Tribollet egaf9
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The document discusses the high costs of corrosion. It states that corrosion costs Italy approximately 1012 Euros per year or 3% of Italy's gross national product. This equates to approximately 500 Euros per person per year. It also provides an introduction to corrosion, describing how metals dissolve in the presence of water and oxygen according to electrochemical reactions. Localized corrosion due to biofilms is illustrated through images showing corrosion rates increasing after a biofilm is scratched but then decreasing over time.
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PEO crystallization and chain conformation close to SiO2 surfaces
Addition of nanosized inorganic materials in a polymeric matrix results to nanohybrids with optimized properties with respect to the initial components. On the other hand, the behaviour of polymers when they are restricted in space or when they are close to surfaces can be very different from that in the bulk. In this work, we investigate the morphology, crystallization and dynamics of a hydrophilic, semi-crystalline polymer, poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, when mixed with silica, SiO2, nanoparticles in a broad range of compositions. The good dispersion of the nanoparticles was verified by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), whereas the morphology and crystallization behaviour of the hybrids were investigated with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). All techniques show a gradual decrease of polymer crystallinity with increasing the amount of nanoparticles; nevertheless, polymer crystallization is observed for all silica loadings. Moreover, DSC measurements showed the existence of two melting and crystallization transitions in hybrids with polymer content lower than 50wt%, indicating that the polymer crystallizes differently than the bulk near the silica surface.
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This document provides an introduction to electrochemistry. It discusses how electrochemistry involves the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy, as in primary batteries where a spontaneous reaction between zinc and copper electrodes produces a flow of electrons. It also discusses the reverse process of converting electrical energy to chemical energy, as in secondary batteries that can be recharged. Key concepts covered include oxidation, reduction, standard reduction potentials, anodes, cathodes, and how electrochemical cells work through balanced redox reactions while conserving mass and charge.
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This document provides an introduction to electrochemistry. It discusses how electrochemistry involves the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy, as in primary batteries where spontaneous redox reactions produce a flow of electrons. It also discusses the conversion of electrical energy to chemical energy, as in secondary batteries that can be recharged. Key concepts covered include redox reactions, oxidation and reduction half-reactions, standard reduction potentials, and how primary cells like the Daniell cell use differences in standard reduction potentials to generate electrical energy through spontaneous redox reactions.
Erbium-rich thin film materials for optical communications in silicon
1) The document discusses erbium-containing rare earth compounds such as yttrium-erbium oxide (Y-Eroxide) and yttrium-erbium silicates for applications in silicon optical communications. 2) Thin films of Y-Eroxide were synthesized with varying erbium content using co-sputtering. Higher erbium content led to increased phonon energy and decreased visible and infrared photoluminescence emission. 3) Films with around 3.3% erbium content showed optimal 1.54 μm emission due to reduced erbium-erbium interactions compared to higher concentration films.
AEq
This document discusses several studies related to bifunctional air electrodes for metal-air batteries.
Key findings include:
1) Potential distribution measurements showed that electrode potential depends on electrolyte penetration patterns, with nonplanar penetration resulting in larger potential variations.
2) Testing of different teflon loadings and agglomerate sizes found that oxygen reduction performance was best with lower teflon loading and smaller agglomerate size.
3) Hot pressing studies indicated that higher pressing temperature, pressure and time generally improved electrode performance, up to certain limits.
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El documento es el programa del XIV Encuentro de Gestión de Activos Físicos organizado por el Laboratorio de Gestión de Activos UC y el Departamento de Ingeniería de Minería de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, el cual se llevará a cabo el 28 de junio de 2013 en el Campus San Joaquín de Santiago. Incluye diversas citas y reflexiones sobre temas como el liderazgo, la ingeniería, la vocación y la importancia de desarrollar competencias técnicas y transversales.
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Overview
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Key Topics Covered
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Tribollet egaf9
- 1. The Cost of Corrosion Introduction to Corrosion UPR15 du CNRS, Laboratoire des Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimique Université Pierre et Marie Curie 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France Bernard TRIBOLLET
- 2. The Cost of CorrosionThe Cost of Corrosion Italy GNPItaly GNP ≈≈ 10101212 Euro/yearEuro/year Cost of corrosionCost of corrosion ≈≈ 3 103 101010 €/year, i.e.€/year, i.e. ≈≈ 500 €/person/year500 €/person/year
- 4. Corrosion cost CAPEX = capital expenditure
- 5. Corrosion cost OPEX = Operational expenditure
- 9. Introduction to corrosion The metal or metal alloy dissolves in presence of water For example Fe can dissolves as Fe2+ according to the reaction: Fe → Fe2+ + 2 e- This electrochemical reaction is depending of the electrode potential V This dependance is given by the Tafel’s law : )Vbexp(ki FeFe= The metal is isolated on an electrical point of view, then the produced electrons must be consumed by another reaction. This other reaction could be the water or the oxygen reduction can be considered: H2O+e- ↔1/2 H2 + OH- or O2 + 4 H2O + 4 e- → 4 OH- The corresponding Tafel’s law is: )Vbexp(ki 22 OO −−=
- 10. Application to corrosion -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 i=10 -3 exp(20ηs ) Densitédecourant(A/cm 2 ) Potentiel (ηs )
- 11. Application to corrosion -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 ic =10 -4 exp(-40ηs ) Densitédecourant(A/cm 2 ) Potentiel (ηs )
- 12. Application to corrosion IiI = I ic + ia I -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Vcorr Densitédecourant(A/cm 2 ) Potentiel (ηs )
- 13. Application to corrosion -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Vcorr icorr = ia =ic ic =10 -4 exp(-40ηs ) ia =10 -3 exp(20ηs ) Densitédecourant(A/cm 2 ) Potentiel (ηs )
- 14. Application to corrosion -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 ic =10 -5 exp(-40ηs ) ia =10 -4 exp(20ηs ) icorr = ia =ic Vcorr Densitédecourant(A/cm 2 ) Potentiel (ηs )
- 15. Application to corrosion -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Vcorr icorr = ia = ic ia = 10 -3 ic =10 -4 exp(-40ηs ) Densitédecourant(A/cm 2 ) Potentiel (ηs )
- 16. Application to corrosion -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Vcorr icorr = ia = ic ia = 10 -3 ic =10 -3 exp(-40ηs ) Densitédecourant(A/cm 2 ) Potentiel (ηs )
- 17. Application to corrosion -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Vcorr icorr = ia = ic ia = 10 -3 ic =10 -2 exp(-40ηs ) Densitédecourant(A/cm 2 ) Potentiel (ηs )
- 18. Application to corrosion -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Vcorr ic = 10 -3 icorr = ia = ic ia =10 -3 exp(20ηs ) Densitédecourant(A/cm 2 ) Potentiel (ηs )
- 19. Application to corrosion -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Vcorr ic = 10 -2icorr = ia = ic ia =10 -3 exp(20ηs ) Densitédecourant(A/cm 2 ) Potentiel (ηs )
- 20. Corrosion on heterogeneous surface Alliage AZ91
- 21. 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 0 10 20 30 Z(µA/mm 2 ) Y (m m ) X (mm) Without biofilm : 0 mm/y Z(µA/mm²) X(mm) Y(m m ) Localized corrosion : biocorrosionLocalized corrosion : biocorrosion 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 0 10 20 30 Z(µA/mm 2 ) Y (m m ) X (mm) 5 days biofilm, before scratch : 0 mm/y 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 0 10 20 30 Z(µA/mm 2 ) Y (m m ) X (mm) With biofilm, immediately after scratch : 2.1 mm/y 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 0 10 20 30 Z(µA/mm 2 ) Y (m m ) X (mm) 24 h after scratch : 2.9 mm/y 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 0 10 20 30 Z(µA/mm 2 ) Y (m m ) X (mm) 72 h after scratch : 0.9 mm/y 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 0 10 20 30 Z(µA/mm 2 ) Y (m m ) X (mm) 96 h after scratch : 1.1 mm/y 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 0 10 20 30 Z(µA/mm 2 ) Y (m m ) X (mm) After biocide injection : 0 mm/y Z(µA/mm²) X(mm) Y(m m )
- 22. CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS The corrosion is an heterogeneous phenomena The corrosion is a non steady phenomena