This document discusses translation and the translator's role. It begins by explaining that translation involves transmitting culture, revitalizing language, and interpreting texts between nations. There are various methods of translation including adaptation, free translation, semantic translation, and more. When translating a text, the translator must pay attention to grammatical structure, terms, and the topic. Every text provides form and meaning that influence translation approaches. The translator's goal should be to communicate the same message in the target language using natural grammar and lexicon. Understanding both the referential and situational meaning of a text is important for accurate translation.

1. TRANSLATION’S STUFFS
Hj. Dihliza Basya, S.S., M.Pd.
ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER

2. Translation
Transmitting
Culture
Revitalizing
Language
Figuring out the
meanings of the
text
Interpreting text
Contributing
towards
between nations

3. Adaptation
Free Translation
Semantic
Translation
Idiomatic
Translation
Word For Word
Translation
Auto-
Translation
Faithful
Translation
Literal
Translation
Communicative
Translation
Methods of Translation

4. What things do you pay attention in
translating text?
Grammatical
Structure
Terms
Topic of
the text
?
?

5. EVERY TEXT (TO BE TRANSLATED)
GIVES US:
Form
Meaning

6. FORM-BASED TRANSLATIONS
ATTEMPT TO FOLLOW THE FORM OF THE SOURCE LANGUAGE
AND ARE KNOWN AS LITERAL TRANSLATION
MEANING-BASED TRANSLATIONS
MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO COMMUNICATE THE MEANING OF THE
SOURCE LANGUAGE TEXT IN THE NATURAL FORMS OF THE RECEPTOR
LANGUAGE, WHICH IS CALLED AS IDIOMATIC TRANSLATIONS

7. LITERAL TRANSLATIONS
Chuave (Papua New Guinea) : kan daro
Literal Translation : your-name call !
Nyamana Name

8. LITERAL TRANSLATION SHOULD
BE??
?????????????????

9. What is your name?

10. Madame Odette, passenger
with destination Douala, is
demanded on the telephone
Madame Odette, passagers
destination de Douala, est
demande au telephone
Ms. Odette, passenger for
Douala, you are wanted to
phone.

11. A truly idiomatic translation does
not sound like a translation. It
sounds like it was written originally
in the receptor language.

12. WHAT IS TRANSLATOR’S GOAL?
Very
Literal
Literal
Modified
literal
Inconsistent
mixture
Near
idiomatic
Idiomatic
Unduly
free

13. The translator’s goal should be to
reproduce in the receptor language
a text which communicates the
same message as the source
language but using the natural
grammatical and lexical choices of
the receptor language.

14. SENTENCE FORMULA
NOUN +
(AUX VERB)
PREPOSITION /
NOUN
ADVERB
CONJUCTION
EXCLAMATION
ADJECTIVE
VERB TO + V1 /
V1+ ING (ACTIVE)
TO BE /
LINKING VERB
VERB III (PASSIVE)

15. SUBJECT PREDICATE OBJECT /
EXPLANATION
COMPLEMENT
He can
Dia bisa
survive
bertahan
during the crisis.
selama krisis.
 Could be
translated
He
Dia
(Ayahnya sudah
meninggal dunia
sejak sepuluh tahun
yang lalu)
survives
ditinggal mati
His father for ten
years.
oleh ayahnya
sepuluh tahun yang
lalu.
 Could be
translated
My labour
???
does not
???
fruit at all
???
 Could it be
translated?

16. Address
1. His address is No. 18, Jalan Dewi Sartika.
2. His address about human right yesterday, was so impressing, that the audience
applauded.
3. Don’t address him a boy anymore, as he has been 20 years old now!
4. It’s time for us to address our business more seriously.
5. Please address yourself in good manners.
6. You may address your anger to me, as it is my fault.
7. Why do you address me as if I were not human being?
8. Please address him to his talent, not to what you want!
9. The president will address business leaders in Bali.
10. I want to address you something for your mother.

17. 3 Main Aspects To Be Considered in
The Real Context of English Sentence.

18. TOP SOIL THEORY
KATA BENDA / NOUN
Induk/Superordinate: animal, vehicle, building, etc.
Turunan/Subordinate I: reptile, insect, car, bicycle, house, etc.
Turunan/Subordinate II: snake, crocodile, ant, mosquito, jeep, sedan, bike, office, etc.
Kata Kerja/Verb
Induk/Superordinate: to be (is, am, are, was, were), stay, move, exist, know, take,
participate, etc.
Turunan/Subordinate I: sit, go, lay, turn
Turunan/Subordinate II: sit up, go on/ahead, lay on/off, etc

19. I need something to protect me from rain.
I met a lecturer whose glasses-frame are white and who always bring her son in
class.
I want to eat the fruit whose peel is thorny.
I live in the capital of Indonesia.

20. I need something to protect me from rain.
I need an umbrella.
I met a lecturer whose glasses-frame are white and who always bring her son in
class.
I met Mrs. Dihliza
I want to eat the fruit whose peel is thorny.
I want to eat durian.
I live in the capital of Indonesia.
I live in Jakarta.

21. PART 2 : THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE
OF LANGUAGE
SURFACE
STRUCTURE
DEEP
STRUCTURE

22. FORM AND
MEANING
SURFACE
Grammatical
Lexical
Phonological
DEEP Semantic

23. Meaning
Components
Things
Events
Attributes
Relations
Semantic Structure is more nearly universal
than Grammatical Structure

24. MEANING COMPONENTS group together to
form CONCEPTS
THINGS
(nouns, pronouns)
boy ghost angel galaxy idea
EVENTS
(verbs)
eat run think melt stretch
ATTRIBUTES
(adjectives,
adverbs)
rough strong soft suddenly few
RELATIONS
(conjunctions,
prepositions,
particles,
enclitics,etc)
with by since after therefore

25. Morgan called Syahrini
Morgan & Syahrini belong to semantic
class THINGS and are NOUNS in this
particular sentence
CALLED is an EVENT semantically and a
VERB grammatically
The structure of the sentence indicates
that Morgan, the AGENT, is the SUBJECT
and Syahrini, the AFFECTED, is the
OBJECT.

26. SEMANTIC CONFIGURATIONS GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES
Meaning Component Morpheme (Roots and Affixes)
Concept Word
Complex Concept (Concept Cluster) Phrase
Proposition Clause
Propositional Cluster Sentence
Semantic Paragraph Paragraph
Episode Section
Episode Cluster Division
Semantic Part Part
Discourse Text

27. SEE
SHE
SEA
BEG
BAG
BECK
BACK
BARON
CLIFF

28. PART OF SPEECH
PARTICULAR SENTENCE

29. I EAT
I’M EATING
I ATE
I WILL EAT
I’M GOING TO EAT

30. Translation is communicating the
same meaning in a target language.
Discovering the meaning of
the text to be translated
includes consideration of
both informations:

31. KINDS OF MEANING
SITUATIONAL
ORGANI
ZATION
AL
REFERENTI
AL

32. REFERENTIAL
MEANING

33. REFERENTIAL MEANING

35. Both propositions include Mary as the
AGENT and Apple as the AFFECTED.
(Referential Meaning)
Mary peeled an apple and then she ate it.
(if they are the same, the surface structure
in English would be like that).
Mary peeled an apple, and the other Mary
eat it. (Organizational Meaning of
references to two Mary and only one apple)
Mary peeled an apple and Mary ate an apple

36. SITUATIONAL MEANING
The message is produced in given communication situation.
Very
crucial
To the
understan
ding of
any text
The relationship between speaker/writer and
addressee will affect the communication.
sex
age
Where & when the com takes place
Cultural
background
Social status

37. PROF. DR. H. SUSILO BAMBANG
YUDHOYONO, MSI.
Mr. President
• General
• Bos
SBY
• Bapak
• Prof
Pak SBY
• Pak Dhe
• Nak

38. SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
LEXICAL ITEMS
Generic-Specific

39. SEMANTIC CONTENT OF ENGLISH
VOCABULARY
ADULT
SHEEP HORSE CHICKEN DOG DEER
MALE ram stallion rooster dog Buck
FEMALE ewe mare hen bitch Doe
YOUNG lamb Colt/foal chick puppy fawn

40. ANIMAL
SHEEP HORSE CHICKEN DOG
ram
ewe
lamb
stallion
mare colt
rooster hen
chick
(dog) bitch
puppy

41. PLANT
TREESflowers
shrubs
grass ferns
palm pine gum oak birch
_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
betelnut
coconut sago limbum

42. SPEAK
command rebuke ask reply announce
beg plead implore
pray

43. prepare
cook
roast boil broil fry
_ _ _ _

44. Nation
National
Nationalism
Organ
Organize
Organization
-ion, -ment, -ness, (NOUN)

45. Entertain
Entertainment
Translate
Translation
Translator
equivalence
equivalent
produce
produced
production
producer
experience
experiment
expert

46. Amina Wadud was born September 25, 1952 in Bethesda,
Maryland and is an Islamic feminist and scholar with a
progressive, feminist focus on Qur'an exegesis. Wadud was
born as Mary Teasley. Her father was a Methodist minister and
her mother descended from Muslim slaves of Arab, Berber and
African ancestry dating back to the 8th Century. She received
her B.S, from The University of Pennsylvania, between 1970
and 1975. In 1972 she pronounced the shahadah and accepted
Islam, not knowing of her maternal ancestry and by 1974 her
name was officially changed to Amina Wadud to reflect her
chosen religious affiliation. She received her M.A. in Near
Eastern Studies and her Ph.D. in Arabic and Islamic Studies
from the University of Michigan in 1988. During graduate
school, she studied advanced Arabic in Egypt at the American
University in Cairo, continued with Qur'anic studies and tafsir
at Cairo University, Egypt, and took a course in Philosophy at
Al-Azhar University.

47. How does a translator make his
translation as dynamic as the
original text?
For the translation to have the same
dynamics as the original, it will need to natural
and easy to understand so that the readers will
find it easy to grasp the message, including
both the information and the emotional effect
intended by the source language writer.

48. Lexical Equivalents When Concepts Are Shared
SL: The wealthy live here.
RL: People who have lots of money live here
SL: The wolf snatched them and scattered them.
RL: The savage animal snatched them and scattered them.
SL: No fewer than ten people came last night.
RL: At least ten people came last night.
SL: Marry borrowed the book from James.
RL: James loaned the book to Mary.
SL: Everybody is talking about what is happening.
RL: Everybody is talking about the high enrollment at the college. (understood
from the text).

49. Three Problems in Translation Related to Generic-
Specific Words (Beekman and Callow 1974:185-186)
The source language text may use a generic term, but
the receptor language may only have a more specific
term in that semantic area.
The source language uses specific term but receptor
language only has a generic word available in that
semantic area.
The receptor language word used in the translation is
intended to be understood in a generic sense but is
interpreted by the receptor language speakers in a
specific sense.

50. Generic Components – Shelter, used for religious purposes
Generic Class – kinds of shelters used for religious purposes
Specifying Components:
Church – Used by Christians
Mosque – Used by Muslims
Synagogue – used by Jews

51. Generic Components – Shelter, used for religious purposes for Jews
Generic Class – kinds of shelters used for religious purposes by Jews
Specifying Components:
TABERNACLE TEMPLE SYNAGOGUE
a) Place where God met
the people
a) Place where God met
the people
a) Place where Jewish
people met for religious
teaching
b) Temporary (Portable) b) Permanent c) Permanent
c) Only One c) Only one d) Many in different
places
d) People went to make
sacrifices
d) People went to make
sacrifices, pray teach,
learn, burn incense
d) People went for
reading of the law
teaching, prayer

52. 1. His words accuse (show up, bring out , betray) a great ignorance.
2. There’s no sense wasting one’s time discoursing (talking, making speeches)
3. His engagements (commitments, involvements, obligations) do not permit him
to join the organization at this time.
4) The attendant tied an etiquette (label, tag ticket) on my luggage.
5) Anyone who owns a car ought to be insured against eventual (possible,
potential) accidents.
6) What are your projects (plans, affairs, works) for next year?
7) Last year the textile industry made great progress in rationalization (efficiency
streamlining its production processes, introducing labor-saving methods).
8) We always managed to get tickets for interesting spectacles (events, exhibitions,
happenings).

53. 1) The ambassador did not hesitate to express the disgust (displeasure,
annoyance) of his government.
2) The was a great discrepancy (disagreement, divergence, difference) between
the two delegations on the subject of disarmament.
3) In actuality (at the present time, right now) there is a serious housing
problem.
4) In the statistics of world armament, it appears as the most heavily armed
country of the world in appreciation of (considering, in relation to) its
dimensions (size territory, measurements).
5) Eleven million children are unable to assist in (come to, be present at,
attend) school.

54. THE ROLE OF TRANSLATOR
ADMIRATION OF FORMAL
FEATURES OF
TRANSLATED FIELDS
RESPECT FOR THE
CONTENT OF THE TEXT
WILLING TO EXPRESS
CREATIVITY

55. 1. “Untuk lebih meramaikan acara, malam tadi saya ikut menyumbangkan suara
dengan menyanyikan sebuah lagu.”
2. “Habis kita mau usaha apa lagi sekarang? Modalnya sudah habis padahal kita
sudah kerja habis-habisan. Kalau begitu, barang yang tersisa kita jual habis. Habis
perkara.”
3. “Bagi kebanyakan negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, era globalisasi akan
merupakan sebuah tantangan berat.”
4. Jangan-jangan dia sudah ada di sana sekarang. Mendingan kita susul aja, yuk!”
5. “Setibanya di airport, ternyata sudah banyak orang yang menunggu pesawat
dengan tujuan yang sama dengan saya.”

56. 1. “Untuk lebih meramaikan acara, malam tadi saya ikut menyumbangkan suara dengan
menyanyikan sebuah lagu.”
“ To cheer up the party last night, I took participation (by) singing a song.”
2. “Habis kita mau usaha apa lagi sekarang? Modalnya sudah habis padahal kita sudah kerja
habis-habisan. Kalau begitu, barang yang tersisa kita jual habis. Habis perkara.”
“So what else can we do now? We’ve had no more assets to run business, despite we have
been working hard. So now we had better just selll out all the remaining stocks. That’s all!”
3. “Bagi kebanyakan negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, era globalisasi akan merupakan
sebuah tantangan berat.”
“For most developing countries like Indonesia, the globalization era will be a hard challenge.”
4. Jangan-jangan dia sudah ada di sana sekarang. Mendingan kita susul aja, yuk!”
“I’m afraid he has been there now, just let’s go there after.”
5. “Setibanya di airport, ternyata sudah banyak orang yang menunggu pesawat dengan tujuan
yang sama dengan saya.”
“Once I arrived at the airport, in fact there had been many people waiting for the same flight
and destination as mine.”

57. I Come Late Because it was rain.
I come late because of the heavy rain.

58. KINDS OF READING TEXT
Popular English News-Paper, Magazine, Novel, Leaflet,
Brochures, etc.
Legal English Laws and Regulations, Notarial Deed MoU,
etc.
Technical English Engineering, Tool/Equipment Guide,
Manufacturing Instruction, etc.
Scientific English Medical, Pharmaceutical, Laboratory
Guide, Education, etc.
Popular-Scientific English Management, Banking, Economy

63. In one-way translating activity
from English to Bahasa
Indonesia, the most difficult thing
to understand the source language
text is particularly not caused by
the limited VOCABULARIES, but
often by their disabilities of
grasping ‘THE MAIN IDEAS’ of the
text they read.

64. “Dalam istilah manajemen terkadang
ada pengertian pimpinan. Dan dalam
pengertian pimpinan ada pemimpin
dan yang dipimpin. Namun untuk
lebih jelasnya tentang apa yang
dikatakan manjemen, sehingga dapat
diterapkan secara baik sesuai dengan
situasi masing-masing.”

66. MUST BE COMPREHENDED PERFECTLY
NOUN and PRONOUN as the subject or object of sentence.
VERB and TO BE as the predicate.
ADVERB
ADJECTIVE

67. One can much more easily analyze
and describe the cognitive
equivalence of content than the
formal equivalence of language.

68. MOST ELEMENTAL COMPONENTS OF
SENTENCE
NOUN, as a subject or object
VERB / TO BE as a predicate
ADJECTIVE to explain the quality or
the characteristic of noun

69. PROBABLITY THEORY
NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE
0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8 8
9 9 9

70. NOUN MAY CHANGE INTO VERB
NOUN VERB
She likes swimming She is swimming in the pool now.
Thanks for your visit! Visit me once a while!
Her eyes are shinning. He eyes her passing this way everyday.
Eye never grows bigger. We eye our business prospect in the
future better than now.
I have a nice chair. I chair my son to run my business.
This chair is made of rattan. I had better chair my own business
instead of being employed by another.

71. NOUN
NOUN AS SUBJECT Silence is golden.
All I know is you.
NOUN AS OBJECT I like dancing.
He has stopped smoking now.
NOUN AS EXISTING The table sheet is made of 100% cotton.
There is a new model of tooth brush.
NOUN AS
POSSESSIVE
Its power is not enough to run the hand-held video game.
That is not his responsibility.
NOUN AFTER
PREPOSITION
We look forward to seeing you soon.
Learning by doing is the best way of studying.

72. CONCRETE NOUN
COMMON NOUN Dog, man, table, fish, foot, etc.
PROPER NOUN Indonesia, Widya, Wafiq, Mr. June, Roxy.
COLLECTIVE NOUN The Team, The Crowd, Little Monsters.
OCCUPATION NOUN Teacher, Driver, artist, manager, etc.

73. ABSTRACT NOUN
-’cy’ Efficacy, autocracy, vacancy, etc.
-’ty’ Beauty, charity, opportunity, difficulty, safety personality, etc.
-’ce’ Appearance, performance, experience, existence, excellence, etc.
-’ness’ Cleanliness, business, loneliness, sharpness, faithfulness, etc.
-’ion’ Opinion, dedication, reduction, improvisatio negotiation, etc.
-’ment’ Excitement, management, experiment, improvement, etc.
-’dom’ Boredom, freedom, kingdom, etc.
-’ing’ Meeting teaching gambling, understanding, crying, etc.
-others Width, length, depth, height, sight, seat, thought, etc.

74. PRONOUN
Morgan is a clever boy. He is the first rank at
his school.
•Morgan = Noun (Proper Noun)
* He = Pronoun (for single-third person of a
female gender

75. PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE ADJ/PRONOUN REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN
SUBJECT OBJECT ADJECTIVE OBJECT
I Me My + Noun Mine Myself
You You Your + Noun Yours Yourself/selves
She Her Her + Noun Hers Herself
He Him His + Noun His Himself
It It Its+ Noun Its Itself
We Us Our + Noun Ours Ourselves
They Them Their + Noun Theirs Themselves
Name Name Name’s + Noun Name’s Himslef/herself

76. I am happy, if you are happy. I am happy if you are.
Are youer going somewhere? Going somewhere
She is beautiful. But she is fussy. She is beautiful but fussy.
The house is located on the hill
and it is surrounded by kinds of
tree.
The house is located on the hill
and is surrounded by kinds of
tree.
If he had come yesterday, I
would have told him off, but he
didn’t come.
If he had come yesterday, I
would have told him off, but he
didn’t.

77. Principally,
verb is any
word
notifying
about
movement,
act, effort or
intention of
both a living
subject.
Linking Verb is a verb
whose function is
equal to ‘to be’,
because of having no
obvious meaning as a
‘real verb’ and it is
also cannot complete
a sentence to have
meaning.
VERB AND LINKING VERB

78. SUBJECT PREDICATE OBJECT/
EXPLANATORY
COMPLEMENT
My mother Feels
-----------------
is
happy Now
My mother feels the weather in
Jakarta terribly hot
She gets
----------
is
wet
She gets the first prize

79. SUBJECT TRANS.VERB OBJECT
I tell/told her.
They visited us.
We eat rice
He drinks coffee.
I do my job

80. SUBJECT INTRANSITIVE VERB PREP OBJECT
I talk/talked to him
They come to us
They sit/sat on chairs
she Goes/went To Bogor
They quarreled with us

81. AUX VERB
PREP. NOUN
ADJECTIVE
TO + V.I /V.ING (ACTIVE)
VERB III (PASSIVE)
ADVERB
CONJUNCTION
EXCLAMATION
NOUN VERB
-------------
TOBE/LINKING VERB
Kami mengundang mereka untuk datang ke kampus kami, karena mereka juga sering
mengundang kami untuk datang ke kampus mereka.
SUBJECT
often
PREDICATE OBJECT/
EXPLANATORY
COMPLEMENT
We invite them (to visit our
campus) ,and also
They invite us (to visit theirs)

82. First compose the main structure of the subject, predicate, and object prior to
writing the other complements.
‘Possessive Adjective’ or preposition ‘of’ can alternatively be applied in a
compound word to indicate ‘ownership’, e.g.:
Phrase ‘my book’ may be replaced with its comparable meaning ‘the book of mine’
where the use of preposition ‘of’ means ‘a part of’ (a smaller one of a bigger one).
My friend = a friend of mine
Bogor City = The City Of Bogor
GUIDANCE

83. AUX VERB
PREP. NOUN
ADJECTIVE
TO + V.I /V.ING (ACTIVE)
VERB III (PASSIVE)
ADVERB
CONJUNCTION
EXCLAMATION
NOUN VERB
-------------
TOBE/LINKING
VERB
Teman ayah saya menyukai mobil ayah teman saya.
SUBJECT PREDICATE OBJECT/
EXPLANATORY
CPMPLEMENT
My Father’s friend
A friend of my father
likes
likes
my friend’s father’s car
the car of the father (‘s)
of my friend’s
or

84. SUBJECT PREDICATE OBJECT/EXPLANATORY
COMPLEMENT
My car paint
(The paint
has been mixed
belongs
together with thinner.
to me, not to the car)
My car’s paint
(The paint
is
belongs
metallic blue.
to the car).
His computer monitor
(The monitor
is
belongs
to him.
to the computer).
His computer color
(The color
is
belongs
white
to the computer)
My mother tongue
(The tongue
is
belongs
Javanese
to me, not my mother)
My mother’s tongue
(The tongue
bruises
belongs
to cause mouth ulcer.
to my mother).

85. EXERCISE
1. Sekretaris Asisten Ketua Asosiasi
Pengusaha Tekstil Indonesia Cabang Jember.
2. Direktorat Jendral Tanaman Pangan
Departemen Pertanian Kabinet Reformasi
Pembangunan Republik Indonesia.

86. USING ‘OF’
Sekretaris Asisten Ketua Asosiasi Pengusaha Tekstil Indonesia
Cabang Jember.
Secretary of the Assistant of the chairperson of Indonesian
Textile Entrepreneurs Association of Jember Branch
Direktorat Jendral Tanaman Pangan Departemen Pertanian
Kabinet Reformasi Pembangunan Republik Indonesia.
Directorate General of Food Crop of Agriculture Department of
Development Reform Cabinet of the Republic of Indonesia

87. ADJECTIVE
Pure Adjectives are all labeled by ‘adj’ in dictionary, i.e.: good, clever, smart, curious, high,
many, much, etc.
1) Adjectives coming from noun. Tooth brush
Government building
2) Adjectives coming from verb + ing Sleeping beauty
Drying machine
3) Adjectives coming from ‘passive verbs’ Educated person
Visited area
4) Adjectives coming from ‘noun’ of
‘gerund’
Swimming pool
Waiting list

88. Causative
Adjective
VERB + ING
(ACTIVE)
Educating person
Examining team
Visiting people
Smoking person
Waiting passengers
Learning trainees
Killing troops
Driving person
Speaking Professor
Verb III
(PASSIVE)
Educated person
Examined matters
Visited area
Smoked fish
Waited flight
Learned matters
Killed victims
Driven car
Spoken subject
Modified
Adjective
GERUND
Educating room
Examining class
Visiting program
Smoking area
Waiting room
Earning systems
Killing field
Driving license
Speaking hall
NOUN
Tooth brush
Table sheet
Ring finger
Finger ring
Government
building
City governement

89. The Distinctiveness of Adjectives
Ending with ‘-able’, namely the adjective derived from verb that means
‘possible to be’ : understandable, solvable, adorable, touchable, believable,
etc.
It will oppositely mean negative if initiated by prefix ‘un’ to mean
‘impossible to be’, for example: unbelievable, unbearable, untouchable.
Ending with ‘ous’ : continuous, famous, serious, efficacious, curious,
nervous.
Ending with ‘y’, ‘al’, and ‘ful’, namely the adjective derived from noun:
funny, rainy, dusty, muddy, national, traditional, optional, factual, beautiful,
successful, useful, truthful, etc.

90. The Distinctiveness of Adjectives
Initiated by ‘To Be’
The host is open-hearted.
We are satisfied.
Don’t be lazy. (You are lazy.)
Initiated by Linking Verb
Jeny becomes rich.
It smells nice.
I feel so happy now.
She got wet because of the heavy rain.
When it lies side by side with a noun in a compound word, adjective will always
precede or lie in front of the noun, for examples:
Demonstrative : this book, that man, those people, etc.
Distributive : each side, every one, take either half, etc.
Quantitative : some body, any time, many people, etc.
Possessive : my opinion, your turn, his responsibility, etc.
Qualitative : clever boy, dry season, fat man, red flower.
Interrogative : which book is yours? What time is it now?

91. Some adjective don’t follow previous
rules, they don’t lie before noun, but
after it, namely for those prefixed by a
letter “a”, for example:
the stock available,
those alike, etc.
You can’t say:
afraid person
available stock
aware one, etc.

92. Many people think that English composition is contradictory in the
form of writing form that of Indonesian language, whereas it is
not, as both English and Indonesian language use the same
concept of SPO pattern (Subject Predicate Objet). But only in
compound word or compound noun (subject or object composed
by more than one word), the adjective will always lie in front of a
noun and the noun will oppositely lie after the adjective or at the
end of the compound word.
The Fast
cepat
Electric
listrik
Train
kereta
Kereta Listrik Cepat
The Highly
tinggi
Educated
berpendidikan
People
Orang-orang
Orang-Orang Terpelajar
The Funniest
terlucu
Home
rumah
Video
video
Video rumah paling lucu

93. Nation Building Pembangunan bangsa
National Building Bsngunan yang memiliki nilai
kebangsaan (*national
anthem = lahu yang memiliki
nilai kebangsaan)
National Problem Masalah yang memiliki
cakupan nasional
Nation Problem Masalah Bangsa

94. Electricity Supply Pasokan Listrik
Electric Car Mobil Listrik
Electrical Appliances Barang-barang yang
berhubungan dengan listrik
Electricity Problem Masalah Aliran Listrik (Short
Circuit=Korsleting)
Electrical Problem Masalah Kelistrikan
(Berhubungan Dengan Listrik ,
Manajemen Listrik)

95. That is an educative book.
There will be an attractive show.
Dynamite is an explosive material.
Those are only decorative matters.
Ordinary
Adjective

96. ORDINARY ADJECTIVE
That is an educative book. Possible to educate/memiliki daya didik.
There will be an attractive show. Possible to attract/memiliki daya tarik.
Dynamite is an explosive material. Possible to explode/memiliki daya ledak.
Those are only decorative matters. Possible to décor/memiliki daya hias.

97. CAUSATIVE ADJECTIVE or CAUSAL ADJECTIVE
the adjective modified from VERB because of causal influence
ACTIVE-CAUSATIVE
ADJECTIVE
PASSIVE-CAUSTIVE
ADJECTIVE

98. ACTIVE-CAUSATIVE ADJECTIVE
derived from VERB + ING, also identified as ‘CAUSING ADJECTIVE’
My father is an educating person.
She is a very attracting presenter.
What is the exploding thing?
You are very disappointing.
There are so many decorating matters in this room.

99. ACTIVE-CAUSATIVE ADJECTIVE
derived from VERB + ING, also identified as ‘CAUSING ADJECTIVE’
My father is an educating person. Active in educating, despite he isn’t a
teacher.
She is a very attracting presenter. Active to attract, despite she is not
attractive.
What is the exploding thing? Active to have exploded.
You are very disappointing. Causing disappointment.
There are so many decorating matters in
this room.
Active to cause good looking.

100. PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
derived from PASSIVE VERB or VERB III, also identified as ‘influenced
adjective’.
We are educated people.
They feel very attracted.
The exploded thing is the rock hill.
I feel very disappointed with him.
The hotel has many exclusively decorated rooms.

101. PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
derived from PASSIVE VERB or VERB III, also identified as ‘influenced
adjective’.
We are educated people. Some people have made us intelligent and
well-educated.
They feel very attracted. Something has made them pay attention.
The exploded thing is the rock hill. Something has exploded the rock.
I feel very disappointed with him. He has disappointed me.
The hotel has many exclusively decorated
rooms.
Many things decorated the rooms.

102. MODIFIED ADJECTIVE
adjective derived from noun.
A noun subject or object consisting of more than
one word.
• Compound word
Consisting of more than one noun
• Compound noun
*noun is always written at the end of that composition,
meanwhile all words written before noun are adjective

103. Heni is a beautiful long-haired girl.
Marsha is a beautifully long-haired girl.
Robby William is an internationally famous singer.
Giselle is an internationally-famous singer.
Full Pressed Body.
Fully-Pressed Body.
Small Scale Business.
Small-Scaled Business.
Special Fund Allocation.
Specially-Allocated Fund.

104. Heni is a beautiful long-haired girl.
Marsha is a beautifully long-haired girl.
Gadis centik Berambut Panjang.
Gadis yang memiliki rambut panjang dan
indah.
Robby William is an internationally famous
singer.
Giselle is an internationally-famous singer.
Penyanyi internasional.
Penyanyi lokal yang terkenal hingga
mancanegara.
Full Pressed Body.
Fully-Pressed Body.
Hampir sdemua bagian dipres.
‘body’nya dipres sekuat tenaga
Small Scale Business.
Small-Scaled Business.
Pengusaha kecil/pedangan asongan.
Pegusaha modal lemah.
Special Fund Allocation.
Specially-Allocated Fund.
Alokasi Dana Khusus.
Dana Alokasi Khusus.

105. 1. Snake is a frog eater.
adj. noun
2. Snake is a frog-eating reptile.
adj. noun
3. Eagle is a kind of fish-eating wild birds.
noun adj. Adj. noun
4. Herbicide is a wild-grass-killing liquid.
adj. noun
5. Telkom and PLN are two of the state-owned companies.
noun adj. Noun
6. PDAM is a local-government-run company.
adj. Noun
7. UIJ Printing is an Al-Qur’an-big-printing company.
adj. noun
8. Al-Qur’an is the most valuable-printed material.
adj. Noun
9. I have a new model of tooth brush.
adj. Noun adj. noun
10. My mother has many kinds of big-sized cats.
adj. Noun adj. noun

106. ADJ. + NOUN = COMPOUND WORD
NOUN + NOUN = COMPOUND NOUN
Hyphen (-) Sign is used to combine words
having close relation and to is to hinder
vagueness.

107. Adjective + Noun
My Golden Opportunity
His Stony House
Indonesian Economic Growth
Her Beautiful House
Our Religious Teacher
Noun + Noun
(Noun Elemental Adjective
My Gold Watch
His Stone House
Indonesian Economy Expert
Her Beauty House
Our Religion Teacher