Trust in the mobile internet of things

Trust in the mobile Internet of Things
1
Trust in the mobile
Internet of Things
Enhancing cellular connectivity in a
billion devices through blockchain
By Antonio Gonzalo Vaca & Sandra Becker
June 2016
Disclaimer: this White Paper is issued for information only. It does not constitute an official or agreed position. The views expressed are entirely those of the authors
who declines all responsibility for any errors and any loss or damage resulting from use of the contents of this White Paper. The authors also decline responsibility for
any infringement of any third party's Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), but will be pleased to acknowledge any IPR and correct any infringement of which it is advised.

3
Introduction
The Internet of Things is a promise. A liquid
world where all devices are interconnected and
communicating. Regarding mobile connectivity,
e-SIM is the technological response from the
cellular connectivity industry: An embedded
hardware connectivity piece, ready to fit into
everything.
It foreseeable that the day-to-day management
of all these billion lines along all our devices’
lifecycles (typically years) will represent a great
opportunity for integrators and connectivity
aggregators, and at the same time an amazing
threat of disintermediation for traditional
operators.
But there is still one card to play. Due to recent
technological advances we can put the operators
back into the driver’s seat for connectivity.
Embracing blockchain, operators can place the
user back again in the center of the ecosystem,
while regaining user’s trust for all connectivity
management.
Through three parts, this whitepaper will present
the forecoming problem, the proposed solution
and the products that will be enabled by it, whose
only purpose is to help connect things with users,
allow multiple new services to flourish, and finally
simplify the Internet of Things for everyone.
“Embracing blockchain, operators can place the user
back again in the center of the ecosystem, and regain
user’s trust for all connectivity management.”
Introduction

4
About the Authors
About the Authors
Antonio Gonzalo Vaca
Strategist, intra&entrepreneur, product guy. I love to understand different
businesses, markets and explore new gentle ways to shake the world.
Studied engineering, specialized in Sound and Image, chose Marketing for
Master and now feeling curious about UX and blockchain. Joining the dots of
the Internet of Things in Telefonica, looking for ‘the next big thing’.
Founder of Ethereum Madrid.
https://es.linkedin.com/in/antoniogonzalo
https://twitter.com/antoniogonzalo_
Sandra Becker
Economist with more than seven years of experience in statistical modelling for
various market research institutes in Germany, UK and Spain. At the moment
responsible for the training program of data visualization and blockchain
technology at the Big Data consultant firm SynergicPartners.
Founder of Ethereum Madrid.
https://es.linkedin.com/in/sandra-becker-b847b831

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Contents
Introduction
About the Authors
01 Device Evolution
Connecting the next billion devices
A more complex environment
Forgetting about the user
A trojan horse for operators
02 Follow the White rabbit
A trusted system for a trustless world
How does it look like?
A user-centric system
Operators managing connectivity. As always.
03 Enabling a brighter future
True big data
Recommendation engines
Public subscription auctions
Consumers as producers
Conclusion
Appendix
Contents

6
Device Evolution
The Internet of Things. A catchy name for what
is a natural evolution of devices. They have
been connected since the dawn of Internet, and
thanks to Moore’s Law, they are now smaller,
more powerful and even more willing to share
the data they process to other devices and to
their owners.
The Internet of things is called to change
society and the way people interact with their
surroundings, in any conceivable way. But
Internet of Things is much more than making
machines ‘talk’. It defines new relationships with
the physical world; when we start making things
intelligent, it’s going to be a major engine for
creating new products and new services.
Wearablegadgets,smartappliances,andamyriad
of data-sensor devices will need to perform more
functions with sufficient processing capacity.
And a some of them will need to have built-in,
stand-alone cellular connectivity.
How many things are going to be connected?
Hans Vestberg, CEO of Ericsson, predicted in
2010 that the magic number will be 50bn devices
for 20201
; and this number has been floating
around business forecasts like an Internet meme
ever since. Any IoT player has to agree or raise
it even further. Different analyst sources, from
Gartner to Morgan Stanley2
, already made their
own predictions from 17bn to 75bn devices by
2020.
No matter the final absolute number, according
to GSMA, by 2020 30% of all cellular connections
will be IoT devices, an estimated gross 2,0 bn
SIMs3
. SIM-based connectivity still has a bright
future ahead.
“It defines new relationships with the physical world;
when we start making things intelligent, it’s going to be a
major engine for creating radical new products and new
services”
Device Evolution

8
Device Evolution
Connecting the next billion
devices
The new connected devices fostered by Internet
of Things technology, leads to a change in the
paradigm of traditional removable SIMs. There
are multiple use cases asking for a new solution:
• Sometimes the SIM cannot be inserted
easily
• Devices might not be accessible
• Environmental conditions: temperature,
vibration, humidity…
• Country/operator might not be known or
might need to be changed afterwards
Recent developments and technology evolution
pushes the industry to evolve SIMs to a new
standard, consistent with the M2M solution and
interoperable between different suppliers.
Telcos have an asset at hand for the future
connected devices, the e-SIM. It is a traditional
SIM physically integrated into the device - it
cannot be removed, and it is designed to ensure
connectivity and security for users. The GSMA is
currently leading the industry towards a common
standard to ensure interoperability. Final details
on the e-SIM operating model are being finalized
by OEMs, network operators, SIM vendors, and
the GSMA.
Thee-SIMisbasedonahardwaresecureelement,
there is no product or service that implements a
SIM card entirely in software, providing:
• Identity: authenticates the subscription
(customers) and the network, granting
access to the network regardless of the
device.
• Security: stores the private keys and in-
formation required for secure communica-
tions. The information cannot be accessed
without the right credentials.
Beecham Report: Benefits Analysis of GSMA Embedded SIM Specification

9
Device Evolution
When a consumer purchases a service
package from a specific operator, the operator
profile is downloaded and saved onto the
SIM memory. If a second operator package is
purchased afterwards, both operator profiles are
downloaded and a swap could be implemented
between both operators. e-SIMs give device’s
owners the ability to compare networks and
select service at will— directly from the device.
This solution is currently being deployed mainly
to large accounts and customers that require
large deployments. Due to its purchasing power,
these accounts have prime access to the
communication providers, making it easier to
agree to service terms and tailor the offer they
demand.
However, for consumer users, those without an
IT department to take care, adding frictionless
connectivity to their devices (e.g. wearables)
require a further evolution from the current
system designed for consumer devices.
A more complex
environment
The actual specification of the GSMA for the
e-SIM has several weaknesses and threats,
both from a technological and from a business
standpoint:
• Since SIM vendors have their own OTA
(over-the-air) platforms, it would not be
difficult for other players to enter the mar-
ket to compete with the GSMA’s spec-
ification. They may offer new interfac-
es, external M2M (machine-to-machine)
compatibility and faster time to market.
• GSMA’s specification is complex and cost-
ly:There are multiple interfaces required (13)
compared to the proprietary alternative (2).
This complexity is due to the enhanced se-
curity provided by the GSMA specification4
.
• New standards: soft SIM, a non-physical
SIM card. Achieving an international stan-
dard for this is likely to be even more chal-
lenging than for e-SIM.
Of course, the GSMA specifies the architecture,
but does not hold a database of all e-SIMs
deployed worldwide, or the servers to make the
shift; that is each operator’s cup of tea.
In a consumer e-SIM environment, customers
will obtain either a device that is not associated
with an operator or one that has been pre-
provisioned. In the former case, they will be
required to select a provider, and in the latter,
they may have the option to do so. In both cases,
a Universal Discovery Server5
plays a pivotal
role, as it is responsible for establishing the link
between the device and the profile-provisioning
units.
Consumers would most likely prefer that an
independent party be responsible for operator-
profile discovery to ensure that all available
profiles in a market (with no restrictions on
tariffs and operators) are presented without
commercial bias.
“e-SIMs give device’s owners the
ability to compare networks and then
select the service at will— all from the
device.”

10
Forgetting about consumer’s
UX
The first challenge consumers may face is that
they will encounter a multi-option world they
are not prepared to manage. To successfully
adapt their device’s connectivity in this coming
uber-connected world, consumers will have to
understand and take into account:
1. Current operator
2. Contract length
3. Physical coverage
4. Roaming requirements
5. Connectivity properties
a. Speed
b. Size
c. Frequency
d. Security
e. Priority
6. Regulatory constraints
And this scenario will replicate for every single
connected device we own. Multiple lines,
different operators. Across the globe.
How is each user going to manage 00’s of SIMs
at once? The GSMA proposal does not take
into account the user experience (UX) for the
process, the interface. It implies contacting both
MNO’s (Mobile Network Operator) interfaces:
MNO donor, that will presumably obstacle the
losing-a-customer process, and MNO receiver.
This problem is so complex that today regulatory
arbitrage is needed, with all the costs and
systems associated. And it takes days.
Furthermore, who will be accountable if the
connectivity goes South? Is the manufacturer the
main responsible if it stops working, or is that the
fault of the operator whose profile is working?
Is it the service provider which packaged
and downloaded that profile, or the software
vendor(s) involved? Should users blame the
retailer - or worse, a second operator if the failure
occurred during a switch-over to a new profile?
Who pays for the diagnosis, or for replacing the
whole device? What happens if data is lost?
The simple answer for operators will be ‘no
worries, we are taking care of all lines’. But
that means a lock-in not everybody is willing to
accept.
This situation will be completely overwhelming
for the vast majority of the consumer market;
but there are third parties that will rise and
offer to solve all this inconvenience, providing
a seamless experience: connectivity integrators
and aggregators.
A Trojan horse for operators
It is not hard to imagine a scenario where Apple,
Samsung, Amazon, Google, Facebook, etc, will
leverage their customer base and relationships
to broker connectivity for everyone. Integrators
(embedding connectivity - hardware side) and
aggregators (brokering connectivity - software
side) are two faces of the same coin.
This has already (silently) happened. The Kindle
3G is a good example of a hardware product
Device Evolution

11
where connectivity is embedded, but the
operator is not ‘shown’ to the consumer. In fact,
the consumer doesn’t really care: books and
services are purchased and downloaded without
the need of WiFi. Amazon manages everything,
the price, the roaming agreements and the
download quota per user.
Google’s Project Fi is one step further:
connectivity as a service6
. No matter the place,
no matter the coverage, no matter the bandwidth
(even WiFi!). A network of networks: one number
across networks and devices - they manage
all the operator’s comes-and-goes, and it is
Google’s cup of tea to find the sweetest spot
for each user. And with all the information they
hold, they clearly can. Of course, connectivity is
negotiated wholesale to operators beforehand
leveraging the vast Google’s user base, further
reducing operator’s key indicator, the precious
ARPU (Average Revenue per User).
e-SIM brings this scenario much more closer.
By easily swapping contracts between network
operators, operational costs are greatly reduced
and no physical involvement is needed. Churn
is therefore expected to increase. It opens a
new management service focused on the final
customer; in the last two years, there have been
emerging new players8
that are starting to see
the product that drives the business behind it:
connectivity discovery servers.
This looks like the fastest way for operators to
be automatically disintermediated and finally
commoditized.
Of course, it is foreseeable that operators will
strongly react against this new environment,
setting all kinds of obstacles and barriers to
maintain the role of ‘key holder’ for all e-SIM
contracts:
• Opening e-SIM interfaces and profiles
only to a pre-agreed number of operators,
virtual or non-virtual (partners)
• Generating new technical barriers of
entry (profile compatibility)
• Making slower the overall process, de-
laying profile delivery, keeping credentials
hidden, etc.
There are great chances that 3rd party arbitrage
measures will be needed to ensure a minimum
quality of service, exactly in the same way it
happened with consumer’s main mobile phone
numbers.
This is not a frictionless ecosystem.
In the next section we set the basic principles to
build a feasible model that might benefit con-
sumers while keeping operators in the center of
the connectivity ecosystem.
Device Evolution

12
Follow the white rabbit
Between operators, we face a situation that
resembles the traditional game theory example,
the prisoner’s dilemma9
: two completely
“rational” individuals might not cooperate, even
if it appears that it is in their best interests to do
so.
Multiple initiatives are taking place to
prevent other stakeholders to intermediate
the relationship with final users. However,
intermediators are moving fast, as well. And
unfortunately for operators, convenience is
king. It is a battle that they will lose, unless they
provide a more convenient solution for the user.
The solution lies, unexpectedly, in giving away
the control so that the value for intermediators
is diminished.
A trusted system for a
trustless world
The answer lies in creating a system where the
finaluserisstronglybackincontrol.Asystemthat
the users can always trust, where the contract’s
switch is easily accessible, resilient, and always
available (even in the future), no matter third
parties. A place where SIM contracts are liquid;
that is, subscriptions ‘flow’ from one operator
to another in a seamless way, while keeping the
user always in control.
Due to recent advances in technology, it is now
feasible. This scenario can be recreated by a
distributed open ledger for all connectivity
contracts, based on an open source blockchain
platform, such as Ethereum. A system where
all subscription profiles are defined, listed
and assigned. This way, anyone with the
proper cryptographic credentials can order
a subscription change from one operator to
another.
The system will benefit from the blockchain
properties:
• Transparency: anyone could see all the
contracts and trace all connectivity ‘swaps’
• Resiliency: enforced by operators, assur-
ing unhackability
• Immutable: accountability and definitive
actions
A to make it even more appealing, it is an
inexpensive solution: The cost for operators
implementing and running the universal ledger
is shared among all parties enforcing the
transactions, and tends to zero.
“This way, anyone with the proper
cryptographic credentials can order
a subscription change from one
operator to another.”

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How does it look like?
It is important to highlight that the proposed
system does not interfere with the GSMA
standard for interoperability; moreover, it is
a complement. We are describing a public
ledger where contracts and connectivity lines
information is written, from all operators, from
all geographies. The so-called by the GSMA
‘Universal Discovery Server’.
The SIMs that include this system are platform-
agnostic: we assume that interoperability in
profiles is already agreed (for instance, following
the GSMA standard) but the user do not want to
contact both parties to establish the switch.
Today, in order to switch a line from one operator
to another, we run multi-centralized networks
with multiple interfaces and databases, that
have to be maintained and audited, in real-time.
Typically, regulators hold a technological system
to ensure that the user’s rights are enforced,
auditing and connecting to different interfaces
from different operators.
Instead, by using a decentralized ledger to store
all contracts and SIMs associated, the database
is shared among all players and the user only
has one simple way to change operators. He
owns the private key, so he always knows how
to change (by writing on the ledger). And due
to cryptographic properties of blockchain, he
always holds control, no matter third parties.
In this scenario, we ease the user journey,
share the costs along all nodes, and allow new
innovative services to flourish.
From a SIM perspective, the journey to a switch
will go through the next steps:
1. All SIMs are created with a master profile,
completely agnostic. It uses a master
blockchain-only APN to communicate when
in doubt, from the master profile.
2. Once the SIM detects a new MNO request,
looks in the Blockchain for information:
“who should I be with?”
3. In the Blockchain it is previously written
the basic triplet with ID-SIM-Operator and

15
new length of the contract.
4. The SIM verifies the authenticity of the
register before using it (runs a signature
verification process). Once verified, calls the
operator for registration “ID, Location, can I
log in?”
5. The operator looks in the blockchain for
validation, verifies against his own records
and opens the HLR for the SIM number.
6. The secondary profile is downloaded and
then the SIM is connected.
Initially there are three types of transactions in
the system:
1. Origin: the first transaction is signed by
a private key provided by the manufacturer.
2. Connection: a transaction to indicate who
should the SIM start to connect to.
3. Switch: a transaction to indicate who
is the new owner and must provide a new
credential.
From a customer perspective, the user has a
public MNO1 address that is linked to the SIM,
and a private key to manage the switch to a
new operator. All he has to do to swap to a new
operator is sign with the private key a switch
transaction to a new MNO2 address, that will
provide a new private key once the process is
successful.
All the ownership of process, and therefore the
e-SIM ownership, lies in a private key that is given
to a customer. That is, a password. All he has
to do to change from one operator to another is
sign a new transaction, and no one can delay or
obstruct the process.

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A user-centric system
The proposed ledger provides several benefits to
final users, taking them back to the center of the
ecosystem:
• One single place for connectivity: Every
connectivity contract will be managed in
one single place with independence of
operator, country and device. The simplicity
of this management is tied to a third party
application (yes), that can read and write in
the blockchain and associate this contracts
to a validated user’s ID. But this application is
just a front-end, and can be evolved without
altering the core properties. As a metaphor,
it is the equivalent to a ‘wallet app’ for the
bitcoin network.
• Unconditional lock-out: the costs for
changing from one operator to another are
strongly controlled. Nowadays, all costs are
directly proportional to the replacement of
the plastic SIM. The user/consumer knows
how costly it is to change, providing a sense
of control. However, being dependent of
third party platforms (SIM vendors), profile
agreements (Operators) or the device
(Manufacturers) to swap contracts, this
costs might change in the future. There
is great possibility to be tied to their own
agreements, and the future service costs
will go hand-by-hand. This is undesirable.
So, with a distributed ledger controlled by
none (and everyone) where the process is
non-dependent of the players, this sense of
freedom is automatically restored.
• One stock unit - forever. Devices’ lifespan
is longer than the usual connectivity
contracts, but there is no need to stock
different e-SIMs to hold different profiles.
When buying one e-SIM, it will adapt to the
forthcoming profiles, no new hardware will
be required, and will not be dependent on
the final will of an operator that may close
business, or a device manufacturer that will
go bankrupt.
Operators managing
connectivity. As always.
For operators it translates into customers
looking back at the m for connectivity:
• Defensive Measure: To begin with, the
aforementioned action against potential
intermediaries. The brokering value to swap
between contracts are pushed to this front-
end application, that could be implemented
by anyone. By doing so, there is no simple
way for device manufacturers to leverage
on customer’s base or operator’s technical
inefficiencies to obtain a better price, since
anyone could potentially broker all contracts
at a minimum cost.
• No Subscription Management Cloud: The
Universal Discovery Server is no longer
required, the cost of implementing and
maintaining a digital ledger between all
operators tend to zero. Once implemented,
just small changes are required to keep
the system up since the verification and
transaction’s costs are shared. As a
simple analogy, the cost of maintaining
the transactions in the bitcoin blockchain
verified is shared between all miners,
keeping a 6$Bn market running. These costs
are basically electricity fees once the mining
equipment is amortized.
“Every connectivity contract will be
managed in one single place with
independence of operator, country and
device.”

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• Extreme scalability: the system is
designed to scale from day one, future-
proof, to millions of users. In fact, the more
distributed it is, the more robust and resilient
it becomes. And regarding efficiency, one
of bitcoin’s main controversies, using a
Proof-of-Stake instead of Proof-of-Work10
mechanism, such as in Ethereum’s Serenity
release, it is assured that there will be no
attacker to hold half of the computing power
or stake (both economic barriers) required
to manipulate the system.

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Enabling a brighter future
Finally, but most importantly, the data. The
richness of having all the data stored in one
place makes way to new additional services.
The following section explains four examples of
different services that could be enabled on top
of this connectivity ledger.
True big data
Understanding customers’ choices and
behavior without cut-offs: Currently our KYC
(Know Your Customer) data basis is limited to
tracking consumers’ behavior for as long they
our customers. There are several services we
are currently building from these data: We know
when they don’t sleep but surf in the internet, we
know that they like writing WhatsApp when using
public transport, we know when they switch to
have better conditions in their holidays, etc.
What we don’t know is, how, our customers,
behave once they left us and switch to another
operator; and the other way round, we don’t know
what are the mobile usage habits of customers
that are about to become our new clients. This
new and true KYC data, which is available on the
blockchain based e-SIM connectivity network,
gives operators the possibility to track, analyze
and therefore understand customers’ needs from
a meta perspective. We get the bigger picture,
which means the whole history of customer
behavior data.
The New Data helps identifying “operator
hoppers” and understand the reasons for this
behavior, helping us in the detection of the loyal
and constant AAA clients across all operators.
New client Modelling: Better prediction means
less churn means less costs. Big Data and
Machine Learning approaches have made
predictions as close to reality as they have never
been before. But having access to information
about competitors’ customers’ behavior, would
on the one hand bring churn predictions to a new
level of precision and on the other hand create a
new of type of predictions, the “new customer”
predictions: Not only “knowing” when one of our
customer is about to leave our company, but
also detecting those that are about to become a
new Operator’s customer, can be crucial to target
and personalize marketing, communication and
product offers.
Both approaches, improved churn modelling as
well as the new customer modelling, translates
into enormous cost reduction and additional
revenue.

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Recommendation Engines
While the blockchain based smart-contract offer
gives back the freedom to the users in choosing
the operator they want, it also challenges them
in making the right decisions. This, not only once
but depending on changes in their behavior, their
location and their needs, customer are forced
to make these difficult decisions on a frequent
basis.
In order to survive in this complex “data-driven”
world and cope with the information overload,
users will search for orientation provided by
a partner they can trust. This partner must be
independent because only in this case the one
and only focus will be to find the best solution
for the user and not to please any other external
players´ needs. A solution offers so called
recommender systems, which are also described
as one powerful and popular information
discovery tools on the web.
Highly personalized data as provided by the
blockchain SIM connectivity network can feed
into the creation of well-definedrecommendation
algorithms in order to provide the customer
automatically, constantly and in real time with
the best options. For instance, when travelling
we can ask (and automate) the recommendation
engine which is the connectivity profile chosen
by people with similar behaviours around.
As in the nearer future recommendation
engines won’t be a nice to have when making
a decision about which phone, book or lipstick
to buy or what, where and with whom to do
on a Saturday night; will be a must have to
survive in a world of information overload and
making (and automating) the right decision in
the right moment at the right time, which can
be best served by an independent first class
Recommendation Engine taking into account
data of the blockchain connectivity network.
Public subscription Auctions
Even further, provides an extra layer of horizontal
control for anyone’s connectivity, that may lead
to new marketplaces; nothing prevents the user

21
to auction his own availability -pulling an offer- or
operators reaching potential customers -pushing
a new one-:
Push: All operators could see the full history
of the user and generate a tailored offer to
better match his needs. And push the offer
when the contract expiration date is near,
and always if the user allows to. Of course,
the more data the user provides, the better
the fit and the offer.
Pull: the user, knowing he is a good reliable
customer and with a certain behavior
configuration, can stablish a Dutch auction
where the price will only be improved for
him. Some operators will improve the offer,
some may not. But the user will have the
power to choose.
Both approaches are a radical swift from the
business-by-obscurity approach, where the
less the user is aware about consumption, the
better. This is one clear way to regain trust from
consumers.
Consumers to Producers
Finally, an even further application could be
the re-use of communications spectrum by
the consumers, always leaving trace and
accountabilityinablockchain.Forinstance,when
a user loses connectivity because of physical
or contractual problems (i.e. roaming), he will
be keen to swap his non-working line to any
available lines from devices around with proper
connectivity, and regain access for a controlled
(physically or temporary) period of time.
Existing local users may offer their connectivity
capabilities for this user in-demand and have
peace of mind due to the fact that they will
regain their capabilities once the contract is
finished.This peace of mind will exist because
the contract is enforced in the blockchain. These
contracts could be easily implemented in the
Ethereum platform.
Operators will be able to deliver this service
without deploying a single new network tower,
and will optimize network usage.
Even further, in situations where connectivity
is problematic due to physical limitations of
the network (such as sport events), there is a
possibility of ‘uberization’ (or ‘airbnb-zation’) of
the service: the price for connectivity could be
directly dependent on the physical availability
and it could be modulated accordingly.
In this scenario the final users will work as, de
facto, connectivity providers.

“The future is already here — it’s
just not very evenly distributed.”
- William Gibson

23
Conclusion
This approach solves the problem for operators,
radically changing the rules of the actual game.
It is highly likely that, with the current evolution
of SIM standards, operators will not be able to
retain control and lose relevance as connectivity
owners in front of final customers. Not because
of technological reasons, but for convenience
ones. Convenience is king, and users will just
head to simpler offerings.
The only way to regain control of connectivity it
is to, unexpectedly, democratize the access to it.
By doing so, all the value and convenience that
the intermediators could provide is automatically
diminished to a simple front-end.
And from the new data stored in this particular
blockchain, new services can emerge. Not only
to provide insights for better churn modelling, the
obvious, but to enable innovative use cases and
empower users too. And by doing so, transform
and enhance the Internet of Things in the liquid,
transparent and better world we all expect and
hope for.
Conclusion

24
Appendix
1 Gigaom 2010: “Ericsson CEO Predicts 50 Billion Internet Connected Devices by 2020” https://
gigaom.com/2010/04/14/ericsson-sees-the-internet-of-things-by-2020/
2Gartner: 25 billion devices http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2905717 Business insider:
Morgan Stanley: 75B http://www.businessinsider.com/75-billion-devices-will-be-connected-to-the-
internet-by-2020-2013-10
3GSMA Cellular M2M forecasts http://gsma.com/connectedliving/wp-content/up-
loads/2016/09/GSMA-Intelligence-Cellular-M2M-forecasts-2010-2020.pdf
4“China says GSMA Specification is too heavy” - Beecham Report: Benefits Analysis of GSMA
Embedded SIM Specification
5 “Universal Discovery Server (…) link between the device and the profile-provisioning units.”
- McKinsey: E-SIM for consumers: a game changer in mobile telecommunications http://www.
mckinsey.com/industries/telecommunications/our-insights/e-sim-for-consumers-a-game-chang-
er-in-mobile-telecommunications
6Google’s Project Fi - https://fi.google.com/about/experience/
7 Tony Webster - Project Fi https://www.flickr.com/photos/diversey/25109932164
8Globetouch (Founded 2014) - “Our custom-built operation and business systems can provide
seamless portals” http://www.globetouch.com/services/operation-business-support-services/
9 Prisoner’s dilemma - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma
10 Proof of Stake Vs Proof of Work: https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/bitcoins-future-proof-
of-stake-vs-proof-of-work
11 Blue Sphere Background designed by Starline - Freepik.com
Appendix

Designed by Vivo&Capitone | Crafted with love from Madrid

Trust in the mobile internet of things

Trust in the mobile internet of things

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