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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
1. ‘TRIVIA’ IN MODERN LITERATURE
Prepared by : Komal Shahedapuri
Roll No : 14
Paper – 9 : Modernist Literature
M.A (English) : Sem -3
Enrollment No : 2069108420170027
Batch : 2016-18
Email ID : komaltara1311@gmail.com
Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi ,
Department of English,
M . K Bhavnagar
University.
2. WHAT IS TRIVIA ?
Trivia is unimportant facts or
details that are considered to
be amusing rather
than serious or useful.
It is all about our routine
schedule, things which are
necessary but not important.
It’s an anti-Aristotelian idea which
believe that great things/events are
basic canon of literature. Ex,
Hamlet but in Postmodernism, all
common/trivial things are basic
canon of literature.
3. TRIVIA IN THE BIRTHDAY PARTY
The subject in both the play and
film seems to be ‘Trivia’, the
atmosphere of menace created
through trivial objects.
Trivia magnified in movie more
than the play through the
camera language, magnification
techniques and sound & visual
effects.
Harold Pinter’s purpose in both
film and play is to magnify trivia.
4. CONTINUE….
Trivial Objects
Drum
Newspaper
Cooking
Spectacles
Mirror
Doors
Street Light
Mess in Stanley’s room
Chairs and Birds
Window
5. CONTINUE…..
Trivial Dialogues like
Meg : What is it Girl or Boy? I’d be sorry, I’d rather have
a little boy.
Goldberg and McCann : Why did you kill your wife and
how? Why did you don’t marry her ? she is waiting in the
Church. Why did you change your name?
Petey: Don’t let them tell you what to do.
Interrogation and Birthday Party Scenes
Blind man's Buff game is too common or normal but
have deep meaning.
6. WAITING FOR GODOT
Samuel Beckett has also used
Triviality in his play ‘Waiting for
Godot’ to give deep and
important lessons of life.
Most of the dialogues and
actions that happen between
two major characters Estragon
and Vladimir are almost trivial
but left the deep messages.
By the use of triviality, author
wants to give deep and
significant message to the
audience.
7. CONTINUE…
In essay ‘The Search for Self’, Martin Esslin said that
when play was performed in front of the prisoners in a jail ,
they can understand the deep message of the play
because they can relate their own situations with the play.
But among the normal audience who don’t know anything
about the play or literary aspects, they can’t understand
play in a proper way that which meaning play wants to
convey to the audience.
In play Breath, Beckett has also used trivial objects to
convey deeper meaning like mess of fruits, medical
objects etc with menacing sound.
8. Trivial Objects/Characters
Boy as messenger
Pozzo as a Master
Lucky as a Slave
Vladimir as Practical man
Estragon as a Poet
Country Road
Hats & Boots
Tree
Debris
Night & Moon
9. Estragon : Nothing to be done..
Estragon: Let's go.
Vladimir: We can't.
Estragon : Why not?
Vladimir : We're waiting for
Godot.
Estragon: Nothing happens,
nobody comes, nobody
goes, it's awful!
ESTRAGON: What is it?
VLADIMIR: I don't know. A
willow.
ESTRAGON: Where are the
leaves?
VLADIMIR: It must be dead.
ESTRAGON: No more
weeping.
VLADIMIR: Or perhaps it's
not the season.
ESTRAGON: Looks to me
more like a bush.
VLADIMIR: A shrub.
ESTRAGON: A bush.
Trivial Dialogues
10. TO THE LIGHTHOUSE
Simple plot not of great events
but routine lifestyle signify
important aspects of life.
Trivial Objects signify deep
meanings
Cutting image of Refrigerator
Boar’s Skull
Painting
Lighthouse
Fisherman’s story
11. TRIVIAL BOLLYWOOD SONGS
Examples,
Sooraj Dooba Hai from movie Roy
सूरज डूबा है यारों दो घूूँट नशे के मारो
रस्ते भुला दो सारे घरबार के
चले नह ीं, उड़े आसमाीं पे अभी
पता न हो, है जाना कहाूँ पे अभी
कक बेमींज़िलें, हो सब रास्ते
दुननया से हो िरा फासले
Bezubaan from movie Piku
जीने की ये कै सी आदत लगी
बेमतलब किे चढ़ गए
हादसों से बच के जाते कहाूँ
सब रोते हूँसते सह गए