Tropical forests Lecture

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Rainforests play an important role in regulating the climate, storing carbon in soils, and maintaining biodiversity. Deforestation reduces these benefits and contributes to climate change. While tropical forests currently absorb over a quarter of human-caused carbon emissions, acting as a carbon sink, deforestation could turn them into a carbon source. Protecting and sustainably managing rainforests is necessary to sustain their valuable climate regulation services and biodiversity.

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Pan, Y. et al. (2011) Science 333, 988–993
A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests

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Pan, Y. et al. (2011) Science 333, 988–993
A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests

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Korner, C. (2009) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40,
Responses of Humid Tropical Trees to Rising CO2

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Jaramillo, C. et al. (2010)

show resilience Science 330, Effects of Rapid Global
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1) Deforestation refers to the depletion of tree cover below 10% and can result in total habitat destruction. It is caused by activities like clear-cutting and agricultural expansion. 2) Comparing forest area changes over 5-10 years with GDP per capita data, some countries have seen increases in natural forest expansion correlated with rises in CO2 emissions, while others have experienced continued deforestation. 3) Over 1.6 billion people rely on forests in some way for their livelihoods, obtaining fuelwood, medicine, and food from forest resources. GDP increases are associated with both forest reductions and increases in different places.

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This document summarizes a study quantifying the flammability of rainforests compared to Eucalyptus forests. The study examined fuel characteristics, microclimate conditions, and fire behavior in different forest types. Key findings include: 1) Rainforests have less fuel mass and burn more slowly than Eucalyptus forests. 2) Rainforest fuel moisture is less sensitive to diurnal changes than Eucalyptus forests. 3) Wildfire seasons in the region are starting earlier than 50 years ago, and climate change may increase rainforest fire risk by affecting fuel accumulation. The study provides improved understanding of rainforest fire behavior to inform predictive modeling and risk planning.

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The document discusses carbon cycling in western forests. It finds that forests play a large role in offsetting carbon emissions through sequestration. Disturbances like fires and outbreaks do not necessarily cause long-term carbon loss if the forest regenerates. The timing and landscape perspective of forest carbon storage is important to consider. Tropical deforestation is currently a large source of carbon emissions comparable to US fossil fuel emissions each year.

Soil organic carbon stock changes under grazed grasslands in New Zealand

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EO talent worrall

WorrallJ1

This document discusses using remote sensing techniques to monitor peatland restoration efforts. It notes that peatlands in the UK are currently greenhouse gas sources but could be sinks if restored. Several restoration projects have been undertaken but it is unknown how effective they have been. The document proposes using satellite data on factors like land surface temperature, albedo, and soil moisture to track the effects of restoration over time. A case study in Thorne Moors found that restored peatland areas were up to 2 degrees Celsius cooler than surrounding land, indicating restoration success. For monitoring to be effective, the appropriate data sources and analytical techniques need to be identified and automated.

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The document discusses how increased carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere are trapping more infrared radiation from the sun and causing global warming, leading to consequences like increased temperatures, wind velocities, and moisture content along with more extreme weather events like hurricanes, droughts, and flooding which are negatively impacting plants, animals, and humans.

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1. Wildfires have increased in frequency in Portugal since the 1980s due to summer dry periods, flammable tree plantations, and improved forest access. 2. Studies of wildfire sites in Portugal found that wildfires caused preferential loss of fine sediments, organic matter, and nutrients from thin, steep slope soils. Post-fire soil erosion was greatly increased. 3. Experiments showed that rip-ploughing after wildfires, which disturbed the soil structure, caused much higher soil losses than leaving the burnt areas untouched. Applying salvage logging waste to burnt areas reduced soil losses by up to 95%.

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Early successional ecosystems in Oregon's Coast Range currently make up less than 3% of forests but are projected to be less than 2% in the future, with most being on state lands. The document discusses policy challenges around increasing these ecosystems on federal and private lands. On federal lands, a three stage approach is proposed: leave burned areas, demonstrate regeneration harvest strategies, and emulate large disturbances. On private lands, reducing regulatory burden while creating diverse early successional forests is discussed, such as removing free-to-grow requirements or allowing substitution of invasive removal or wildlife plans.

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1. Natural forests can store significantly more carbon than previous estimates suggest, and the carbon stored in natural forests is an important component of national carbon accounts. 2. There are links between the carbon stock in a forest and carbon fluxes - a decreasing stock means the forest releases carbon to the atmosphere as a carbon source, while an increasing stock means the forest absorbs more carbon from the atmosphere as a carbon sink. 3. Deforestation and land use change account for around 17% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions according to the IPCC, making forests an important part of addressing climate change.

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The document discusses the principle of cross-dating tree rings. [1] Cross-dating involves matching patterns in tree ring widths or characteristics among multiple trees to identify the exact year each ring was formed. [2] This allows scientists to synchronize the tree ring chronologies and date wood samples far into the past without relying solely on ring counting. [3] Cross-dating is essential for dendrochronology because of various complications that can occur with tree ring formation.

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1) Colombia submitted a Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) in 2014 that included deforestation estimates for the Amazon biome. 2) The FREL defined forest and deforestation based on canopy cover, tree height, and area. It estimated average annual deforestation of 82,863 hectares with a 10% adjustment factor. 3) Emission factors were developed using national allometric models and stratifying forests into three tropical forest types. The FREL included aboveground and belowground biomass pools.

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This document summarizes a study that used the DNDC process-based model to simulate greenhouse gas emissions from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland in Indonesia. The model was calibrated using field measurements of biomass, water tables, soil properties, and gas fluxes from three oil palm plots. The model reasonably simulated water tables and total soil respiration but overestimated heterotrophic respiration. Model runs indicated that default IPCC estimates overestimate long-term net CO2 emissions from peat decomposition in older oil palm plantations. Improving the soil temperature and carbon sub-pool simulations were noted as areas for further refinement of the model.

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Tropical forests Lecture

1. Who Needs Rainforests?

9. Climate change?

10.

11. High Low Soil Carbon?

12. Soil Respiration

13. Amazon soil Temperate forest soil

14. Deforestation

15. Biodiversity hotspots

16. Biodiversity hotspots Deforestation hotspots

17. 2010 Amazon Drought

18.

19. 2100: Drought

20. C Sink C Source Pan, Y. et al. (2011) Science 333, 988–993 A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests

21. C Source

22. C Source Deforestation

23. ? Pan, Y. et al. (2011) Science 333, 988–993 A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests

24. Mystery sink ? C

25. High Low Net Primary Productivity hotspots

26. High Low Biomass hotspots

27. Standing biomass Soil

28. Total ecosystem Carbon storage (Gt)

29. Elevated CO2

30. Elevated CO2 Legumes

31. Elevated CO2 Legumes Evergreens

32. Elevated CO2 Legumes Evergreens Recovery from disturbance

33. Light compensation point

34. Light compensation point

35. Control Control Elevated CO2 Elevated CO2 Korner, C. (2009) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 40, Responses of Humid Tropical Trees to Rising CO2

36. Pollen records: Jaramillo, C. et al. (2010) show resilience Science 330, Effects of Rapid Global Warming at the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary on Neotropical Vegetation

37. Clearings… create clouds and rain

38. The tropical sink for C C

39. ? Pan, Y. et al. (2011) Science 333, 988–993 A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests

40. ✓ Deforestation: the big problem

41.

42.

43.

44.

45. We Need Rainforests * * Sustainablymanaged and with targeted resources, directed within an economic framework that allows their collective benefits to be realised

Editor's Notes

When I was a kid.. I liked plants…. And taking stuff apart. At the age of 7 I tried to take apart the old family dishwasher.
I had a plan… it was based on the world map I had on my bedroom wall. I was going to fly to madagascar.
I had a plan… it was based on the world map I had on my bedroom wall. I was going to fly to madagascar.
Using a dishwasher.
The reason for this was simple – I was captivated by tropical rainforest. I wanted to go see it and was convinced that I could, somehow
The reason for this was all the amazing things I thought I’d see there. You see, as a child I already had a concept of Biodiversity. Well, really: rainforests = biodiversity.
We can get hung up on biodiversity… But is all this biodiversity (or rainforests) really that important right now? (how does it help with CC?)
We can get hung up on biodiversity… But is all this biodiversity (or rainforests) really that important right now? (how does it help with CC?)
In terms of Climate Change – no! If you want to store carbon on land – you are best off putting it in the soil… it aint happening in the tropics
Even the soils of tropical forests release more CO2 than any other.
They are under huge pressure from developing economies
They are under huge pressure from developing economies

Tropical forests Lecture

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Editor's Notes