compounded over time to diminish
the expected increases in muscle mass and strength as a
result of training. The results of these studies challenge the
notion that cold water immersion improves recovery after
exercise. Individuals who use strength training to improve
athletic performance, recover from injury or maintain
their health should therefore reconsider whether to use
cold water immersion as an adjuvant to their training.
A Study to compare the effect of Open versus Closed kinetic chain exercises i...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Background And Purpose Of The Study: Patello-femoral arthritis is the most common type of
arthritis especially older people sometimes it is called as degenerative joint disease. Patello- femoral arthritis is
one of the common causes of physical disability in adults. It is the second most common cause of chronic
conditions. 50% of older persons after 55 years are affected. Some of the young people get arthritis from the
joint injuries. Arthritis is the leading cause of disability in our nation more than other systemic diseases like
heart diseases, cancer and diabetes. There are many therapeutic interventions for the treatment of patellofemoral
arthritis. The study is to determine whether closed kinetic chain exercise offer any advantages over
open kinetic chain exercises.
Method: The patients are randomly selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into two
groups. Group A and Group B. Group A is trained with closed kinetic chain exercise and Group B is trained
with open kinetic chain exercises for a period of 12 weeks. the pre and post treatment readings of VAS and
KUJALA scale are taken in both groups for statistical analysis.
Results: The results showed reduction in pain and improvement in functional activity in both Group A and
Group B, significant improvement has been noted in Group A after 12 weeks of training.
Conclusion: This study shows that there was significant improvement in functional ability and reduction of pain
as a result of both open and closed kinetic chain exercises program. There are only few significant differences
between closed kinetic chain exercises (GROUP-A) and open kineticchain exercises (GROUP-B). It reviles that
closed kinetic chain exercises are more effective in the treatment of patello-femoral arthritis than the
(GROUP-B) open kinetic chain exercises
A Practical Measure of Balance, Gait, and Muscular Power in Older Adults: The...Kyle Menkosky
This document describes the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), which is a validated test used to assess physical function in older adults. The SPPB examines balance, gait, and lower body strength through tests of standing balance, walking speed, and repeated chair stands. It provides an overall score of 0-12 based on performance in each test. Studies have shown SPPB scores predict disability, nursing home admission, and mortality in older adults. The document argues the SPPB is a practical test that can be used in cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation to safely identify frailty and guide exercise interventions to improve outcomes in older patients.
This study investigated the relationship between body fat percentage and physical fitness performance among 30 male basketball players aged 19-25 who participated in intervarsity games. The AAHPER test was used to measure physical fitness, while the Jackson & Pollock equation was used to determine body fat percentage. Pearson's correlation found a significant relationship between higher body fat percentage and lower physical fitness performance. This suggests that increased body fat negatively impacts athletic performance in sports requiring body movement.
This study investigated whether balance scores measured by the SWAY Balance System could predict injury risk in intercollegiate athletes and whether balance scores improved over a sports season. 68 athletes from various winter sports underwent pre-season and post-season balance testing using SWAY. A weak correlation was found between higher double stance scores and lower injury occurrence. Most athletes showed improved balance scores after the season. While SWAY showed potential as a predictor, larger studies are needed to better determine its predictive abilities.
The document provides a critical evaluation of the 1987 study "Injuries in Runners" by Lysholm and Wiklander. It summarizes the key findings of the original study regarding common injury sites among different groups of runners. However, it notes that some of these findings contradict other literature. It also analyzes weaknesses in the original study's methodology, such as lack of detail on training protocols and potential inconsistencies in defining injuries. Overall, the evaluation questions some of the reliability and conclusions of the original study due to its methodological limitations.
This document summarizes 10 research studies on gait and balance as assessed through plantar pressure and center of pressure measurements. Several key findings are: 1) Certain center of pressure measures can predict chronic ankle instability but with low accuracy; 2) Center of pressure velocity can classify elderly fallers versus non-fallers with high accuracy; 3) Gait velocity affects orthotic prescription, as rearfoot pronation differs between walking and running; 4) Rocker-bottom shoes increase postural sway in response to perturbations compared to normal shoes; 5) Specific plantar pressure patterns are associated with lower leg injuries in runners; 6) Center of pressure data can indicate rearfoot motion but not precisely; 7) Plantar pressure can be reliably
High-velocity muscular power training improves functional outcome measures in...Chris Hattersley
High-velocity muscular power training can improve functional outcomes in older adults according to a systematic review. The review examined 8 studies with 328 total participants comparing high-velocity training to no training or traditional resistance training. High-velocity training focused on exercises using maximum intended movement velocity, especially for the lower limbs. Various functional outcome measures showed small to large improvements, such as increased walking and stair climbing speed. However, some studies noted potential safety issues like injuries that could be prevented with proper pre-conditioning and exercise selection.
Effect of cold water immersion on skeletal muscle contractile properties in s...Fernando Farias
This study shows that repeated cold-water immersions (4
4 mins at 4-C) cause considerable alterations to muscle behavior. These alter-
ations signififiantly affect the state of muscles and their response capacity, partic-
ularly in relation to muscle stiffness and muscle contraction velocity.
This article summarizes 8 studies that examined the effects of various resistance training interventions on vertical jump performance in athletes. The studies tested interventions such as Olympic weightlifting, power lifting, back squats, and line drills. Most studies found that resistance training can improve vertical jump height, with some studies finding Olympic weightlifting may provide slightly greater improvements than power lifting. However, the increases in vertical jump from resistance training were generally small.
Acute cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to high intensity interval trai...Fernando Farias
Results from the present study quantify the effects of altering either the intensity of the
work or the recovery interval when performing interval sessions consisting of 60s of work and
60s of recovery for multiple repetitions. The information provided may aid those interested in
designing interval training sessions by providing ranges of values that could be expected for
individuals who possess moderate levels of cardiopulmonary fitness. Using a work intensity of
80% or 100% VGO2peak and a recovery intensity of 0% or 50% VGO2peak, subjects were able to
exercise within the ACSM recommended range for exercise intensity. Based upon the data it
would appear that a protocol such as the 80/0 may be appropriate for those individuals who
are just beginning a program or have little experience with interval-type activity. By contrast, a
100/50 protocol could not be completed by all of the subjects and therefore may be too intense
for some individuals.
Winner of the Richard O'Connor Research Award from the Arthroscopy Association of North America 2017. This study demonstrates major improvement in the outcome of ACL reconstruction when an extra-articular procedure (ALL reconstruction) is also performed. The full manuscript is published in AJSM. Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Is Associated With Significantly Reduced ACL Graft Rupture Rates at a Minimum Follow-up of 2 Years: A Prospective Comparative Study of 502 Patients From the SANTI (Scientific ACL NeTwork International) Study Group
This study aimed to develop a visual assessment tool to evaluate movement quality during the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and determine if poor movement quality predicts injury risk. Researchers had three physical therapists evaluate video recordings of 100 subjects performing the anterior reach of the SEBT. The therapists assessed trunk, pelvis, and knee movement on a scoring system and classified subjects as "at risk" or "not at risk" based on reach distances. Interrater reliability for movement scoring was poor to moderate except for the knee, which was moderate. While movement scores did not predict reach distances, subjects deemed "at risk" tended to have fewer movement faults. Knee assessment showed moderately strong specificity and poor sensitivity for detecting risk. Thus
Crimson Publishers: Impact of Resistance Training on Flexibility of Male Coll...Crimson-ForensicScience
The aim of this study was to find out the effect of resistance training on flexibility of male college hostel students. Twenty male hostel students (n=20) were randomly selected from the Government Degree College, Anantnag. The ages were ranged between 18 and 22 years. The selected subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups as training group (TG) control group (CG). The training group (TG) underwent respective resistance training programme for twelve weeks duration for three days per week and a session on each day. The control group (CG) did not expose any special training apart from their regular activities. The flexibility was taken as a dependant variable for the study and it was measured by using sit and reach test. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the collected data. The result revealed that resistance training was made significant improvement (p≤0.05) in Physical Fitness of selected subjects. The level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 levels.
The study evaluated the effects of exercise training, with or without supplemental oxygen, on adults with complex congenital heart disease. Eight patients participated in a randomized crossover study that assigned them to exercise initially with or without supplemental oxygen. The results showed that exercise training improved cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle function, and walking distance. Additionally, patients tolerated high-intensity exercise and no safety issues arose. However, recruiting patients proved difficult.
Hamstring injuries have increased by 4% annuallyFernando Farias
Muscle injuries are a substantial problem for pro-
fessional football players. They constitute more
than one-third of all time-loss injuries and cause
more than a quarter of the total injury absence in
high-level European professional football clubs.1
Hamstring injury is the most common injury
subtype, representing 12% of all injuries, and a
team with a 25 player-squad typically suffers about
5–6 hamstring injuries each season, equivalent to
more than 80 days involving football activities
(training or matches) lost due to injury.
An aquatic exercise program improved muscular strength, endurance, work and power in patients with multiple sclerosis. For the lower extremities, knee extensor peak torque significantly increased from pre- to mid-trial. Fatigue and work values improved significantly from pre- to post-trial. For the upper extremities, all force measurements significantly increased from pre- to post-trial. Power and total work values also improved significantly, though no significant change in fatigue was found. The results indicate aquatic exercise can induce positive changes to muscular functioning for individuals with multiple sclerosis.
The document is a European Parliament recommendation to the Council regarding setting up an EU rapid response capability. It makes several recommendations, including: acknowledging progress made in EU disaster response but noting need for continued improvement; establishing an EU Civil Protection Force that can respond within 24 hours; basing the force on principles like being civilian-led, observing international law, and respecting voluntary participation; and developing a comprehensive approach between EU institutions to better coordinate disaster prevention, response, and reconstruction efforts.
My own Japanese translation of the legendary Steven Jobs's speech at the Stanford university.
Browser version available in http://slides.com/haradats/deck#/
この翻訳および文書の作成は、2015年10月23日に芝浦工業大学で行った講義、「人生をより良く生きるためのプレゼンーション入門」の資料として作成したものです。
PDFファイルは下記でダウンロードできます。
http://www11.plala.or.jp/tsh/stanford.pdf
Buenas noches profe adjunto les envió mi aporte realizado para este trabajo grupal TEMA: PARADIGMAS Y LEARNIG y posterior repaso para el parcial correspondiente al 2do corte,junto con mi compañera soranyi alvarez
Презентация вебинара Репетитор- freelancer: о реалиях и возможностях о том, что можно делать репетитору для самопродвижения и как развиваться в своей карьере.
PepsiCo Annual Report 2010 Performance With Purposeinterlubio
PepsiCo has made commitments to improve the nutritional profile of its products globally. By 2015, PepsiCo aims to reduce the average sodium content of key brands by 25% from 2006 levels. By 2020, PepsiCo aims to reduce the average saturated fat content of key brands by 15% from 2006 levels. PepsiCo has already made progress, reducing sodium and saturated fat in various product lines around the world. PepsiCo formed a Global Nutrition Group to help accelerate its efforts and achieve its goal of increasing its "Good-for-You" portfolio revenue to $30 billion by 2020.
Dokumen tersebut membahas sejarah Amerika Serikat mulai sebelum kedatangan Columbus hingga Perang Saudara. Beberapa peristiwa penting yang disebutkan antara lain kedatangan Columbus pada 1492, Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika melawan Inggris 1776-1783, dan Perang Saudara Amerika 1861-1865.
Risk Based Pavement Structural Evaluation And Rehabilitation DesignDr Wei Liu
The risk concept provides a means of incorporating some degree of certainty into the process to ensure that the outcomes of the process will provide acceptable levels of service until the end of the intended design life. In pavement design and evaluation, the risk concept is applicable for the input parameters with a high degree of uncertainty and that have an impact on the final outcome of the design process. The 2004 AUSTROADS Pavement Design Guide emphasized that much of the misunderstanding of pavement design, and resulting pavement failures over the past 20 years has been associated with uncertainty and resulting lack of reliability in design. Pavement structural evaluation and rehabilitation designs are highly dependent on the in-situ layer properties. Pavement layer thickness is an essential input in backcalculation analysis performed on measured surface deflections by Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) survey. Inaccurate layer thickness information may lead to significant errors in the backcalculated layer moduli and hence in the rehabilitation design. Since the pavement layer thickness has some degree of variability, it is important to consider this variability in the backcalculation analysis and rehabilitation design. In this paper, a risk-based pavement evaluation methodology will be introduced to account for the variability of pavement layer thickness through integration of FWD and GPR data. It is be demonstrated that the proposed methodology can help RCAs more accurately assess the pavement structural condition of road network with more confidence. The proposed procedure is also applicable in project level for the construction acceptance testing of new or rehabilitation pavement.
Get the best human brain powerpoint templates and themes which makes your PPT templates beautiful having attractive animation that also a part of creative look at templatesforpowerpoint.com
- Early sports specialization, or intense training in a single sport at the exclusion of others from a young age, has been associated with increased injury risk and attrition from sports. Specialization occurs earlier in individual sports than team sports.
- A systematic review examined the effects of early specialization on youth and adolescent athletes. Several studies found that early specialization was linked to higher rates of overuse injuries and dropping out of sports during young adulthood. However, the evidence on optimal timing of specialization is still limited.
- Athletic trainers should educate young athletes, parents, and coaches on the risks of early specialization, including overuse injuries, and encourage taking adequate rest and participating in multiple sports while young.
Relationship between functional movement screening score and history of injur...Tadashi Hara
This study investigated the relationship between Functional Movement Screening (FMS) scores and history of injury in 100 physically active college students. 35 students suffered lower extremity injuries during the season. Students with FMS scores less than 17 were approximately 4.7 times more likely to get injured. Injured students had significantly lower FMS scores than non-injured students. The study provides reference values for FMS scores in college athletes and suggests FMS may help identify injury risk, though more research is still needed.
This systematic review examined the evidence that eccentric training improves lower limb flexibility. The authors searched multiple databases and identified 6 randomized controlled trials that met their inclusion criteria. All 6 trials studied different muscle groups (hamstrings, plantar flexors, quadriceps) and measured flexibility using range of motion or muscle fascicle length. The results across all 6 trials consistently showed that eccentric training improved lower limb flexibility when compared to a different intervention or no intervention. This supports the hypothesis that eccentric training is an effective method for increasing lower limb flexibility. Further research is needed comparing eccentric training to other exercises like static stretching.
This document contains a literature review on the effects of early sports specialization on youth and adolescent athletes. It includes the author's contact information and introduction outlining the purpose of systematically reviewing literature on this topic. The methods section describes searches of electronic databases that resulted in inclusion of 8 studies (3 level 2b, 1 level 4, 4 level 5) based on pre-defined criteria. The results section summarizes 4 original research studies that found early specialization is associated with increased injury risk and attrition from sports. It also summarizes 4 expert recommendation articles that consistently recommend monitoring training/rest and delaying specialization until late adolescence to decrease injury risk and attrition.
1. The document discusses research on the effects of eccentric hamstring exercises for soccer players. It reviews 6 studies that provide evidence that eccentric hamstring strengthening can improve muscle strength and balance, increase peak torque, and reduce the risk of hamstring injury compared to concentric strengthening alone.
2. One key study found that performing eccentric hamstring exercises during the cool-down of soccer training sessions more effectively maintained strength compared to the warm-up. This has implications for reducing muscle fatigue.
3. The studies demonstrated increases in hamstring strength, peak torque, and hamstring to quadriceps ratios following eccentric training programs, as well as reductions in reported hamstring injuries among soccer players.
Effects of Strength Training in Multiple sclerosis patientsDaniel Yazbek
1) A systematic review of 4 randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) in patients with multiple sclerosis found that PRT can improve muscle strength and size.
2) Meta-analysis of the 3 studies measuring leg strength showed a significant mean increase in strength for patients undergoing PRT compared to controls.
3) While the studies had some limitations, overall they provide evidence that PRT can provide health benefits for MS patients and help increase muscle strength and size. Larger and higher quality studies are still needed.
The document summarizes evidence from a systematic review and expert consensus on clinical practice guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rehabilitation. The rehabilitation should include three phases: (1) an impairment-based phase, (2) a sport-specific training phase, and (3) a return to play phase. A battery of strength, hop, movement quality, and psychological tests should guide progression between phases over 9-12 months. Return to play criteria should incorporate objective measures like strength and hop tests to assess risk of reinjury.
TU Research Day Brandi Poster 2015.03.31Brandi Krieg
The injury rates in college athletes is high, with over half experiencing an injury in a single season. Psychological risk factors like stress have been linked to increased injury risk by causing muscle tension. This study examined whether self-reported stress and maladaptive coping predicted musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) in 245 college athletes. Questionnaires assessed stress and coping, while injuries were obtained from medical records. Logistic regression found no significant predictors of MSI, although high athletic stress trended toward increasing MSI risk. While psychological factors did not independently predict MSI in this study, injury prevention remains important given long-term health impacts of injuries sustained in college sports.
Influencing factors upon the reliability of physical proficiency testIOSR Journals
Abstract: The investigator has been selected (i) warm-up, (ii) motivation, and (iii) time of the day for physical
performance as influencing factors of the reliability of physical proficiency test of (i) 30 feet shuttle-run, (ii)
standing broad-jump, (iii) sit-ups for one minute. Eighty students of Bachelor Degree who are opted Physical
Education, Health education and Sports subjects from different colleges affiliated to Manipur University were
selected for this investigation. The Selection of the subjects was done purely on the basis of the specific purpose
of the study and had certain level of physical proficiency so that all the subjects could perform all the variable
test items of the study. After systematically analysed the data of the study it was found that the selected
influencing measurement factors has been affected the reliability of the selected physical proficiency test.
Keywords: Proficiency, reliability, warm-up, motivation, 30 feet shuttle-run, standing broad-jump, and sit-ups
for one minute.
Presentation by Dr Adnan Saithna, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Kansas City University, delivered at American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Annual Meeting 2020. This presentation reports that professional athletes are at higher risk of septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction than recreational athletes
The document summarizes a journal article that examines college athletes' comfort levels with seeking behavioral health services. It finds that college athletes are less comfortable seeking mental health services compared to academic or athletic services. Division I athletes reported feeling significantly less comfortable than Division II or III athletes. The profile of the sport played did not significantly impact comfort levels. The study suggests addressing barriers related to mental health stigma, athletic culture, and service delivery to improve college athletes' willingness to seek needed behavioral health support.
Br j sports med 2014 effectiveness of exercise interventionsSatoshi Kajiyama
This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effectiveness of exercise interventions in preventing sports injuries. The review analyzed 25 randomized controlled trials involving over 26,000 participants and 3,400 injuries. It found that overall, exercise programs were effective in reducing sports injuries, with certain types of exercises working better than others. Strength training was the most effective at reducing injuries, cutting the risk to less than one-third. Proprioception training and programs combining multiple exercises also significantly reduced injuries. Both acute and overuse injuries saw reduced risk from exercise programs.
1) A study investigated the effects of 22 weeks of periodized soccer training focused on technical-tactical ability in young players.
2) The training reduced markers of muscle damage (CK and LDH levels) over time and improved high-intensity performance and tactical metrics in games.
3) Players who saw greater reductions in muscle damage markers also had larger increases in high-intensity actions during games.
The document discusses a study that examined the effect of specific training on skill performance in college basketball players. Thirty male basketball players were divided into an experimental group that underwent specific training and a control group. Both groups were tested on shooting skills before and after the training period using a shooting test. The results showed that the experimental group demonstrated significantly improved shooting performance compared to the control group, indicating that specific training can effectively enhance skill performance in basketball players.
The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuriesFernando Farias
Strength training reduced sports injuries to less
than one-third. We advocate that multiple exposure interven-
tions should be constructed on the basis of well-proven single
exposures and that further research into single exposures, par-
ticularly strength training, remains crucial. Both acute and
overuse injuries could be significantly reduced, overuse injuries
by almost a half.
State of the Science of Military Human Performance OptimizationJA Larson
The document summarizes research on optimizing human performance in the military. It finds that combining upper and lower body resistance training with aerobic training and load carriage exercise is the most effective training method for improving load carriage performance, based on a meta-analysis. Additionally, limiting long distance running can significantly reduce musculoskeletal injuries without negatively impacting performance. Standardized physical training programs are also shown to be more effective and safer than traditional training methods.
The document discusses several key points about factors that impact bone health and injury risk for female athletes and military personnel:
1) Nutrition, training load, and other lifestyle factors are interlinked and influence bone health and risk of injury, rather than individual factors alone. Inadequate intake of key nutrients can limit the benefits of exercise on bone health.
2) Past injuries increase future risk of re-injury, highlighting the importance of addressing underlying nutrition, training, and other issues to aid recovery and prevent reoccurrence.
3) Nutrients like calcium, vitamin D, and protein work together synergistically to support bone health, so optimizing one without others may not improve outcomes. A whole diet approach is
This study investigated whether there is a correlation between height velocity, maturity offset, and musculoskeletal complaints in 72 male academy football players aged 10-15. Players were grouped as "injured" if they had medical records of musculoskeletal problems or "non-injured" if they did not. There were no statistically significant differences found between the groups in age, height velocity, or maturity offset. While the injured group was closer to their predicted peak height velocity age, the difference was not significant. The study was limited by not accounting for injury severity or frequency, player position, or training load between groups. A larger prospective study is needed to further examine any potential connections.
1) Tell us why you are going to college and include a few benefitsTatianaMajor22
1) Tell us why you are going to college and include a few benefits you expect from this experience.
2) What does success mean to you?
3) Based on the results of the learning styles assessment that you completed and the video you watched, how would you best describe your own learning style(s) and study preferences?
Which of the study strategies recommended for your learning style will you be using? Provide 3 detailed examples.
Use of RPE-Based Training Load in Soccer
FRANCO M. IMPELLIZZERI1, ERMANNO RAMPININI1, AARON J. COUTTS2,
ALDO SASSI1, and SAMUELE M. MARCORA3
1Human Performance Lab, S.S. MAPEI, Castellanza, Varese, ITALY; 2School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of
Technology, Sydney, AUSTRALIA; and 3School of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, University of Wales-Bangor,
UNITED KINGDOM
ABSTRACT
IMPELLIZZERI, F. M., E. RAMPININI, A. J. COUTTS, A. SASSI, and S. M. MARCORA. Use of RPE-Based Training Load in
Soccer.Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 1042–1047, 2004.Purpose: The ability to accurately control and monitor internal
training load is an important aspect of effective coaching. The aim of this study was to apply in soccer the RPE-based method proposed
by Foster et al. to quantify internal training load (session-RPE) and to assess its correlations with various methods used to determine
internal training load based on the HR response to exercise.Methods: Nineteen young soccer players (mean� SD: age 17.6� 0.7
yr, weight 70.2� 4.7 kg, height 178.5� 4.8 cm, body fat 7.5� 2.2%, V̇O2max, 57.1 � 4.0 mL·kg
�1·min�1) were involved in the
study. All subjects performed an incremental treadmill test before and after the training period during which lactate threshold (1.5
mmol·L�1 above baseline) and OBLA (4.0 mmol·L�1) were determined. The training loads completed during the seven training weeks
were determined multiplying the session RPE (CR10-scale) by session duration in minutes. These session-RPE values were correlated
with training load measures obtained from three different HR-based methods suggested by Edwards, Banister, and Lucia, respectively.
Results: Individual internal loads of 479 training sessions were collected. All individual correlations between various HR-based
training load and session-RPE were statistically significant (from r� 0.50 to r� 0.85,P � 0.01).Conclusion: The results of this study
show that the session-RPE can be considered a good indicator of global internal load of soccer training. This method does not require
particular expensive equipment and can be very useful and practical for coaches and athletic trainer to monitor and control internal load,
and to design periodization strategies.Key Words: PERCEIVED EXERTION, HEART RATE, PHYSICAL TRAINING, TEAM
SPORTS
P
hysical training is the systematic repetition of physi-
cal exercises, and it can be described in terms of its
outcome (anatomical, physiological, biochemical,
and functional adaptations) or its process, that is, the t ...
Similar to Evaluation of Conditioning and Predisposition to Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (20)
1) Tell us why you are going to college and include a few benefits
Evaluation of Conditioning and Predisposition to Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
1. 1
Evaluation of Conditioning and Predisposition to
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS) in College
Athletes
Krista L. Capelli, LAT, ATC; Thomas F. West, PhD, LAT, ATC
*California University of Pennsylvania, California, PA
Objective: The primary purpose of this study is to
determine whether athletes suffering from MTSS
have a greater participation in flexibility,
plyometric, balance, cardiorespiratory, resistance,
and/or speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ)
training than those without MTSS.
Subjects: The subjects for this study consisted of
Division II and III student athletes at NCAA
colleges/universities. The study looked at both
male and female athletes from a number of
college sports teams.
Measurements:We assessed athletes’ perceived
diagnosis of symptoms related to MTSS using a
diagnosis survey titled "The Medial Tibial Stress
Syndrome Score: A New Patient-reported
Outcome Measure” by Marius Winters13
as well as
their frequency, duration and intensity of training
by design of the researcher’s own questionnaire.
The Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale was
used to measure level of intensity.
Results: 69 completed surveys were submitted
for data analyses. We found that 9 (13%) were
considered having signs of MTSS while 60 (87%)
showed no signs of MTSS. The average intensity
of plyometric training as well as the duration of
cardiovascular training for athletes with MTSS
was significantly greater than athletes without
MTSS. There was no huge difference of means
between groups in any other form of training.
Conclusions: Athletes with MTSS showed no
significant difference in training than those without
MTSS. Females were found to be at a higher risk
for symptoms associated with MTSS than males.
Key Words: MTSS, athletic training
______________________________________________
Introduction
Many athletes suffer a number of lower
extremity overuse injuries. Medial tibial stress
syndrome (MTSS), more commonly referred to
as “shin splints” is one of the most common
lower leg injuries. Some studies show that
MTSS accounts for 6% to 16% of all running
injuries. Research has also shown that MTSS
is responsible for as much as 50% of all lower
leg injuries reported in select populations1-3
.
The exact cause for MTSS is inconsistent
within the research and varies based on
athlete and sport. Much of the research found
MTSS is associated with repetitive activity on
hard surfaces, forceful and excessive foot
pronation, rapid increases in training, improper
shoe wear, inadequate calcium intake, muscle
imbalances between genders, navicular drop,
foot length, history and BMI1-6
. It is important
that athletic trainers recognize the signs and
symptoms as well as predisposing risks of
MTSS to prevent further and more serious
injuries like stress fractures from occurring. If
an athlete should suffer from stress fractures, it
could result in a greater loss of time through
periods of immobilization, rehabilitation, and
overall return to play. Although there have
been many methods to prevent and treat for
MTSS, research is still limited 1, 2, 7
.
According to the review of the literature, the
athlete should be advised to use nonsteroidal
2. 2
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) for pain and
crutches to keep the athlete non-weight
bearing or partial weight bearing. Although
surgery has been shown to relieve symptoms
associated with MTSS, conservative treatment
has been seen to be the better option.
Treatment may include modalities such as
ultrasound, electrical stimulation, cryotherapy
and other forms such as orthotics, arch taping,
and shoe modifications8
. A rehabilitation plan
may include non-aggravating activities for
flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular fitness,
as well as modified training routines with low-
impact exercises8
. Other methods of treatment
like bisphosphonates to inhibit bone
reabsorption and interfere with the action of
osteoclasts, pneumatic leg braces, and
extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) to
reduce symptoms of MTSS require further
research9-12
.
The purpose of this study is to determine
whether athletes suffering from MTSS have a
greater participation in flexibility, plyometric,
balance, resistance, and/or
speed/agility/quickness (SAQ) training than
those without MTSS. It is important to
understand the different components of
training in order to determine which specific
form of training causes a greater risk of MTSS.
Once the participation of training has been
identified, the next step is to determine a
prevention strategy. If athletic trainers can limit
or change some aspects of training, the overall
care of the athletes suffering from MTSS may
improve. Additionally, it may also be beneficial
to learn the effects of pre-existing injuries in
athletes playing at the colligate level as well as
differences in incidence rate between genders
and sports.
METHODS
Subjects
The subjects for this study were Division II
and III college student athletes at NCAA
colleges/universities. The study consisted of
both male and female athletes from all
collegiate sports (swimming, volleyball,
baseball, softball, soccer, football, track and
field, cross-country, lacrosse, wrestling, tennis,
field hockey, ice hockey, and basketball).
Instrumentation
The survey consisted of approximately 19
questions including demographic information,
sport, and most recently completed competitive
season and the availability of the strength and
conditioning coach at the athlete’s school. We
also collected the athlete’s signs and
symptoms for MTSS, and their participation in
flexibility, plyometric, balance,
cardiorespiratory, resistance, and SAQ
training. If the athlete reported under the age of
17, the survey was complete and was not used
for the study. For the second portion of the
study, we included a validated MTSS scoring
system using a study by Marinus Winters et.
al13
. All athletes were asked to choose
complaints of a specific shin followed by point
valued questions based on level of pain with
sporting activities, pain with walking, and pain
during rest. Also, we explored their frequency
(days), intensity (BORG Rating of Perceived
Exertion) and duration of training (minutes)
looking at specific training categories.
Preliminary Research
A panel of experts reviewed the survey
before any research was conducted. The panel
members consisted of 10 certified athletic
trainers who added to the content validity of
the survey.
A draft of the cover letter explaining the
design and the experts’ responsibilities were
sent out via email in this study. Members were
also given the researcher’s problem statement
and a copy of the “Shin Splints and Training”
survey.
Members reviewed the survey instrument and
added to the content validity by adding any
recommendations for improvement. After
reviewing the survey, the panel members
provided critiques and changes. The
necessary changes were made to the survey
based on critiques by the panel of experts.
Procedures
The study was approved by the Institutional
Review Board (IRB) at California University of
Pennsylvania before beginning any data
collection or distribution of surveys. The
athletic directors of the selected colleges were
3. 3
contacted via email. The athletic directors were
asked for written or electronic approval to allow
the researcher to distribute surveys to coaches
who in turn would send the cover letter and link
to the survey to student athletes.
The participants for this study were then
notified of the questionnaire through the
students’ e-mail account. The cover letter
explained the purpose of the study to each
potential participant. Surveys were collected
for a 2-week period following distribution and
were deactivated after that time. This
timeframe was to allow adequate time for both
the subjects to complete the survey and the
researcher to collect adequate data. After one
week, a reminder was sent to coaches asking
them to remind athletes. All data was kept
confidential and organized into a spreadsheet
for analysis.
Null Hypothesis
Student athletes having MTSS will show
greater frequency and intensity of participation
in flexibility, plyometric, balance, resistance,
cardiorespiratory and/or SAQ training than
those without MTSS.
Data Analysis
All data was analyzed with SPSS 22.0
analysis software. The research hypothesis
was analyzed using an independent sample T-
test with a p≤ .05.
RESULTS
Descriptive Analyses
Of the 104 student-athletes who responded
to the questionnaire, 69 returned completed
surveys for data analyses. From this sample,
30 (43.5%) were male and 39 (56.5%) were
female between the ages of 18-23. 31
(44.9%)of those athletes play a Division II sport
and 38 (55.1%) are Division III athletes.
Winters et al.13 categorizes MTSS athletes
with smallest detectable change at a score
4.80 out of a total score of 10. Due to limited
responses, the score required for athletes to
be considered for MTSS was 3 out of 10. We
found that 9 (13%) were considered having
signs of MTSS while 60 (87%) showed no
signs of MTSS.
Of the 9 participants who were diagnosed
with having MTSS, 3 were male (33.3%) and 6
were female (66.7%). Athletes with MTSS
participated more in track and field (5), soccer
(1) tennis (2) and field hockey (1). From the 5
athletes that participated in track and field, 3 of
those athletes also participated in cross-
country.
Athletes with MTSS utilized their strength and
conditioning coach either 3-4 days per week or
not at all where athletes without MTSS would
also work 3-4 days per week (44.3%) or not at
all (31.1%).
Table 1: Means (Standard Deviation) of Frequency, Duration and Intensity
MTSS Frequency Duration Intensity
Flexibility Yes 3.56 (1.509) 4.11 (1.965) 6.11 (3.919)
No 2.97 (1.785) 3.05 (2.213) 5.83 (4.009)
Plyometric Yes 3.22 (2.167) 3.89 (3.296) 9.00 (3.905)
No 3.82 (2.119) 2.60 (2.330) 6.97 (4.042)
Balance Yes 3.44 (2.455) 2.78 (2.906) 5.67 (4.031)
No 3.87 (2.198) 2.07 (1.745) 7.12 (4.166)
Cardiorespiratory Yes 3.22 (1.787) 7.00 (3.428) 6.22 (3.153)
No 3.40 (1.709) 5.80 (3.896) 6.17 (3.335)
Resistance Yes 3.67 (1.936) 3.44 (3.167) 7.33 (4.444)
No 3.45 (1.926) 4.10 (3.150) 6.77 (3.837)
SAQ Yes 3.00 (1.871) 6.00 (2.872) 6.67 (3.742)
No 2.90 (1.526) 5.57 (3.387) 6.17 (3.263)
4. 4
Discussion
Table 1 illustrates the means and standard
deviation for frequency, duration, and intensity
of all components of training for this study of
athletes with and without MTSS. The mean
intensity of plyometric training for athletes with
MTSS (m= 9.00) is significantly greater than
athletes without MTSS (m= 6.97). There was
no statistical difference of means between
groups in any other form of training. The table
also shows the mean duration of
cardiorespiratory for athletes with MTSS (m=
7.00) is higher than those without MTSS (m=
5.80) and more than any other duration of
training.
An independent-samples t-test was
calculated comparing the mean score of the
frequency, duration, and intensity of flexibility,
plyometric, balance, resistance,
cardiorespiratory, and SAQ training in
participants with and without MTSS. The data
showed no significant difference between the
groups. Table 2 illustrates significance, t value,
and p-value for all components of training. If
the significance was larger than .05, the
variances were considered equal. The p-value
for duration (p=.148) and intensity (.162) of
plyometric training presented as the lowest
values.
MTSS Treatment
The researchers also investigated the
frequency of treatments for athletes with
MTSS. The study found that all 9 participants
use some form of cryotherapy (ice, cold
whirlpool, etc.). In regards to other types of
treatment the following percentages were
utilized: tape (33.3%), orthotics (11.1%), heat
(66.7%), ultrasound (22.2%), electrical
stimulation (55.6%), and massage (44.4%).
However, only 5 found cryotherapy to be a
successful treatment while other successful
uses for treatment included heat, electrical
stimulation, and massage. We asked
participants to include any other form of
successful treatments. These methods
included: pressure release techniques, manual
therapy (Graston, scrapping), acupuncture,
and shockwave therapy.
Conclusions
Though the sample size was small, the data
found that females are more at risk to having
signs and symptoms related to MTSS. The
research has found that no specific form of
training causes signs and symptoms
associated with MTSS. There is not enough
evidence in this study to show whether
plyometric training is the true cause for MTSS.
The need for further research would have to be
implicated.
Limitations
The limitation of this study was the
insignificant number of participants due to
student-athlete compliance and the minimal
selection of NCAA schools chosen for this
study. The participants were only considered
for data analysis if all necessary questions
were answered. If the athlete missed more
than one question, they were excluded from
the study. The researchers had no information
Table 2: Significance, t value, and p-
value for Frequency, Duration, and
Intensity for all Components of Training
Levene’s Test
for Equality of
Variances
t-test for
Equality of
Means
Sig. t Sig. (2-
tailed)
Flexibility
Frequency
Duration
Intensity
.441
.941
.663
.939
1.359
.194
.351
.179
.846
Plyometric
Frequency
Duration
Intensity
.503
.066
.200
-.783
1.462
1.413
.437
.148
.162
Balance
Frequency
Duration
Intensity
.406
.169
.145
-.530
1.035
-.977
.598
.304
.332
Resistance
Frequency
Duration
Intensity
.652
.393
.277
.315
-.582
.405
.754
.563
.687
Cardiorespiratory
Frequency
Duration
Intensity
.838
.390
.460
-.289
.873
.047
.773
.386
.963
SAQ
Frequency
Duration
Intensity
.331
.363
.682
.178
.364
.421
.859
.717
.675
*Equal variances assumed
*p-value≤ .05
5. 5
on any previous or current injuries to the lower
leg. Another limitation was compliance of
coaches to distribute surveys to their teams.
Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge Dr. Thomas
West for his initial contribution for this study,
and Dr. Shelly DiCesaro for her final
contribution. I would also like to thank the
graduate athletic training students for their role
in the preliminary study. This study was
conducted as the first author’s master’s thesis.
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