Quantification of deadwood littered by Acacia spp. in semi-arid ecosystems of...Innspub Net
Deadwood (DW) is an important carbon component for conservation and management of biodiversity resources. They are ubiquitous in many semi-arid ecosystems although its estimation is still posing lots of challenges. At Chimwaga woodland in Dodoma Region of Central Tanzania, seasonal quantification of DW produced by two Acacia spp. was done to evaluate the influence of each tree species, Dbh and canopy area on DW biomass and to determine their ecological role in conservation of semi-arid ecosystem. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the course of a completely randomized design (CRD). Thirty trees from each species of Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica were studied. Results portray that DW biomass was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the dry season than in the rain season whereby A. tortilis produced 669.0 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and only 74.3 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season) while A. nilotica produced 426.1 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and 36.5 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season). DW biomass did not correlate significantly (P > 0.05) with Dbh and canopy area. Inter-specific interactions were encountered from experimental areas where DW was littered that facilitated ecosystem balance in semi-arid areas. This information is important for estimating amount of dead wood biomass required to be retained in the forest provided that, at the expense of ecology, they are refuge for arthropods, fungi, bryophytes and other important soil microbes representing primary components of Biodiversity in semi-arid ecosystems.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This presentation by Mick Wilson of Forestry Corporation NSW discusses case studies of burns and the experiences of fire management in Forestry lands presented, highlighting the challenges of resuscitating a fuel management programme within a complex regulatory framework.
Presentation from Nature Conservation Council of NSW 2015 Bushfire Conference - Fire and Restoration: working with fire for healthy land
Quantification of deadwood littered by Acacia spp. in semi-arid ecosystems of...Innspub Net
Deadwood (DW) is an important carbon component for conservation and management of biodiversity resources. They are ubiquitous in many semi-arid ecosystems although its estimation is still posing lots of challenges. At Chimwaga woodland in Dodoma Region of Central Tanzania, seasonal quantification of DW produced by two Acacia spp. was done to evaluate the influence of each tree species, Dbh and canopy area on DW biomass and to determine their ecological role in conservation of semi-arid ecosystem. Both purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the course of a completely randomized design (CRD). Thirty trees from each species of Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica were studied. Results portray that DW biomass was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the dry season than in the rain season whereby A. tortilis produced 669.0 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and only 74.3 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season) while A. nilotica produced 426.1 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (dry season) and 36.5 ± 135.90kg DM/ha (rain season). DW biomass did not correlate significantly (P > 0.05) with Dbh and canopy area. Inter-specific interactions were encountered from experimental areas where DW was littered that facilitated ecosystem balance in semi-arid areas. This information is important for estimating amount of dead wood biomass required to be retained in the forest provided that, at the expense of ecology, they are refuge for arthropods, fungi, bryophytes and other important soil microbes representing primary components of Biodiversity in semi-arid ecosystems.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This presentation by Mick Wilson of Forestry Corporation NSW discusses case studies of burns and the experiences of fire management in Forestry lands presented, highlighting the challenges of resuscitating a fuel management programme within a complex regulatory framework.
Presentation from Nature Conservation Council of NSW 2015 Bushfire Conference - Fire and Restoration: working with fire for healthy land
Assessment of biomass and carbon sequestration potentials of standing Pongami...Surendra Bam
The need of identifying the plant species having multitude value in present world are essential. Even in the Climate Change mitigation measures, the utilization of those plant species having economical value like bio-disel as well as can play their role of carbon sequestration.
A presentation made on forest resources and sustainable forest management, laws and regulations about forests in India, the status of the world and Indian forests.
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
Above ground biomass and carbon stock estimation of Arroceros Forest Park "Th...Innspub Net
In an area where urbanization is rapidly growing, carbon is slowly sequestered which clogs the ozone layer. With forest biomass, carbon is easily sequestered and stored by trees. This research focuses on the potential carbon storage of the Arroceros Forest Park, one of the last lungs of the metropolis located in the heart of the National Capital Region, Manila, Philippines. Trees with ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were inventoried, from two (2) hectare area of site. These trees were used in the estimation of the biomass and carbon stock. The Power-Fit Equation from Banaticla (insert year), = 0.342 (DBH (exp (0.73))) was used in the study. Results showed that Swietenia macrophylla dominated the park. Species with highest contribution of biomass and carbon is the Swietenia macrophylla with value of 149.55t/ha. The carbon formed from this was 45%, and estimated carbon stock present is 30.59Ct/ha. Total aboveground biomass and carbon stock in the forest park is estimated at 640.21t/ha, and 130.95Ct/ha, respectively. Provided the carbon stock estimate, this could give more importance to Arroceros Forest Park in carbon sequestration. Site must be protected and enhanced to promote the important role of green spaces in Metro Manila.
Carbon stock assessment of the undisturbed forest in the heavily mined Island...Open Access Research Paper
Forest serves as a significant carbon sink that helps minimize carbon concentrations in the atmosphere through the process of carbon sequestration. The purpose of this study was to determine the total carbon storage of the forest reserve area in Nonoc Island, Surigao City, as one of the areas in Surigao del Norte facing threats of forest degradation from mining and anthropogenic activities. Non-destructive and destructive sampling methods were used to determine the total aboveground (TAG) and belowground (BG) biomass density (BD) and carbon stock of the natural forest’s various carbon pools. Results revealed a total BD of 606Mg ha-1 composed of 484Mg ha-1 TAG while BG is 122Mg ha-1. The forest has an estimated carbon stock value of 368Mg ha-1. Artocarpus blancoi has the highest carbon stock value of 41Mg ha-1 among the 19 species of trees recorded in the area. This implies that the Nonoc Island Forest reserve stored a significant amount of carbon, similar to the reports of other natural forests in the country that may help reduce carbon concentration. As a result, this study would like to recommend preserving and improving the island’s remaining forest areas, not only for forest resource conservation but also for climate change mitigation measures.
Assessment of biomass and carbon sequestration potentials of standing Pongami...Surendra Bam
The need of identifying the plant species having multitude value in present world are essential. Even in the Climate Change mitigation measures, the utilization of those plant species having economical value like bio-disel as well as can play their role of carbon sequestration.
A presentation made on forest resources and sustainable forest management, laws and regulations about forests in India, the status of the world and Indian forests.
Distribution and structure of conifers with special emphasis on taxus baccataShujaul Mulk Khan
Coniferous forests play important role in sustaining biodiversity and providing ecological services. Present study was conducted in Pir Panjal range, Western Himalayas to assess the present status of the conifers, in particular Taxus baccata population. Field data was obtained systematically using quadrate method. Environmental data including coordinates, altitude, slope gradient, aspect and intensity of anthropogenic disturbance was recorded by field survey method. The quantity of fuel wood consumption was measured using weight survey method. Three conifer species viz., Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana and Taxus baccata were found in 5 communities at different aspects in 1800 to 3000 m altitudinal range. Conifer stands showed an average tree density of 306 trees/ha with a regeneration value of 76 seedlings and saplings/ha and deforestation intensity of 82 stumps/ha respectively. T. baccata showed zero regeneration having no seedling or sapling in the whole study area. The stem to stump value was calculated as 4.08. A. pindrow was dominant in all the 5 communities with an Importance value percentage of 72.8% followed by P. wallichiana (19.5%). T. baccata was recorded sporadically throughout the altitudinal range having an IVI value of 7.9%. The T. baccata tree density was 26/ha whereas dead tree and stumps density was 27/ha with a stem/stump value of 0.98.The average fuel wood consumption recorded for the area was 4.08kg/capita/day. Pressure is increasing on conifers due to high level of fuel wood consumption as well as overgrazing due to limited available grazing area. The conifer species, especially T. baccata, demand immediate attention of forest management and policy makers for the conservation of these under pressure species.
Above ground biomass and carbon stock estimation of Arroceros Forest Park "Th...Innspub Net
In an area where urbanization is rapidly growing, carbon is slowly sequestered which clogs the ozone layer. With forest biomass, carbon is easily sequestered and stored by trees. This research focuses on the potential carbon storage of the Arroceros Forest Park, one of the last lungs of the metropolis located in the heart of the National Capital Region, Manila, Philippines. Trees with ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were inventoried, from two (2) hectare area of site. These trees were used in the estimation of the biomass and carbon stock. The Power-Fit Equation from Banaticla (insert year), = 0.342 (DBH (exp (0.73))) was used in the study. Results showed that Swietenia macrophylla dominated the park. Species with highest contribution of biomass and carbon is the Swietenia macrophylla with value of 149.55t/ha. The carbon formed from this was 45%, and estimated carbon stock present is 30.59Ct/ha. Total aboveground biomass and carbon stock in the forest park is estimated at 640.21t/ha, and 130.95Ct/ha, respectively. Provided the carbon stock estimate, this could give more importance to Arroceros Forest Park in carbon sequestration. Site must be protected and enhanced to promote the important role of green spaces in Metro Manila.
Carbon stock assessment of the undisturbed forest in the heavily mined Island...Open Access Research Paper
Forest serves as a significant carbon sink that helps minimize carbon concentrations in the atmosphere through the process of carbon sequestration. The purpose of this study was to determine the total carbon storage of the forest reserve area in Nonoc Island, Surigao City, as one of the areas in Surigao del Norte facing threats of forest degradation from mining and anthropogenic activities. Non-destructive and destructive sampling methods were used to determine the total aboveground (TAG) and belowground (BG) biomass density (BD) and carbon stock of the natural forest’s various carbon pools. Results revealed a total BD of 606Mg ha-1 composed of 484Mg ha-1 TAG while BG is 122Mg ha-1. The forest has an estimated carbon stock value of 368Mg ha-1. Artocarpus blancoi has the highest carbon stock value of 41Mg ha-1 among the 19 species of trees recorded in the area. This implies that the Nonoc Island Forest reserve stored a significant amount of carbon, similar to the reports of other natural forests in the country that may help reduce carbon concentration. As a result, this study would like to recommend preserving and improving the island’s remaining forest areas, not only for forest resource conservation but also for climate change mitigation measures.
Population Structure and Threats to Sustainable Management of Woody Plant Spe...Innspub Net
This study was conducted to assess population structure and threat to the sustainable management of woody species in the various ago-ecosystems in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area (LGA) Katsina State, Nigeria. Purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used to collect data from 21 randomly demarcated 100m × 100m sample plots. All woody plant species found in the sample plots with stem diameter >2 cm at 20cm above ground, were recorded. Population structure was summarized by diameter classes. For the identification of threats, field and questionnaire surveys were used. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed at ten questionnaires per ward in five out of the 11 wards in the LGA. The highest numbers (350) of small diameter trees (0.1-1.0cm) were recorded in the agrosilvopastoral system. This was followed by silvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems with 89 and 85, respectively. However, the highest number of large diameter woody tree species was recorded in the silvopastoral system followed by agrosilvopastoral and agrisilviculture systems. The regular reverse J-shaped and fairly regular reverse J-shaped size class distribution observed for agrosilvopastoral and silvopastoral respectively, suggest a recuperating population. Over exploitation, debarking, de-branching, root- digging, leaf harvesting, seed harvesting, poor regeneration, slow rate of growth, wind effect and bush burning were the major threats to sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area. The implications of our findings for sustainable management of woody plant species in the study area are discussed and recommendations made.
Carbon stock of woody species along Altitude gradient in Alemsaga Forest, Sou...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Purpose: Forest ecosystems play a significant role in the climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Therefore carbon determination provide clear indications of the possibilities of promoting forest development and management for mitigating of climate change through soil and vegetation carbon sequestration. The study was carried out to quantify carbon stock potential in Alemsaga Forest, South Gondar zone. Research method: Vegetation data Collection was made using a systematic sampling method; laying six transect lines with 500 m apart and 54 quadrants of 20 m X 20 m established 200 m distant to each other along the transect lines. In these plots, abundance, DBH and heights of all woody species were recorded, and soil sample was collected 1m X1m from the four corners and center of each quadrant. General allometric model was used for estimating above and belowground biomass. The organic carbon content of the soil samples was determined in the laboratory. Finding: A total of 66 woody plant species belong to 42 families were identified, Fabaceae was the most dominant families. The total mean above and belowground carbon stock was 216.86 ton/ha and 114.71 ton/ha respectively and soil organic carbon (SOC) 103.15 ton/ha. Above and belowground carbon increased as altitude decreased, but SOC increases with increase of altitude. Originality/value: Carbon stock estimation in the forest helps to manage the forests sustainably from the ecological, economic and environmental points of view and opportunities for economic benefit through carbon trading to farmers.
Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Partitioning in Chato Afromontane Forest: Its Cl...IJEAB
Forests trap carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, store in the form of carbon (C) and regulate climate change. In this study, C storage and climate change mitigation potential of Chato Afromontane forest was assessed from measurement of the major pools including the aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead tree biomass, plant litter and soil organic carbon (SOC). The result showed that biomass accumulation was comparatively larger for natural forest than plantations due to maturity, intactness and species diversity. The total C storage capacity of the forest ranged from 107.12 Mg ha-1 for acacia plantation to 453.21 Mg ha-1 for the intact natural forest. The mean C storage capacity by major pools ranged from 1.36 Mg ha-1 for the dead tree C to 157.95 Mg ha-1 for the aboveground C pool. The forest ecosystem accumulated a total of nearly 6371.30 Gg C in the vegetation plus soil to a depth of 60 cm. Conservation of the sacred forest will have an imperative implication to net positive C addition and regulation of climate change.
Role of primary forests for climate change mitigationCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Haruni Krisnawati of the Forest Research and Development Center Research Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 21-22 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
A MODEL TO ESTIMATE STORED CARBON IN THE UPLAND FORESTS OF THE WANGGU WATERSHEDAsramid Yasin
Abstract
Climate change coupled with deforestation has brought about an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the
atmosphere. One way to control climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by maintaining the integrity
of natural forests and increasing the density of tree populations. This research aimed to (a) identifies the density
of stand trees in the upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (b) analyze the potential carbon stocks contained in
the upstream forests of the Wanggu Watershed; (c) develop a model to estimate potential carbon stocks in the
upland forests of the Wanggu Watershed. The land cover classification in this study used the guided classification
with the Object-Based Image algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was employed as an
indicator of vegetation cover density. Field measurements were carried out by calculating the diameter of the stand
trees in 30 observation plots. Field biomass values were obtained through allometric equations. Regression analysis
was conducted to determine the correlation between NDVI densities and field biomass. The results showed that
the best equation for estimating potential carbon stocks in the Wanggu Watershed forest area was y = 3.48 (Exp.
7,435x), with an R2 of 50.2%. Potential above ground biomass carbon in the Wanggu Watershed based on NDVI
values was 414,043.26 tons in 2019, consist of protected forest areas of 279,070.15 tons and production forests of
134,973.11 tons. While total above biomass carbon based on field measurement reached 529,541.01 tons, consist
of protected forests of 419,197.82 tons and production forests of 110,343.20 tons.
Ecological Forestry in Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Forests of the Pac...Lily Tidwell
Ecological forestry is an emerging concept in the field of forest management based on silvicultural techniques that emulate natural disturbance regimes, thus preserving a relatively natural functioning forest ecosystem. This paper discusses the application of these concepts in Douglas-Fir forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States.
A critical step in sustainable forest management is to ensure the establishment and regeneration of seedlings and sapling of exploitable tree species following logging. Since selective logging is one of the main silvicultural practices in Cameroon, a detailed understanding of regeneration following selective logging is vital. This study evaluated the natural regeneration of some commercial timber species in logged and unlogged forest types in two forest management units (FMU) in the East Region of Cameroon (FMU 10052 and 10025). Two transects of 5000 x 50m each were established in logged and unlogged forest types. Eleven commercial tree species were assessed for fruit fall, the number of seedlings established and the height increment of the established seedlings. Three of these commercial tree species fruited in both forest types. Fruit fall was significantly higher (p≤0.001)in the logged forest (492 fruits/ha)than in the unlogged forest (52 fruits/ha). Comparing species that fruited in both forest types Klainedoxa gabonensis recorded the highest number of fruit fall(84 fruits/ha) and least (0.24 fruits/ha) in the logged and unlogged forest types respectively. Seedling establishment was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the unlogged forest (404 seedlings/ha) than in the logged forest (72 seedlings /ha). Seedling performance was better in the unlogged forest compared to the logged forest (low mortality rate). Due to the low seedling establishment and performance of these species in the logged forest, seed trees should be marked and protected prior and after logging as prescribed in the sustainable forest management.
Natural regeneration of some commercial timber tree species following selecti...Innspub Net
A critical step in sustainable forest management is to ensure the establishment and regeneration of seedlings and sapling of exploitable tree species following logging. Since selective logging is one of the main silvicultural practices in Cameroon, a detailed understanding of regeneration following selective logging is vital. This study evaluated the natural regeneration of some commercial timber species in logged and unlogged forest types in two forest management units (FMU) in the East Region of Cameroon (FMU 10052 and 10025). Two transects of 5000 x 50m each were established in logged and unlogged forest types. Eleven commercial tree species were assessed for fruit fall, the number of seedlings established and the height increment of the established seedlings. Three of these commercial tree species fruited in both forest types. Fruit fall was significantly higher (p≤0.001)in the logged forest (492 fruits/ha)than in the unlogged forest (52 fruits/ha). Comparing species that fruited in both forest types Klainedoxa gabonensis recorded the highest number of fruit fall(84 fruits/ha) and least (0.24 fruits/ha) in the logged and unlogged forest types respectively. Seedling establishment was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the unlogged forest (404 seedlings/ha) than in the logged forest (72 seedlings /ha). Seedling performance was better in the unlogged forest compared to the logged forest (low mortality rate). Due to the low seedling establishment and performance of these species in the logged forest, seed trees should be marked and protected prior and after logging as prescribed in the sustainable forest management.
Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Ba...ijtsrd
The forest plays a major role in stabilizing increasing temperatures due to its climate mitigation capacity. This is not unconnected to the carbon storing and sequestration potentials of forests. The mangrove as one of the global forest types is said to be a major carbon store. This conclusion is characterized by some knowledge gaps on the actual carbon stock and sequestration potentials of some mangroves forest on the Central African Sub regional landscape. Some of these areas are the Bakassi mangroves in the South West Cameroon. Cross border conflicts, piracy and over exploitation have rendered the sourcing of appropriate data on its carbon stock and sequestration potentials difficult. In strive to bridge this knowledge gap, this work carried out a baseline assessment of the carbon stock and sequestration rate of the area. To achieve the study objectives, stratified random opportunistic sampling inventory design based on five forest canopy height classes, tree Diameter at Breast Height DBH and canopy nature using digital elevation model DEM of the shuttle Radar Topographic Mission SRTM . This combination evaluated the species type and forest structure around the areas. Carbon stocks were estimated with the use of allometric equations using biomass data collected within main plots, sub plots, micro plots and transects. Results showed that mean biomass carbon stock density for the height classes for Bakassi ranged from 33.5 Mg ha to 598.9Mg ha. Thus on average, for a hectare in Bakassi, the carbon stock is 880.437 Mg ha and a sequestration rate of 3231.204 tCO2e ha . Kamah Pascal Bumtu | Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi | Longonje Simon Ngomba ""Structure, Biomass Carbon Stock and Sequestration Rate of Mangroves in the Bakassi Peninsula, S-W Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30171.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/30171/structure-biomass-carbon-stock-and-sequestration-rate-of-mangroves-in-the-bakassi-peninsula-s-w-cameroon/kamah-pascal-bumtu
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICSEucalyptus Edge Effect on QEvonCanales257
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS
Eucalyptus Edge Effect on Quercus-Herbivore Interactions
in a Neotropical Temperate Forest
C HERNÁNDEZ-SANTIN1, M CUAUTLE1 , M DE LAS N BARRANCO-LEÓN2, J GARCÍA-GUZMÁN1, El BADANO2,
F LUNA-CASTELLANOS1
1Depto de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
2División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
AbstractKeywords
Quercus , herbivory, edge effect,
Lepidoptera caterpillars
Correspondence
M Cuautle, Depto de Ciencias Químico
Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla,
Cholula, Puebla, Mexico; [email protected]
hotmail.com
Edited by Martin F Pareja – UNICAMP
Received 18 June 2018 and accepted 26
April 2019
* Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 2019
Fragmentation leads to the formation of edges between habitats, which in
turn changes biotic and abiotic factors that might influence herbivory or
plant-herbivory interactions. The aims of this study were to describe the
herbivory community associated with oak (Quercus) and to determine the
effects of proximity to a Eucalyptus edge and season on insect herbivory.
We selected three forest sites that were subsequently divided into three
quadrants located at different distances from the Eucalyptus edge: edge
(0 m), intermediate (30 m), and oak forest interior (60 m). We randomly
selected 10 oak trees per quadrant and conducted monthly surveys, during
the dry and rainy season (from February to October 2010), where we
quantified leaf area and the percentage of herbivory. These were analyzed
using linear mixed models, with distance and season as fixed factors and
individual and site as random factors. The primary oak herbivores were
Lepidoptera caterpillars. We found that herbivory increased away from
the edge but just during the rainy season, although higher herbivory levels
were found during the dry season. These results seem to be related to a
specialist community of herbivorous associated to the Quercus. This study
emphasizes the importance of considering border effect, especially within
Natural Protected Areas to establish strategies to improve and maintain
native oak forest and the biodiversity of its Lepidoptera herbivorous
community.
Introduction
Landscape modification due to anthropogenic activities (e.g.,
land conversion to agricultural or livestock) has resulted in
habitat fragmentation, one of the major threats for forest
conservation (Buckley 2000, Franklin et al 2002).
Fragmentation is defined as the disruption or breakdown of
large vegetation patches into smaller ones resulting in a dis-
continuity of resource distribution that affects species occu-
pancy, reproduction, and/or survival (Franklin et al 2002).
One of the important features of this phenomenon is an
increase in edge length relative to the forest area, particular-
ly in small habitat fragments (Laurance 1991, Laurance &
Yensen 1991, Murcia 1995, Laurance et al 2007, De
Carvalho ...
Similar to 11.[29 39]mitigating climate change effects using eco-friendly wood preservatives (20)
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
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This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
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Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...
11.[29 39]mitigating climate change effects using eco-friendly wood preservatives
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.2, 2012
Mitigating Climate Change Effects Using Eco-Friendly Wood
Preservatives
D. M. Thlama, B. C. Falemara, M.A. Ameh, and O.F. Osasebor
Federal College of Forestry, P.M.B. 2019, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
*Email of corresponding author: charles_jide@yahoo.com
Abstract
Climate change, due to global warming has serious environmental phenomena, which result into loss of
biodiversity. In view of the depleting effect of climate change on renewable forest resources, particularly
woody species, it becomes necessary to consider strategies of preserving the limited wood resources using
local preservatives. Consequently, a study was conducted to assess the effects of eco-friendly locally
developed wood preservatives on the resistance of Triplochiton scleroxylon (Obeche) to termites attack.
The research was carried out in 3 different locations, with 4 different treatments in Bassa L.G.A. of Plateau
State. Thus, 3 termites’ mounds were randomly isolated and labeled as locations A, B, and C. For each of
the locations, 80 wood specimens were prepared for the field trail. Sixty (60) of the samples were treated
with the various preservatives as follows: neem oil (20 pieces), mahogany oil (20 pieces), and shea butter
oil (20 pieces). The remaining 20 pieces served as control. All the 240 wood specimens were spread on the
sites where the presence of the termites was endemic for 24 weeks. Thereafter the degree of attack was
estimated by measuring the length of furrow, and recording loss in weight of the wood samples. The data
obtained were subjected to ANOVA to test for the level of significance between the locations and
treatments. Results of the experiment showed that all the locally extracted wood preservatives significantly
resisted the termites attack in treated wood samples. Neem-oil treated wood samples recorded the highest
significant resistance, having the least (0.01cm) mean length of furrow and the least () mean weight loss.
This is trailed alongside by mahogany oil (0.0017kg) and shea butter-oil () treated wood samples showing
significant resistance against termites’ invasion. Thus neem-oil extract is recommended as an eco-friendly
protection against termite attack. Further studies can still be researched, on the most effective
concentration(s) of neem-oil extract against termites’ infestation and other biodegrading organisms.
Key words: Obeche wood, Termites, Neem-oil, Mahogany-oil, Shea butter-oil.
1. Introduction
Global warming refers to the accelerated warming of the earth’s surface due to anthropogenic
releases of greenhouse gasses as a result of industrial activity and deforestation. Bush burning releases
excess carbon dioxide, which concentrates in the earth’s atmosphere contributing to global warming.
According to Cunningham (2002), globally, average temperatures are expected to increase between
1.5oc to 6.1oc (2.7oF to 11oF) in the next hundred years. The effect of this temperature rise is depletion
of the ozone layer due to the absorption of ultraviolet radiation on the earth’s surface. This is a serious
environmental phenomenon that cases climate change, as the ice caps.
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Melt and sea levels rise due to the thermal expansion of the oceans. The end point of this is flood,
which destroys farmlands, displaces people, causes famine and loss of biodiversity. Fresh water
resources could be affected by saline intrusion as sea levels change. Existing dry land regions may
become drier still resulting in a greater likelihood of desertification, which is a serious forest resources
management problem as trees will be gradually depleted. In view of the depleting effect of climate
change on renewable forest resources with particular reference to woody species, it becomes necessary
to consider strategies of preserving the limited wood resources against deterioration. Preserving wood
to enhance its durability makes wood to last longer, thereby decreasing the demand on the world
depleting forest due to climate change. This of course enhances timber species conservation as well as
utilization on sustain yield basis.
Termites are responsible for much of the degradation of wood and other cellulose materials in the
Tropics and sub-Tropics (Peralta et al., 2004). While some wood are resistant to their attack, others are
not (Nakayama et al., 2000). Degradation of wood by termites is a chronic problem in many tropical
regions particularly in the Sub Sahara Africa, resulting in serious monetary and material losses with
far reaching impact on the increasing demand for timber (Obi et al., 2008).
Wood can be effectively protected from decay organisms by impregnating the wood with
pesticide effective chemicals. Impregnating wood by applying suitable chemicals is the most preferred
preservation method. But some toxic synthetic chemicals used for wood preservation contain serious
pollution risks to the environment (Bozkurt et al., 1993; Sen et al., 2002). Consumers have become
concerned about pesticide residuals on food crops and governments have responded by legislating and
restricting the usage of synthetic pesticides. The conventional wood preservatives although found to
be very effective against wood destroying organisms, are said to cause environmental pollution and a
few of them are hazardous to animals and human beings (Onuorah, 2000). Over the past few decades,
there has been substantial global awareness to develop eco-friendly wood preservatives and those,
which do not cause any ill effect on the health of mammals (Onuorah, 2000). Efficacious botanical
derivatives can provide an alternative to synthetic pesticides and agrochemical companies have started
to focus on these alternatives (Addor, 1995). Recently, herbal extracts that are not harmful to the
environment, have been shown to be effective natural preservatives (Grafius & Hayden 1988; Sen,
2001).
The country’s dependence on imported wood preservatives attracts huge sum of foreign exchange,
which could have been used in other sectors of the economy. The study would enable the country to
save the much-needed foreign exchange, thereby improving the national economy. Finding of the
research will in addition enable more wood to be preserved. This of course will reduce the demand of
frequent felling. Thus, enhancing wood species conservation; more so that climate change tends to
deplete the available wood resources. The study will also provide opportunity for the average Nigerian
to locally preserve wood and wood based products at affordable prices. Considering the importance of
wood preservation as a way of ameliorating the depleting effect of climate change on wood species, it
becomes imperative that a research be carried out on less durable timber against attack by termites,
using locally prepared compounds. The objective of this work was to study the termicidal effects of
neem-oil extract, mahogany-oil extract, and shea butter-oil extract their decay resistance on treated
wood samples.
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Vol.2, No.2, 2012
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
Bassa
Figure 1: Map of Study Area (Bassa Local Government Area)
Source: http://speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_plateau.htm
Bassa Local Government Area (L.G.A.) is one of the 17 LGAs of Plateau state, located on the Jos
Plateau about 10km west of Jos, the Plateau State capital. The L.G.A. covers a landmass of 292
715sqm and has a projected population of over 160 000 people (based on local government targets). It
lies between Longitude 90 58’West and Latitude 8o 45’North and bordered by Kaduna and Bauchi
States. It is within the guinea Savannah of the northern Nigeria and characterized by a cool windy
breeze like that of a temperate area due to its location on the higher altitude. The climate is typical of
the rest of the Plateau, with a mean annual temperature of 20°C – 25°C. The mean annual rainfall is
146cm. April-October is generally warmer and this coincides with the rainy season. The harmattan
period, December – February is much colder. (Plateau State Diary, 2012)
2.2 Preparation of Wood samples
Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) was the considered wood species for the experiment, being
one of the less durable timbers. The wood was cut to standard specifications of 100cm x 50cm x 20cm.
All prepared wood samples were obtained from defects free areas of the planks. The test pieces were
all labeled according to the applied preservatives. Neem-oil treated samples were labeled with the
letter “N”, while letters “S” and “M” were used for the sheabutter and mahogany oils treated wood
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samples respectively. Letter “C” was given to the rest 20 pieces that were used as control. Furthermore,
all the wood species were seasoned to moisture contents of fiber saturation point of (28%), for
adequate penetration of the preservatives into the wood. The moisture content of the wood samples
was determined based on their oven dry weights with the formula.
M. C. (%) = Ww –Wo x 100
Wo
Where M.C. = Moisture Content (%)
Wo = Oven-dry Weight (Kg)
Ww = Initial/Wet Weight (Kg)
At the end of the field work, the weight loss of the wood samples was evaluated using the
formula below:
Weight Loss =
Where: Wob = Oven dried weight of samples before attack
Woa = Oven dried weight of samples after attack
2.3 Preparation of preservatives
Seeds of the selected trees (Mahogany, Neems, and Sheabutter) were collected and their
respective oils were extracted. Extremely shrink and unhealthy seeds were rejected. The oils were
extracted by weighing 5.0kg into flat container. The container was placed in the sun for open air
drying for 2 weeks to ease the grinding process and oil extraction. The seeds were then ground into
paste, after removing the seed coats which does not contain much oil. 4 litres of warm water of 55oc
were mixed with 2.5kg of the seed paste in a plastic bucket. The mixture was left for a period of 3
hours. This enabled the paste to settle at the bottom of the container, and the oil to float on top of the
water. The floated oil was carefully scooped out into another container, where it was boiled to
eliminate any traces of water through evaporation.
2.4 Experimental design (procedure) and layout.
Within the study areas, sites that are inhabited by subterranean termites (Macrotermes
subhyalinus) were isolated for the laying out of both the treated and untreated wood samples.
Preliminary field survey was carried out in Mista Ali Ward, Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau
State, where nine (9) termites’ mounds, of almost the same sizes were identified. For ease and
effective monitoring of the field trails, 3 (three) termites mounds were randomly selected and labeled
as follows: location A, B, and C for the study. The method of treatment of the wood samples with the
various preservatives was by complete immersion for a period of 24 hours, to provide for effective
chemical penetration into the wood pores. Thereafter the treated wood samples were air dried for one
week to ensure chemical retention in them. The samples were randomly exposed in a circle around the
base of the mounds in such a way that all the specimens had equal or almost equal chances of being
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attacked by the termites. All the wood samples were at the same distance of 0.5m from the peak of the
mounds.
For the experimental layout, the trial was replicated in these locations, with a total of 240 wood
samples. For one location, eighty test pieces were prepared for the field trial. Sixty (60) of the wood
samples were treated with the various compounds as follows: neem-oil (20 samples), sheabutter-oil
(20 samples) and mahogany-oil (20 samples). The remaining twenty (20) wood samples that were not
treated, served as control. The period of the field trail experiments was for 24 weeks (6 months). After
6 months, all the samples were removed from the termite’s mounds, and cleaned with a mop to
remove traces of sand/mud from them. The purpose is to obtain accurate weights of the wood samples.
In order to remove possible moisture absorbed by the samples, they were oven dried at a temperature
of 103oC + 2oc for 24 hours. After the wood samples have dried, they were regrouped according to the
various preservative treatments for the purpose of verifying the extent of attack by the termites. Two
parameters were used to determine the extent of attack viz: the measurement of the length of furrow
caused by the termites, and the loss in weight of the wood specimens. To verify the extent of attack
through length of furrow a 30cm ruler and thread were used to measure the length of furrow in the test
pieces. In order to obtain a weight loss, the final weights of the wood samples after being attacked by
the termites were subtracted from the original oven dry weights of the samples. The data obtained
were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to test the level of significant difference and
Duncan’s New Range Multiple test was used to analyze the established variation. Bar chart was also
used for clearer presentation of the data.
3. Results And Discussion
3.1 Degree of attack by length of furrow
The result indicated neem-oil treated wood samples having the least mean length (0.01cm) of
furrow, followed by mahogany-oil treated wood samples with mean length of furrow of (0.82cm) and
sheabutter-oil treated wood samples with mean length of furrow of (1.50cm), while the control i.e.
untreated wood samples had the highest mean length (4.24) of furrow (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
The analysis of variance revealed that the locations showed no significant effect on the degree of
attack by the length of furrow, whereas the preservative extracts showed significant effect (Table 2).
Further analysis by Duncan’s New Range Multiple Test presented all the preservative extracts
(neem-oil, mahogany-oil, and sheabutter-oil) as having significant effect on the degree of attack by the
length of furrow (Table 3).
In addition, neem-oil treated wood showed a significant resistance with the least mean length of
furrow. This is in confirmation with the findings of Akwasi et al., (2001) that neem extract treated
alstonia wood recorded less attack. According to ICRAF (1992) and Haygreen et al., (1982), Neem
wood is tough and resistant to decay and termites, while the heartwood is generally resistant to decay
fungi and insects. Venmalar and Nagaveni (2005) also opined that neem possesses a number of toxic
constituents exhibiting high toxicity against wood destroying microbes. The control having the highest
mean length of furrow thus confirms Obeche wood as a less durable wood species as classified by
Scheffer & Morrell, (1998) and FAO 1986 cited by Belie et al., (1999)
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Table 1: Degree of Attack by Mean Length of Furrow (cm) in the Study Locations
Preservative Extracts
Locations Neem-oil Mahogany oil Sheabutter oil Control
(N) (M) (S) (C )
Location A 0.01 0.77 1.49 4.20
Location B 0.01 0.86 1.54 4.40
Location C 0.01 0.84 1.48 4.11
Mean 0.01 0.82 1.50 4.24
Table 2: ANOVA of Degree of Attack by Mean Length of Furrow (cm)
Variables df Sig. Decision
Locations 2 0.198 NS
Preservatives 3 0.000 S
Table 3: Follow-up Analysis of the Effect of the Preservative Extracts on the Degree of Attack by
Mean Length of Furrow (cm) - (DUNCAN)
Preservative Extracts Mean
Neem oil 0.01±0.00d
Mahogany oil 0.82±0.05c
Sheabutter oil 1.50±0.03b
Control 4.24±0.15a
***Means along each column bearing different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05) at 5%
level by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test.
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Figure 1: Bar chart showing length of Furrow by Termite attack
3.2 Degree of attack by loss in weight
The degree of attack on the wood samples as a result of termite infestation was also measured in
terms of the weight loss. Table 4 and Figure 2 showed the mean weight loss of the treated wood
samples due to termites’ invasion. The result revealed that neem-oil treated wood samples had the
lowest mean weight loss of 0.0017kg, trailed by mahogany-oil and sheabutter-oil treated wood
samples with mean weight loss of 0.0155kg and 0.0243kg respectively, while the untreated wood
samples (control) had the highest mean weight loss of 0.0451kg. The implication of this is that wood
of Triplochiton scleroxylon is susceptible to termite attack.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant difference in the effect of the locations and
preservative extracts on the degree of attack by mean weight loss (Table 5). In the same vein,
Duncan’s Range New Multiple Test further revealed that only location B in all the locations had
significant effect on the degree of attack by mean weight loss, while all the preservative extracts
(neem-oil, mahogany-oil and sheabutter) also showed significant effects (Tables 6 & 7). This
confirmed effectiveness of extract solutions in enhancing decay resistance of wood (Goktas et al.,
2007).
Moreover, neem-oil extract treated wood also recorded a significant least mean weight loss as a
result of the termites’ invasion. This finding confirmed the effectiveness of neem extracts reported by
Moyin-Jesu (2010).
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Table 4: Degree of Attack by Mean Weight Loss (kg) in the Study Locations
Preservative Extracts
Locations Neem-oil Mahogany oil Sheabutter oil Control
(N) (M) (S) (C )
Location A 0.002 0.0121 0.0221 0.0452
Location B 0.002 0.0223 0.0287 0.0483
Location C 0.001 0.0122 0.0220 0.0418
Mean 0.0017 0.0155 0.0243 0.0451
Table 5: ANOVA of Degree of Attack by Mean Weight Loss (kg)
Variables df Sig. Decision
Locations 2 0.027 S
Preservatives 3 0.000 S
Table 6: Follow-up Analysis of the Effect of Locations on the Degree of Attack by Mean Weight Loss
(kg) - (DUNCAN)
Locations Mean
Location A 0.020±0.019b
Location B 0.025±0.017a
Location C 0.019±0.018b
***Means along each column bearing different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05) at 5%
level by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test.
Table 7: Follow-up Analysis of Effect of the Preservative Extracts on the Degree of Attack by Mean
Weight Loss (kg) - (DUNCAN)
Preservative Extracts Mean
Neem-oil 0.0017±0.001d
Mahogany-oil 0.0155±0.006c
Sheabutter-oil 0.0243±0.004b
Control 0.0451±0.003a
***Means along each column bearing different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05) at 5%
level by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test.
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Figure 1: Bar chart showing Weight Loss due to Termite attack
4. Conclusion and Recommendation
The three locally developed preservatives (neem-oil, mahogany-oil and shea butter-oil)
effectively resisted the termites attack, thus confirming the effectiveness of extract solutions in
enhancing decay resistance of wood. These eco-friendly wood preservatives are less toxic, harmless to
the environment and can be produced at low cost. Moreover, they are biodegradable and renewable
resources. For instance, Neem compounds do not persist or accumulate in the environment after being
applied as pesticides. They break down quickly when exposed to sunlight, usually within one week.
Neem’s principal active compound has been identified as Azadirachtin. It acts on insects by repelling
them, by inhibiting feeding, and by disrupting their growth, metamorphosis and reproduction.
Neem-based formulations do not usually kill insects directly, but they can alter their behaviour in
significant ways to reduce pest damage to crops, and reduce their reproductive potential. Azadirachtin
affects insect physiology by mimicking a natural hormone. It has been shown to affect egg production
and hatching rates.
These plant extracts could be exploited to develop new wood preservatives to protect wooden
structures, agricultural crops, plants and as well as trees. The development of their production
technology will reduce the nation’s dependence on foreign wood preservatives; thereby saving the
country’s much needed foreign exchange and also reduce the demand of frequent felling, thus,
enhancing wood species conservation; more so that climate change tends to deplete the available wood
resources.
In the manufacturing sector today, human capital is still essential for most factories to carry out a
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variety of manual operations, in spite of the rapid advancement of automation technology and robotics.
Futuristic vision of “unmanned manufacturing” (Deen 1993) is forbiddingly expensive, because all its
hardware components need to be computer controlled so as to freely communicate with each other; and yet,
most of the outcomes are not promising (Sun & Venuvinod 2001). By and large, factories equipped with
relatively simple machinery controls will require continuous attendance of human operators; for examples,
textile mills, leather products, and medical appliances. With limited capital investments in production
equipment, the main budget of their fixed costs lies on the workforce size (Techawiboonwong et al. 2006).
With regard to cost-effectiveness, labour planning always opts for the minimum amount of workers
needed to deal with the daily operations, as well as the probable rate of disturbance (Lim et al. 2008). The
workforce disturbance is often ascribed to absenteeism and turnover, which may result in considerable loss
of productivity for any labour-intensive division (Easton & Goodale 2002). Buffering with redundant
skilled workers (Molleman & Slomp 1999) or relief workers (Redding 2004) might be a direct solution to
absenteeism; however, the rising labour cost must be justifiable due to the fact that underutilisation of
labour during low demand seasons is considered a waste of resources. Absenteeism is the measure of
unplanned absences from workplace due to some reasons like personal emergency, accident, illness, etc.
Turnover occurs when an active worker resigns from the company of his own accord, thus leaving a vacant
post until a replacement is found. If such disturbance has caused a large number of tasks become
unattended and overdue, the company is then vulnerable to overtime cost, shrunk capacity and productivity,
extra queuing time, lost business income, etc. In order to prevent these deteriorative effects, optimising the
number of workers can be helpful. As a fundamental branch of knowledge in manufacturing business,
workforce management will never fall behind the times. Therefore, it is worth an attempt to incorporate a
novel methodology, such as HMS, into the state of the art of workforce sizing.
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pp: 1-7
Venmalar, D. and H.C. Nagaveni, (2005): Evaluation of copperised cashew nut shell liquid and neem oil as
wood preservatives. The International Research Group on Wood Protection. Malleswaram. Bangalore, India.
Section 3, Wood Protecting Chemicals, IRG/WP 05-30368, pp: 20
39
12. International Journals Call for Paper
The IISTE, a U.S. publisher, is currently hosting the academic journals listed below. The peer review process of the following journals
usually takes LESS THAN 14 business days and IISTE usually publishes a qualified article within 30 days. Authors should
send their full paper to the following email address. More information can be found in the IISTE website : www.iiste.org
Business, Economics, Finance and Management PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
European Journal of Business and Management EJBM@iiste.org
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting RJFA@iiste.org
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development JESD@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Chemistry PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Mathematical Theory and Modeling MTM@iiste.org
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications APTA@iiste.org
Chemical and Process Engineering Research CPER@iiste.org
Engineering, Technology and Systems PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems CEIS@iiste.org
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering ISDE@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Control Theory and Informatics CTI@iiste.org
Journal of Information Engineering and Applications JIEA@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Network and Complex Systems NCS@iiste.org
Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Environment and Earth Science JEES@iiste.org
Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare JBAH@iiste.org
Food Science and Quality Management FSQM@iiste.org
Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Education and Practice JEP@iiste.org
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization JLPG@iiste.org Global knowledge sharing:
New Media and Mass Communication NMMC@iiste.org EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP
Historical Research Letter HRL@iiste.org Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld
Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Public Policy and Administration Research PPAR@iiste.org Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate,
International Affairs and Global Strategy IAGS@iiste.org OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library ,
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences RHSS@iiste.org NewJour, Google Scholar.
Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org IISTE is member of CrossRef. All journals
Arts and Design Studies ADS@iiste.org have high IC Impact Factor Values (ICV).