The document provides an overview of gerunds and infinitives, including examples of their usage. Some key points: 1. Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing" that function as nouns, while infinitives are base verb forms preceded by "to" that do not function as the main verb. 2. Examples show gerunds can be subjects or objects, while infinitives follow helping verbs or verbs+objects. 3. Usage rules include using gerunds after prepositions and placing infinitives after verb+object combinations. Infinitives can also show purpose. 4. Adverbs can modify infinitives. The document then discusses making polite requests and asking permission

1. TRICKY GRAMMAR -
PART 2
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2. Gerunds and Infinitives
basic review of what gerunds and infinitives are.
1. Gerunds are words that look like verbs ending in ing, eating, dancing, studying, but
they do not express a tense, and are used like nouns.They can be the subject or
object of a sentence.
2. Infinitives, on the other hand, look like the base form of a verb, drink, see,
believe. But they are not used as the main verb of a sentence, and so they also do not
express the tense in a sentence. Commonly infinitives follow to, to drink, to see, to
believe.

3. Gerunds and Infinitives
For example,
- we enjoy laughing with our friends.
■ Notice that enjoy is the verb and laughing is the gerund.
■ Laughing is the object of enjoy.We enjoy dinner with our friends.
■ Notice how laughing in the first sentence is like a noun and can be replaced with a
noun like dinner.

4. Gerunds and Infinitives
Example,
- I want to ask the teacher a question.
■ Notice that want is the main verb
■ and to ask is the infinitive.

5. Gerunds and Infinitives
■ 1

6. Gerunds and Infinitives
■ 2
- make sure to use gerunds after prepositions.
■ Linda, you're good at decorating.
■ At is a preposition and it's followed by a gerund.
- Timmy is happy about win first place.
- Timmy is happy about winning first place

7. Gerunds and Infinitives
■ 3
■ Place the infinitive after the verb object combination. In other words, if there is a verb
plus object combination make sure the infinitive goes after the object, not after the
verb.
- But we only have five hours to prepare this room for our event tonight.
■ Have is a verb plus the object, and to prepare comes after this combination.
- Jackson, please tell the band to set up by the dance floor, not on the stage.

8. Gerunds and Infinitives
■ 4
■ to use gerunds and infinitives in subject positions correctly.
- Planning this event would not be possible without you.
■ Planning is a gerund, and it's the subject of the sentence.
- Swimming my favorite form of exercise.
- Swimming is my favorite form of exercise.
■ missing a verb.

9. Gerunds and Infinitives
■ 4
-To place the podium center stage would be best.
- To leave now is foolish.
■ Both of these sentences are correct, but they do sound very formal.
■ To use a more common form use it as the subject, and move the infinitive to the end of
the sentence.
- It is foolish to leave now.
- It would best to place the podium center stage.

10. Gerunds and Infinitives
■ 5
■ Remember, infinitives can be used to show purpose.
■ Infinitives can be used to show purpose like "because".
- Charon, please put all the medals and prizes right behind the speaker to make it easy
for him to reach them.
■ To make is the same as saying because it will make.
- Mcenroe wears a suit because he wants to look professional.

11. Gerunds and Infinitives
■ 6
■ adverbs can split infinitives.
- With an infinitive like, to finish up.
- you can add an adverb such as quickly.To quickly finish up.
- They seem to like each other
- They seem to really like each other.
- It is important to efficiently study for the final.We had efficiently as the adverb,
splitting to study. We could also say, thoroughly or diligently.To diligently study.

12. Requests and Permission
■ When making request, you can use
1. would you
2. will you
3. could you
4. can you.
-Then we add the main verb in the simple form which means it doesn't have S or ES, ED,
or ING on the end.Then add the object with a question mark at the end that is how to
make a polite request.

13. Requests and Permission
■ The most polite question forms used will be, would you, and will you.This is how you
might request something from a stranger, boss, or teacher.
■ The less polite forms use could you and can you.These forms you would use with
friends and family.
■ You can also add please at the end of your question. Please makes the question even
more polite, but it is not needed since would you, will you, could you, and can you
already make the question polite.

14. Requests and Permission
■ If you refuse a request, we often don't simply say no, because it is considered rude and
impolite. Since we were asked politely, we want to answer politely. So we can't use no,
without more information.
■ So, if you say no to a request, follow it with I'm sorry or even better give a reason for
your refusal like no, I'm sorry but I can't reach it.
■ Or just a reason such as I can't right now.
■ Another way to make a request is using would you mind followed by the main verb in
present participle, which is made by adding ing to the end of the verb. And then the
object of the verb and the question mark.

15. Requests and Permission
- Would you mind closing the door? And the possible answer is, certainly.
- Would you mind telling me your name, could be answered with, I'd be happy to.

16. Requests and Permission
■ polite way for asking permission.
1. may I,
2. could I,
3. can I,
■ with the main verb in the simple form again, followed by the object and the question
mark.
■ And here you go, or a simple yes, but again if you are refusing your permission, then
no is considered rude and impolite.
■ So we like to say, no, I'm sorry.

17. Requests and Permission
■ Or not right now, sorry. Or give a reason why we cannot help. Such as, I don't have
one.
■ Another way we could ask permission is by using, would you mind if.
■ Followed by the main verb in the simple past form either with ed ending or irregular
past form, followed by the object and question mark.
- would you mind if I left early, you might get a response such as, not at all.
- would you mind if I made a call?And here, no, of course not.
- Would you mind if I asked a question might be answered with no, that would be fine.

18. Requests and Permission
■ would you mind if I closed the door? And someone doesn't want you to, you might get the
answer I would prefer you didn't.
■ Or would you mind if I borrowed your phone? But the person you're asking refuses, he or
she may answer, I would rather you didn't.
■ But if you ask, would you mind if I turned off the light?
■ And answer such as yes, I do, is to direct and considered impolite. So we don't like to use it.
■ Here is a special note about answering would you mind questions.
■ The answer often confuses learners of English, but remember would you mind means does
it bother or annoy you? So if you answer positively, your answer means no, it doesn't
bother me.
■ But if you answer negatively, it means yes, it bothers me.

19. Reference
■ University of California, Irvine
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