TBI is defined as a blow to the head that disrupts normal brain function. It can result from sudden violent impacts to the head or objects piercing the skull. 60% of TBIs are caused by road accidents and 15-20% involve alcohol. TBI can be penetrating or non-penetrating and cause hematomas, increased pressure in the brain, cognitive deficits, motor deficits and more. Initial assessment involves the Glasgow Coma Scale, medical history, and tests like X-rays and CT scans to evaluate functions like vision, hearing, swallowing and memory.

2. TBI defined as a blow to the head that disrupts the normal
function of the brain.
TBI, also known as Craniocerebral trauma.
TBI can result when the head suddenly & violently hits an
object or when the object pierces the skull.

3. 60% of all TBI caused by road accident.
15-20% of TBI alcohol involvement.
One person dies in every 6 to 10 min.

4. 1. Penetrating Brain Injury
2. Non-penetrating Brain Injury

5. Known as Open-head injuries.
Penetrating brain injury is when an object
enters the skull & harms the brain.
The Skull is Fractured.
The Meninges are torn.

6. - Fall
- Motor vehicle accident
- Sport injury
- Gunshot (high velocity)
- Violence (shaken baby)

7. - Possibly, death
- Fracture of skull
- Headache
- Bleeding, swelling of brain tissue
- Loss of consciousness
- Destruction of brain tissue (gunshot path)
- Respiratory & Cardiac failures resulting in death
(due to severe injury to Brain stem)

8. Known as Closed-head injuries
The meninges remain intact, the brain suffer
Indirect damage

9. - Concussion
- Diffuse Axonal injury

10. Cognitive deficits :- Motor deficits :-
Confusion
Loss of sense
of place & time
Paralysis/weakness
Poor balance
Swallowing problem
Sensory deficits :- Communication &
language
Change in taste, smell
hearing, vision
Left / right sided neglect
Difficulty speaking
& understand speech
Problem in reading, writing
Disturbed social

11. Hematome is accumulation of blood due to
haemorrhage
3 types of hematoma

13. Accumulation of blood
between the dura matter &
the skull
Due to damaged middle
cerebral blood vessels,
frequently by automatic
accident

14. Lacerated (rupture) cortical
blood vessel hematoma
Accumulation of blood
between dura & arachnoid.

15. Accumulation of blood, water, cerebrospinal fluid
causes increased pressure
Increased pressure is the frequent cause of death in
TBI , pressure is the greatest
at the site of lesion
Brain tissue may be compressed, distorted, stretched
.

17. Initial assessment :-
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test

18. History of present condition
Past medical history
Result of investigations (X-Ray, CT-Scans)
Vision
Hearing
Swallowing
Posture & balance
Voluntary & involuntary movements
Memory
Attention

19. Thank you