Trenchless technology involves installing underground pipes and cables without digging continuous open trenches. This document discusses various trenchless methods like pipe jacking, microtunnelling, impact moling and their suitability for different ground conditions. Case studies demonstrate the successful use of trenchless technology for infrastructure projects to minimize environmental impacts and disruption.
A case study on soft soil improvement of hanoi haiphong expressway project in...HoangTienTrung1
A case of using Sand Compaction Pile method to improve the foundation soil for expressway in Vietnam is presented. The sand compaction pile (SCP) method, which forms a composite ground by driving the pile made of compacted sands into soft ground, is one of the commonly used soil improvement techniques in Viet Nam. The SCP method used to improve the ground through the increase of bearing capacity, which is achieved by improving loose sandy soils or accelerating the consolidation of soft clay soils. Within the country where the condition of sand purchase is abundant in Viet Nam, sand compaction pile were often used for soft ground improvement to replace the Load Relief Slab and Soil-Cement Column at Hanoi-Haiphong Expressway Project recently. The procedures used for soil improvement, the instrumentation and the field monitoring data are described. A few observational methods based on settlement records are available to predict future settlement and consolidation behavior, namely the hyperbolic (Tan 1971; Chin 1975) and Asaoka (Asaoka 1978) method. The field data were from the Thai Binh Bridge approached embankment construction at Hanoi-Haiphong Expressway Project.
"A full experimental and numerical modelling of the practicability of thin fo...Mehran Naghizadeh
Paper entitled "A full experimental and numerical modelling of the practicability of thin foam barrier as vibration reduction measure" published by Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (2020).
Procedure and construction of road under bridge by box pushing methodeSAT Journals
Abstract The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing are generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track. There are 3 main methods in construction of road under bridge. Box pushing method, Cut and cover method, Rolling technique using RH girder. In this we discuss about the implements, soil friction, effects required, capacity of jacks and there uses, skew angles and at square angles. Keywords: Road Under Bridge, Level Crossing, Box Pushing Method and RUB etc
A case study on soft soil improvement of hanoi haiphong expressway project in...HoangTienTrung1
A case of using Sand Compaction Pile method to improve the foundation soil for expressway in Vietnam is presented. The sand compaction pile (SCP) method, which forms a composite ground by driving the pile made of compacted sands into soft ground, is one of the commonly used soil improvement techniques in Viet Nam. The SCP method used to improve the ground through the increase of bearing capacity, which is achieved by improving loose sandy soils or accelerating the consolidation of soft clay soils. Within the country where the condition of sand purchase is abundant in Viet Nam, sand compaction pile were often used for soft ground improvement to replace the Load Relief Slab and Soil-Cement Column at Hanoi-Haiphong Expressway Project recently. The procedures used for soil improvement, the instrumentation and the field monitoring data are described. A few observational methods based on settlement records are available to predict future settlement and consolidation behavior, namely the hyperbolic (Tan 1971; Chin 1975) and Asaoka (Asaoka 1978) method. The field data were from the Thai Binh Bridge approached embankment construction at Hanoi-Haiphong Expressway Project.
"A full experimental and numerical modelling of the practicability of thin fo...Mehran Naghizadeh
Paper entitled "A full experimental and numerical modelling of the practicability of thin foam barrier as vibration reduction measure" published by Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (2020).
Procedure and construction of road under bridge by box pushing methodeSAT Journals
Abstract The intersection of railway track and the road at the same level is referred to a level crossing. In the urban areas the level crossing are generally monitored by qualified railway personnel who monitor the train movement and close the level crossing gate to stop the interfering road traffic but such closing of gates leads to congestion in road traffic and also causes loss of time to road users. Road under bridge and road over bridge are considered as solutions for avoiding level crossings of roads and railway track. There are 3 main methods in construction of road under bridge. Box pushing method, Cut and cover method, Rolling technique using RH girder. In this we discuss about the implements, soil friction, effects required, capacity of jacks and there uses, skew angles and at square angles. Keywords: Road Under Bridge, Level Crossing, Box Pushing Method and RUB etc
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Practices in Planning, Design and Construction of Head Race Tunnel of a Hydro...Mohit Shukla
This paper has been selected for oral presentation as well as inclusion in the conference proceedings of the ICCCGE 2016 : 18th International Conference on Civil,Construction and Geological Engineering held in Toronto, Canada during June,
13-14, 2016. This paper was also able to find a position in the international conference of Dams and Hydropower held at Laos in May 2016.
Investigating the modifications in properties of clayey soil utilizing ppc fo...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Road improvement is one of the significant parts of developing foundation which is growing at a quick rate; the development of roads is of real concern in India as it elevates access to monetary and social administrations, creating horticultural income and productivity employment. In India the greatest impediment to give a complete system of road framework is the constrained funds accessible to build road by the conventional method. The nearby accessible soil is not satisfactory for supporting the reiteration of high business vehicles on consistent road width results into weakening of roads. Clay soils change fundamentally in volume with change in water substance are the reason for distortions to structures that incurs cost taxpayers several billion rupees every year in the India. This paper manages a research facility examination of soil as CL as per Indian Standard (1498 – 1970). To the untreated soil adjustments utilizing the doses of 1 and 2 % PPC are carried out. At first the tests are directed to focus physical & engineering properties of natural soil by directing research center tests furthermore to assess the change in properties by the addition of stabilizers to be utilized as a part of pavement design for economy.
Keywords: Cement, Soil Stabilization, strength, moisture content.
Strength Improvement of Mud Houses Through Stabilization of the Lateritic Mat...theijes
This paper reports an experimental investigation of the compressive strength of laterite stabilized with cement (CSL), lime (LSL) and rice straw (RSL) respectively. The laterites were collected from borrow pit used by locals in Bauchi, Nigeria to build mud houses. Unfortunately the mud houses experienced massive failures by through wall collapses over the years during the flooding cycles of the rainy seasons. An attempt is made to stabilize the lateritic soil materials used for the mud house walls in order to strengthen them against rains and flood erosions. Briefly discussed are factors that affect performance and strength, this include mix proportions, compaction, characteristics of the lateritic soil, mix procedure and curing. The results showed that the lateritic soils in the investigated area were relatively high on sand and lower on clay thereby promoting cement as the best stabilizer for strength. It increased the compressive strength by 661% from 0.61 N/mm2 at zero stabilization (ZSL) to 4.64 N/mm2 at 8% cement content after 28 days of curing. LSL and RSL at the same contents had strengths of 1.21 N/mm2 (98.4% increase) and 0.71 N/mm2 (16.4% increase) respectively. At 6% contents strength values were 4.33 N/mm2 , 1.16 N/mm2 and 0.66 N/mm2 respectively. The values reduced at 4% contents reporting 3.14N/mm2 , 0.82N/mm2 and 0.44N/mm2 respectively. While CSL increased non-linearly in density with increase in cement content, LSL and RSL decreased with increase of the respective contents. The results show that with cement as the stabilizer, mud house walls constructed with CSL bricks will resist collapse failures due to the perennial flooding in the area. Moreover by their relatively high compressive strengths they can be used for load bearing walls as much as sandcrete blocks
As concrete is the most abundant material used in the world, it contains aggregate content of around 60 to 70 %. Since aggregate are being used rapidly there has been a scarcity in the avaibility of these materials. This research investigates the effect of partially replacing aggregates by burnt brick bats and lateritic fines in concrete respectively for M25 grade concrete. The incorporation is done for 5%, 10% and 15% of burnt brick bats for coarse aggregate and by talking 15% of lateritic fines as constant for fine aggregate by conducting compressive strength test which gave the optimum value of 15% for natural sand. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength was conducted. The results showed density of of the concrete incorporating brick and laterite was lower compared to conventional concrete, the concrete with 5% burnt brick and 15% lateritic soil showed increased strength for 7 days compared to normal concrete but when 28 days test was conducted the strength was similar to conventional concrete. The split tensile and flexural strength of replaced concrete was found to be lower than the nominal concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Practices in Planning, Design and Construction of Head Race Tunnel of a Hydro...Mohit Shukla
This paper has been selected for oral presentation as well as inclusion in the conference proceedings of the ICCCGE 2016 : 18th International Conference on Civil,Construction and Geological Engineering held in Toronto, Canada during June,
13-14, 2016. This paper was also able to find a position in the international conference of Dams and Hydropower held at Laos in May 2016.
Investigating the modifications in properties of clayey soil utilizing ppc fo...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Road improvement is one of the significant parts of developing foundation which is growing at a quick rate; the development of roads is of real concern in India as it elevates access to monetary and social administrations, creating horticultural income and productivity employment. In India the greatest impediment to give a complete system of road framework is the constrained funds accessible to build road by the conventional method. The nearby accessible soil is not satisfactory for supporting the reiteration of high business vehicles on consistent road width results into weakening of roads. Clay soils change fundamentally in volume with change in water substance are the reason for distortions to structures that incurs cost taxpayers several billion rupees every year in the India. This paper manages a research facility examination of soil as CL as per Indian Standard (1498 – 1970). To the untreated soil adjustments utilizing the doses of 1 and 2 % PPC are carried out. At first the tests are directed to focus physical & engineering properties of natural soil by directing research center tests furthermore to assess the change in properties by the addition of stabilizers to be utilized as a part of pavement design for economy.
Keywords: Cement, Soil Stabilization, strength, moisture content.
Strength Improvement of Mud Houses Through Stabilization of the Lateritic Mat...theijes
This paper reports an experimental investigation of the compressive strength of laterite stabilized with cement (CSL), lime (LSL) and rice straw (RSL) respectively. The laterites were collected from borrow pit used by locals in Bauchi, Nigeria to build mud houses. Unfortunately the mud houses experienced massive failures by through wall collapses over the years during the flooding cycles of the rainy seasons. An attempt is made to stabilize the lateritic soil materials used for the mud house walls in order to strengthen them against rains and flood erosions. Briefly discussed are factors that affect performance and strength, this include mix proportions, compaction, characteristics of the lateritic soil, mix procedure and curing. The results showed that the lateritic soils in the investigated area were relatively high on sand and lower on clay thereby promoting cement as the best stabilizer for strength. It increased the compressive strength by 661% from 0.61 N/mm2 at zero stabilization (ZSL) to 4.64 N/mm2 at 8% cement content after 28 days of curing. LSL and RSL at the same contents had strengths of 1.21 N/mm2 (98.4% increase) and 0.71 N/mm2 (16.4% increase) respectively. At 6% contents strength values were 4.33 N/mm2 , 1.16 N/mm2 and 0.66 N/mm2 respectively. The values reduced at 4% contents reporting 3.14N/mm2 , 0.82N/mm2 and 0.44N/mm2 respectively. While CSL increased non-linearly in density with increase in cement content, LSL and RSL decreased with increase of the respective contents. The results show that with cement as the stabilizer, mud house walls constructed with CSL bricks will resist collapse failures due to the perennial flooding in the area. Moreover by their relatively high compressive strengths they can be used for load bearing walls as much as sandcrete blocks
As concrete is the most abundant material used in the world, it contains aggregate content of around 60 to 70 %. Since aggregate are being used rapidly there has been a scarcity in the avaibility of these materials. This research investigates the effect of partially replacing aggregates by burnt brick bats and lateritic fines in concrete respectively for M25 grade concrete. The incorporation is done for 5%, 10% and 15% of burnt brick bats for coarse aggregate and by talking 15% of lateritic fines as constant for fine aggregate by conducting compressive strength test which gave the optimum value of 15% for natural sand. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength was conducted. The results showed density of of the concrete incorporating brick and laterite was lower compared to conventional concrete, the concrete with 5% burnt brick and 15% lateritic soil showed increased strength for 7 days compared to normal concrete but when 28 days test was conducted the strength was similar to conventional concrete. The split tensile and flexural strength of replaced concrete was found to be lower than the nominal concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Trenchless Technology is the the science science of installing, repairing and renewing underground pipes, ducts and cables using techniques which minimize or eliminate the need for excavation.
It is basically basically making a tunnel below the surface and installing service lines like water or gas pipes, pipes, electric or tele communication cables etc.,with out any disruption to the public .
Shortcreting has proved to be the best method for construction of curved surfaces. Domes are now much easier to construct with the advent of shotcrete technology. Tunnel linings are also becoming easy with this technology. Not only are these but there a wide range of applications where this technology has been a leading one. This technical paper includes the concept of shotcrete and how it differs from conventional concrete. It also enumerates the different types of process involved in shotcreting i.e. dry mix process and wet mix process. Advantages of shotcrete and its applications in various fields like tunneling, canals, buildings etc. are specified in detail. This paper presents an overview of shotcreting technology along with its applications.
DEFINITION OF SHOTCRETE:-
Shotcrete is a mortar or high performance concrete conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a backing surface. It is the force of this spraying action that leads to compaction of the concrete or mortar which then forms layers of concrete to the required thickness. Shotcreting has been an acceptable way of placing cementitious material in a variety of applications.
Usually patented polypropylene fibers are included in the shotcrete which increases the cohesive nature of the shotcrete through mechanically binding the cementitious materials together. This mechanism reduces the rebound waste that occurs through the shotcreting process and these fibers also resist plastic shrinkage and cracking through their ability to enhance the early stage tensile strength of concrete.
Shotcrete also gives better surface finishes and reduces surface tearing on non- linear sections. Cementitious material containing the poly propylene fibers resist cycles of freezing and thawing and also reduces the chances of water and chemical penetrations.
A new soil tunnelling machine with waterjet technologyPatricia Faria
Atualmente, a hidrodemolição com jato d’água é uma tecnologia bem estabelecida na construção civil, especialmente para remoção de concreto. No entanto, o uso desta tecnologia em construções subterrâneas é ainda pouco explorado. Comparado com ferramentas de escavação convencionais (baseadas em atrito, fratura e desgaste), a hidrodemolição tem características vantajosas de maior relação potência-peso etaxas de avanço e causandomenor desgaste das partes mecânicas. Todas essas vantagens podem ter impactos significativos na concepção de uma nova geração de máquinas de perfuração de túneis, com menor custo e maior eficiência. Outra possibilidade é o do desenvolvimento de um projeto incremental de baixo custo, como um método parcialmente mecanizado com um escudo protetor e remoção do solo por meios manuais. O presente artigo descreve um método semi-mecanizadoinovador de escavação de túneis em solo que utiliza a tecnologia de jato d'água de alta pressão. Basicamente, o equipamento proposto compreende um escudo cilíndrico, com um sistema móvel de bicos de jato d’água e elementos de drenagem
A Review Study on Methods of Tunneling in Hard Rocksijsrd.com
This article presents a review on the different methodologies that are used for tunnels excavations in hard rocks in present era. Growing needs for modern transportation and utility networks have increased the demand for a more extensive and elaborate use of underground space or through high mountains / hills. As a result, more projects have to be completed in various ground conditions and one of which is more challenging is to carry out excavation work in hard rocks. Significant technological advances have rendered these projects possible, but have also given rise to new challenges as many of these projects have to be completed in difficult conditions, with very strict environmental constraints, particularly in urban areas where the potential impact of tunneling on existing structures is a major concern. This paper addresses the main aspects of tunneling and underground works performed in hard rocks. A summary is presented of the more recent advances and widely adopted techniques in these regards.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Trenchless technology
1. Image: Trenchless technology taking place as to not disturb traffic
http://www.hms-it.co.uk/trenchless_technology.htm
12CVC082 - Geotechnical Engineering
‘Trenchless Technology’ ‐ Techniques and Examples of Successful Practice
Most construction projects require new supply and waste disposal pipes to be laid or to
replace the old ones present therefore trenchless technology has been developed to offer the
ability to achieve this without disturbing the layers of ground underneath the topsoil which
could be inhibited or used by traffic.
Trenchless Technology can be defined as
‘the technology for placing new pipe, cable,
or conduit in the ground between two
defined points without continuous, open cut
excavation between them, or for renovating,
replacing, and rehabilitating.’ (Kramer, Mcdonald et
al. 1992) Trenchless technology emerged in such
countries as Japan and Australia where modern
sewer networks were needed as the population of the countries were increasing. The
primitive technologies used in these countries were then adapted by UK pioneers in the
1970s and early 1980s. (Evans, n.d)
The advantages of using trenchless technology as opposed to open cut excavation methods
are numerous such as minimising the environmental effects which open cut excavation
methods cause due to disturbing the soil, organisms and water bodies. Minimal ground
disturbance results in discovering fewer unknowns from the ground. Trenchless technology
also saves the project time and excessive costs due to increased engineering from surveying
and design calculations. It also minimises the installation time in comparison to open cut
excavation methods as well as increasing the safety of the construction related to steep
excavations. (Piehl, R. 2005)
There are various methods of trenchless technologies that may be used and the type of
method chosen for a certain project is dependent upon the pipe size that needs to installed,
the depth it needs to be installed to, the soil conditions of the ground and the overall cost of
the method. The different methods have been outlined below:
Impact Moling: “a technique in which a percussive mole (soil displacement hammer) is
launched from an excavation to displace the soil and form a bore. The new conduit is
normally drawn in behind the mole or pulled back into the bore using the hammers reverse
action.” (Cambridge New Media, 2005)
Thrust Boring: “a solution for installing new pipes in virgin ground where accuracy is critical.
Working from a compact launch pit a rod is thrust into the ground which pulls through a pipe
into its proposed position.” (Tomlinson Brothers (Hucknall) Ltd, 2012)
Table 1: trenchless methods used depending on ground soil
Method Type of soil suitable for Other comments
Pipe Jacking
All soil types
soil classes 1 to 5 according to DIN 18300
Exception of non-displaceable hard soil
and rock
Microtunnelling All soil types Very fast and reliable system
Impact Moling Soft clays and silts Minimum disruption
Auger Boring (soils with sufficient stand-up time) Suitable for shallower depths
Thrust Boring All soil types No limitation as to what can be achieved.
2. Image: Pipe jacking (Kramer, S. R, 1992)
Image: Microtunnelling
https://perco.co.uk/services/microtunnelling.aspx
As can be seen from the table, the two main methods of trenchless technologies are pipe
jacking and tunnelling/microtunnelling due to their wide range of use within soils. Whatever
trenchless method is chosen though, the soil of the ground on the site has to have an
adequate strength to remain withstanding within the shafts. The finer the grains and particles
of the soil are the more effective these methods are, as using trenchless methods can prove
difficult in hard rocks due to their displacement.
Pipe jacking
’Pipe jacking is used to describe the technique of installing man-entry pipes by adding
sections of pipe at the drive pit and jacking the line forward to form the tunnel lining behind
the cutting shield.’ (Kramer et al. 1992) This method allows for man-entry-size pipes to be
installed using hydraulic methods. Pipe jacking has developed widely throughout the years
as the first use of this method was recorded in 1892 in USA for Northern Pacific Railroad
Company. This method of trenchless technology is preferred over other
methods due to its simplicity of installation and benefits such as avoided
settlement of ground.
Method:
1. The tunnelling machine has a thicker wall version with a female end
fitted with a collar rimmed with a thin ring of fibre board and a male end
fitted with a rubber seal. This connection forms a watertight seal
between the two ends minimising friction.
2. Jacks are extended and released to push the tunnelling machine into the earth and the
speed of movement is synchronised with the force of the jacks.
3. Lubricant is required between the annulus and surrounding earth to minimise friction
acting at longer distances.
4. To complete, the manholes are built and the shafts are backfilled.
As well as having many advantages, pipe jacking can acquire many disadvantages such as
its cost. Due to the technology used its cost may be quite high however it is able to save on
other engineering costs. The pipes used for jacking need to possess the correct strength
otherwise the method might fail. If a fail does occur, there is great difficulty in replacing those
damaged pipes. To achieve a fully functioning system, the pipes must align perfectly which
can also help with the water tightness of the tunnel. (Perco Engineering Services Ltd, 2012)
Pipe jacking Case Study:
The increase in urbanization on Route 63 in Macon, Missouri led to
upstream flooding which initiated the need for two additional culvert
pipes. These were to be installed into the ground using the pipe jacking
method. After a thorough site investigation it was concluded that the soil
was mostly lean clays scattered with sand and gravel, with no boulders.
Post construction analysis of the successful installation indicated the need
for more culvert pipes to further decrease the amount of flooding. (Najafi et
al. 2005)
Microtunnelling
This method entails installing pipes into the ground through hydraulic methods without the
aid of personnel, as opposed to tunnelling, which are remotely controlled from the outside. It
requires the use of a microtunnelling boring machines and Kramer defines it as ‘those
3. methods that install pipes with a diameter of less than 36 inches (900mm) to a
predetermined line and level by remotely controlling the cutting head.’(Kramer et al. 1992)
Method: Microtunnelling uses two shafts to and hydraulic jacks to fit the tunnelling system
underground allowing the utility pipes to be placed inside it permanently. This is done by the
following method:
1. Shafts are sunk in at each end of the intended drive usually at man-hole positions, one
end drive shaft and one reception shaft. The shafts must be long enough to
accommodate the tunnelling equipment.
2. The microtunnelling machine is then lowered on the guide tracks by a crane allowing it to
be thrust forward by hydraulic jacks. It is guided by a laser which projects onto the target
surface.
3. The excavated material at the front is crushed by the head of the machine and any slurry
is brought to the surface by slurry shafts in the tunnelling machine. Any ground
movements are eliminated due to the counterbalanced ground pressures. Its journey is
monitored by screens above the ground.
4. After the machine has penetrated the other shaft, excavation is halted and the pipes are
disconnected.
Microtunnelling Case Study
‘The project mentioned involved the installation of about 2.5 km of reinforced concrete pipes
with diameters ranging from 600 to 1000 mm at an average depth of 5 m below surface.’
(Jebelli et al. 2010) Sewer lines were installed using micro tunnel boring machines and
hydraulic pipe jacking. Problems encountered during the construction were face instability,
shaft failure and groundwater issues. These problems were faced due to the low stability of
small grained soils such as sand, therefore the mistakes learnt from this case study can be
implemented on other similar situations.
Comparison between Microtunnelling and Pipe jacking
Essentially both methods use the same technique however pipe jacking allows for bigger
diameters of pipes to be installed ‘Microtunnelling has more limitations than Pipe jacking in
terms of ground conditions. The smaller diameters and remote aspect of the operation make
Microtunnelling more prone to problems where soil conditions change rapidly or when
obstructions are encountered.’ (Kim et al. 2008)
Case studies: Trenchless technology methods are used mostly for installing utility pipes
especially those running under busy roads or rivers. Treatment works for sewage pipes in
Poland’s Vistula River in Poland have been installed in record time using pipe jacking.
(Environmental Protection, 2012)
Formerly, site investigations and trial pits were used to investigate ground conditions
however over the years this has evolved to virtual visualisation which can be seen in the
TUNCONSTRUCT project in the UK. This project illustrates a successful case study in which
state of the art technology was used to construct underground without the need for digging
trenches. The use of software tools, visual prototyping and robotic devices have allowed
trenchless technology to develop from the use of tunnelling machines and devices therefore
reducing the overall time, cost and risk endured in a project. (Beer, 2010)
Another case where trenchless technology was used underground was for the build of
Victoria underground station in London, UK. Jet grouting was the method chosen for this as it
4. creates less potential for heave compared to other methods such as ground heave. This was
important to achieve due to the excessive use of the ground above the station, and any
disturbance in the ground below may cause high risks. (Symes, 2012)
Critical risks can occur from trenchless technology such as pipes bursting underground as
seen in the Yorkshire, Asquith, Birkett and Reynard case study. Other risks include
settlement of the ground which is caused by the ground movement during the installation of
the tunnelling machines. This can be prevented firstly by maintaining stability of the
excavation face and secondly by avoiding inadvertent loss of soil in the tunnel.
Microtunnelling is able to avoid this consequence as the pressure acting on the pipe is
always counterbalanced with the volume of soil being moved. Another problem that the use
of trenchless technology may cross is the flowing of groundwater into the shafts and tunnels
formed by the machines. This can cause flooding of the trenches, and may disturb the
project overall therefore adequate ground investigation and site surveys are required to fully
comprehend the water table beneath the ground of that specific site.
Obstacles such as boulders can be encountered during underground works and this can lead
to excessive excavations which can over cost the project. This affected the progress of a
project mentioned in ((Jebelli et al. 2010) ) which was remedied by removing boulders
without losing the face, and the upper part of the face had to be breasted from within the
excavation. Some cases of rock encounter can be so severe that the trenchless method has
to be elapsed and a full open cut excavation method used to carry out the required work.
Discussion and Conclusion: Trenchless technology has been in development since it was
first used; nevertheless the innovation of technology itself in the twenty first century has
allowed the use of software and databases to predict the ground beneath the surface which
was one of the preventions for these methods before. Gaining access to the history of the
ground usage of a site has proved difficult in the past however with the emergence of such
databases as the Underground Construction information System (UCIS) this aspect of
trenchless methods could be implemented on most projects in the future, therefore
benefitting the environment by minimising disruption to the ground.
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