cerebral damage

1. SYED RAASHID ANDRABI

2. Definition
 injury to the brain that impairs its functions, especially
permanently.
The destruction or deterioration of brain cells.
 various conditions that cause brain damage are:
head trauma, inadequate oxygen supply, infection, intracranial
hemorrhage.

3.  There are two types of brain injury. Both disrupt the brain’s normal
functioning.
 TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: caused by external force- that causes
brain to move inside the skull or damage the skull.
 ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY: occuars at cellular level. This could be of
a tumour, neurological illness.

4. Causes of traumatic brain injury Causes of acquired brain injury
 Car accidents
 Blows t the head
 Sports injuries
 Falls or accidents
 Physical violence
 Poisoning or exposure to toxic
substances
 Infection,strangulation,drowni
ng
 Stroke, heart attacks,
aneuryms
 Neurological illness
 Abuse of illegal drugs.
Alcohol abuse

5.  They are numerous symptoms of brain damage, whether
traumatic or acquired.
 They fall into 4 main categories listed as below
 Cognitive
 Physical
 Perceptual
 Behavoral/Emotional

6.  Traumatic brain injury is a non-degenerative, non-congenital,
insult to the brain from external force, possibly leading to
the permanent or temporary impairment of cognitive,
physical, and physiological functions.
 A Traumatic brain injury can be described as being
Closed or open brain injury

7.  TBI may be divided into primary and Secondary injury.
 primary injury is induced by mechanical force and occurs at
the moment of injury.
1. Secondary injury is not mechanically induced. It may be
delayed from the moment of impact, and it may
superimpose injury on a brain already affected by a
mechanical injury.
 Concussion.
 Shaken baby syndrome

8.  Primary injury due to contact may result in the injury to the
fracture to the skull. This injury leads to unrestricted
movements of head and leads to shear,compressive strains.
 Secondary injuries may occur hours or even days after the
the traumatic event.

9.  Intracranial hematoma is the most common cause of death.
 Epidural hematoma
 Subdural hematoma
 Subarachnoid hematoma
 Extracrainal Hematomas
 Scalp lacerations
 Nasal injuries
 Injuries to the face and neck can lead to the significant blood
loss.

10.  Acquired brain injuries occur without a hereditary or
degenerative cause. Examples of non-traumatic brain injuries
include:
 Stroke.
 Tumor.
 Brain infections or inflammation.

11.  Brain evaluations.
 Blood tests.
 Computerized tomography (CT) scan
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

13.  Measurement of ICP - monitoring in the patient
 The pressure that is exerted on to the brain tissue by the
external forces, such as cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) and blood.
 Normal ICP: Adults: 10-15mmHg
Children:3-7mmHg

14.  ICP monitor in patients at a risk for intracranial hypertension, i.e.,
patients in coma
(Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] <8) and an abnormal admission head CT
scan.
 This includes a mass lesion(s), e.g., hematoma or contusion,
swelling.


15. Treatment is based on the severity of the injury.
 Mild injury
Mild traumatic brain injuries usually require no treatment.
 Immediate emergency care-for severe conditions.
 Medications
 Medications to limit secondary damage to the brain
immediately after an injury may include:
 Anti-seizure drugs, coma-inducing drugs, diuretics

16.  Emergency surgery may be needed to minimize additional
damage to brain tissues. Surgery may be used to address the
following problems:
 Removing clotted blood (hematomas).
 Repairing skull fractures.
 Bleeding in the brain.
 Opening a window in the skull.

17.  Most people who have had a significant brain injury will
require rehabilitation. They may need to relearn basic skills,
such as walking or talking. The goal is to improve their
abilities to perform daily activities.