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Translation strategy
The document discusses various translation strategies used by translators. It describes global translation strategies that determine how close a translation is to the original text, including word-for-word, literal, faithful, and semantic translations. It also discusses local translation strategies at the word or phrase level, such as direct strategies like literal translation and indirect strategies like equivalence translation, shifts in grammar or viewpoint, and componential analysis to describe concepts. The strategies aim to balance accurate meaning with natural language in the target text culture and language.
the linguistics of second linguistics acquisition
The document summarizes key concepts related to the nature of language and approaches to second language acquisition. It discusses how languages are systematic, symbolic, and social. It then covers various linguistic levels including lexicon, phonology, morphology, syntax, and discourse. Several approaches to SLA are outlined, including contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage, and Krashen's Monitor Model. Functional approaches focusing on language use and Universal Grammar theory are also summarized.
Criticisms of Jullianne House's Model of Translation Quality Assessment
The document discusses House's model of translation criticism and "functional equivalence" approach. It makes several key points:
1) House's model aims for translations to match the original text's function, with "covert translations" being the only type that can fully achieve functional equivalence.
2) However, achieving functional equivalence is challenging due to differences in source and target language/cultures.
3) While House's model provides guidelines, preserving function alone does not guarantee equivalence, and other factors like intention, strategy, and interpretation need to be considered.
The ultimate guide to translating idioms
This document discusses the challenges of translating idioms between languages. It begins by defining an idiom as a phrase where the meaning cannot be deduced from the individual words. Idioms are difficult for translators because a literal translation does not make sense, while a professional translator understands the overall meaning and finds an equivalent phrase in the target language. The document uses the example of translating the English idiom "cutting off your nose to spite your face" literally into German, which results in a nonsensical phrase. Proper translation of idioms requires understanding the overall meaning and finding an equivalent expression natural to the target language.
Katharina reiss
Katharina Reiss is a German linguist known for her defense of skopos theory and text typology in translation studies. She argues that the translation unit is the text rather than individual words or sentences. Her text typology includes informative texts that communicate facts, expressive creative works, operative texts meant to persuade actions, and audio medial texts combining words with visual/audio elements. Skopos theory focuses on translation having an intended purpose for a target audience in a given context.
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)
The document discusses discourse analysis and the differences between spoken and written language. It summarizes that discourse analysis focuses on language beyond the sentence level. It notes that language serves both a transactional function of expressing content and an interactional function of expressing social relations and attitudes. While spoken and written language are related, they differ in form. The document analyzes in spoken language is based on natural language utterances rather than constructed examples, and involves discovering regularities in authentic data within a context.
Translation oriented test analysis
Nord outlines two types of translation: documentary and instrumental. Documentary translation serves to document a source culture communication, while instrumental translation serves as an independent message in the target culture. Nord also highlights three important aspects of translation-oriented text analysis: 1) Considering the translation commission/brief, 2) Analyzing the source text, and 3) Prioritizing translation problems based on a functional hierarchy. This includes deciding the intended function, required adaptations, and translation style before addressing lower-level linguistic problems.
The Meaning of Meanings
This document provides an overview of I.A. Richards' seminal work "The Meaning of Meaning". It summarizes that Richards, along with Ogden, developed a triadic theory of semiotics that influenced Richards' later literary criticism. The document also defines meaning, discusses the "proper meaning" superstition, and outlines Richards' semantic triangle model and his proposed linguistic remedies for misunderstanding such as definition, metaphor, feedforward, and Basic English.
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Translation strategy
The document discusses various translation strategies used by translators. It describes global translation strategies that determine how close a translation is to the original text, including word-for-word, literal, faithful, and semantic translations. It also discusses local translation strategies at the word or phrase level, such as direct strategies like literal translation and indirect strategies like equivalence translation, shifts in grammar or viewpoint, and componential analysis to describe concepts. The strategies aim to balance accurate meaning with natural language in the target text culture and language.
the linguistics of second linguistics acquisition
The document summarizes key concepts related to the nature of language and approaches to second language acquisition. It discusses how languages are systematic, symbolic, and social. It then covers various linguistic levels including lexicon, phonology, morphology, syntax, and discourse. Several approaches to SLA are outlined, including contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage, and Krashen's Monitor Model. Functional approaches focusing on language use and Universal Grammar theory are also summarized.
Criticisms of Jullianne House's Model of Translation Quality Assessment
The document discusses House's model of translation criticism and "functional equivalence" approach. It makes several key points:
1) House's model aims for translations to match the original text's function, with "covert translations" being the only type that can fully achieve functional equivalence.
2) However, achieving functional equivalence is challenging due to differences in source and target language/cultures.
3) While House's model provides guidelines, preserving function alone does not guarantee equivalence, and other factors like intention, strategy, and interpretation need to be considered.
The ultimate guide to translating idioms
This document discusses the challenges of translating idioms between languages. It begins by defining an idiom as a phrase where the meaning cannot be deduced from the individual words. Idioms are difficult for translators because a literal translation does not make sense, while a professional translator understands the overall meaning and finds an equivalent phrase in the target language. The document uses the example of translating the English idiom "cutting off your nose to spite your face" literally into German, which results in a nonsensical phrase. Proper translation of idioms requires understanding the overall meaning and finding an equivalent expression natural to the target language.
Katharina reiss
Katharina Reiss is a German linguist known for her defense of skopos theory and text typology in translation studies. She argues that the translation unit is the text rather than individual words or sentences. Her text typology includes informative texts that communicate facts, expressive creative works, operative texts meant to persuade actions, and audio medial texts combining words with visual/audio elements. Skopos theory focuses on translation having an intended purpose for a target audience in a given context.
Discourse analysis (Linguistics Forms and Functions)
The document discusses discourse analysis and the differences between spoken and written language. It summarizes that discourse analysis focuses on language beyond the sentence level. It notes that language serves both a transactional function of expressing content and an interactional function of expressing social relations and attitudes. While spoken and written language are related, they differ in form. The document analyzes in spoken language is based on natural language utterances rather than constructed examples, and involves discovering regularities in authentic data within a context.
Translation oriented test analysis
Nord outlines two types of translation: documentary and instrumental. Documentary translation serves to document a source culture communication, while instrumental translation serves as an independent message in the target culture. Nord also highlights three important aspects of translation-oriented text analysis: 1) Considering the translation commission/brief, 2) Analyzing the source text, and 3) Prioritizing translation problems based on a functional hierarchy. This includes deciding the intended function, required adaptations, and translation style before addressing lower-level linguistic problems.
The Meaning of Meanings
This document provides an overview of I.A. Richards' seminal work "The Meaning of Meaning". It summarizes that Richards, along with Ogden, developed a triadic theory of semiotics that influenced Richards' later literary criticism. The document also defines meaning, discusses the "proper meaning" superstition, and outlines Richards' semantic triangle model and his proposed linguistic remedies for misunderstanding such as definition, metaphor, feedforward, and Basic English.
Krashen's Input Hypotheses
This document summarizes Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis of second language acquisition. The hypothesis proposes that acquisition occurs through comprehensible input that is slightly above a learner's current level. It also describes four other hypotheses: the Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, the Monitor Hypothesis, the Natural Order Hypothesis, and the Affective Filter Hypothesis. Criticisms of Krashen's hypotheses are outlined, including that they do not sufficiently distinguish between conscious and unconscious learning. The document also discusses Merrill Swain's Output Hypothesis, which argues that output also plays an important role in developing language proficiency.
Translation Principles
Kuatnya pengaruh bahasa Jawa pada makna kata-kata pinjaman bahasa Sansekerta menjadi subyek penelitian yang menarik bagi para ahli bahasa.
Linguistic Fundamentals in Translation and Translation Studies
This document discusses the role of linguistics in translation. It begins by defining linguistics as the scientific study of language and explores its various branches including theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics. The document then explains how linguistics relates to and assists with translation. Specifically, it notes that translators need knowledge of linguistics to understand word functions and meanings in context. The document also summarizes several key levels of linguistics - including phonology, grammar, semantics, and context - that translators must understand to perform accurate translations between languages.
Purposes(skopos theory)
The document discusses the Skopos theory of translation. Some key points:
- Skopos theory proposes that the purpose or intended function ("skopos") of the target text, rather than faithfully translating the source text, should be the guiding principle for the translator.
- Hans Vermeer explained the "skopos rule," which states that a translation should be produced in a way that enables it to function for the people who want to use it and for the purpose they want it to serve.
- Translations may have different purposes than the source texts. According to skopos theory, the translator's decisions should be determined by the target audience and purpose rather than strict equivalence to the
Translation the basics_
This document provides an overview of the book "Translation: The Basics" by Juliane House. It introduces the book as an accessible introduction to translation studies that presents an integrated approach combining traditional text-based views with the wider context of translation. It summarizes some of the key questions addressed in the book, such as how translations can be approached, the role of social/cultural issues, and the effect of globalization on the field. The document also provides biographical information about the author Juliane House and lists other titles in the Routledge "Basics" book series.
Translation of Allusions
Allusions are one of the most complicated forms of intertextuality. Translation Studies have focused mainly on the problem itself rather than the solution. Nord (1994) noted that there is no significant difference between allusions and quotations suggesting the strategies of translating quotations for translating allusions which in many ways may be applicable. On the other hand, Gambier (2001) focused on the relationship between cultural specific items and allusions. However, Leppihalme strategies of translating allusions (1997) remains the most detailed one. After the distinction of allusions, Leppihalme (1997) proposed strategies for translating allusions then described the strategies in an empirical data and examined the effect of each strategy on the target audience.
Features of translation 2 (1)
The document discusses several features of translation including explicitation, simplification, normalization, and leveling out. Explicitation refers to adding implicit information from the source text explicitly in the target text. Simplification involves breaking up long sentences and omitting redundant information. Normalization is the tendency to conform to typical target language patterns. Leveling out means translated text gravitates toward the center rather than the fringes of a continuum. The document provides examples to illustrate each feature and discusses their universal nature in translation.
Inter language
1. The document discusses behaviourist and mentalist theories of second language acquisition. Behaviourism views language learning as habit formation through stimulus-response reinforcement, while mentalism posits an innate language acquisition device.
2. The concept of "interlanguage" is introduced, referring to a learner's unique linguistic system that draws on their first language but is also influenced by the target language. An interlanguage is rule-governed but permeable and transitional as a learner's grammar develops over time.
3. A computational model is presented where input is processed into intake and stored as L2 knowledge within the "black box" of the mind to produce learner output. This conceptualizes second language acquisition as analogous
Deixis
A presentation of sub material in Semantic
Definition of Deixis, Classification of Deixis, Anphora , Referential Ambiguity,
Happy Reding
Unit of Translation.pptx
A new solution of the translation unit problem based on translation studies methodological principles and the speech act theory.
Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa
Dokumen ini membahas tentang analisis kesalahan berbahasa, termasuk definisi, jenis, prosedur, dan manfaatnya dalam pengajaran bahasa.
ppt text register translation final.pptx
The document provides an overview of text register and its importance in translation. It defines register as how text type varies based on context of situation. Register considers field (subject matter), tenor (relationship between participants), and mode (communication method). It also discusses context of culture and how texts belong to genres and discourses that convey ideology. The document notes genre and discourse shifts must be considered in translation to maintain text function. Translators must understand both source text genres/discourses and common target text genres/discourses to produce coherent and appropriate translations.
Sociolinguistics
This document discusses the concepts of language, dialects, and varieties from a sociolinguistic perspective. It defines varieties as sets of linguistic items with similar distributions. Languages can refer to single norms or groups of related norms, and dialects refer to individual norms within a language. Seven criteria are identified for distinguishing language types: standardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, and de facto norms. Regional dialects vary based on geography in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary, and syntax. Social dialects originate from social groups and factors like social class, religion, and ethnicity. Registers are vocabularies associated with occupational or social groups. The document concludes that humans can comprehend many more language varieties than they can productively control
Grammar Translation Method
Grammar Translation Method, PdPP June 2021,
IPGK Ipoh,
Anis Suhaila
Erin Syazwani
Aftikah
Hazimah Izzati
Chapter 5.sociolinguisitcs
This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
Development of translation theory (ling)
This document summarizes the development of linguistic translation theory from ancient times to the present. It traces the evolution of translation practices and theories through different historical periods and scholars. Some of the key developments discussed include:
- 5th century BC - Early translations focused on literal translation with no established theory.
- 16th century - Martin Luther advocated sense-for-sense translation to make religious texts more accessible. Others like William Tyndale used free translation.
- 17th century - Scholars like Dryden discussed different translation methods like metaphrase and paraphrase.
- 20th century - Structural linguistics influenced theories like Jakobson's concept of intralingual, interlingual,
Post Method Era
This document discusses the history of language teaching methods and the move to a post-methods era. It describes how early methods like the direct method, audiolingualism, and total physical response aimed to improve on previous approaches. However, methods began facing criticism for being too prescriptive and not accounting for student and classroom contexts. By the late 1980s, the dominance of methods was waning as it became clear there was no single best way to teach and methods needed to be adapted based on student needs. The post-methods era emphasizes drawing from multiple sources, understanding issues and controversies, and adapting teaching based on students rather than rigidly following any single method.
literary Translation
The document discusses the concept of pragmatic equivalence in translation, which focuses on conveying the intended meaning of a text for a new target readership rather than treating a text as a static object. It explains that coherence and implicature help readers and translators understand how a text makes sense based on context. Several factors are described that can impact a text's coherence for different readers based on their background knowledge and experiences.
Comprehension of Sentences.pptx
This document discusses sentence comprehension and some of the key theories about how it works. It defines sentence comprehension as understanding the meaning derived from words based on linguistic structures and constraints. Some important factors in comprehension are grammatical roles, sentence structure, and identifying constituents. Sentence comprehension must deal with ambiguities. Theories discuss modular vs. interactive processing, serial vs. parallel construction of interpretations, and models like the Garden Path model and constraint-based models that integrate probabilistic information.
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Krashen's Input Hypotheses
This document summarizes Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis of second language acquisition. The hypothesis proposes that acquisition occurs through comprehensible input that is slightly above a learner's current level. It also describes four other hypotheses: the Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, the Monitor Hypothesis, the Natural Order Hypothesis, and the Affective Filter Hypothesis. Criticisms of Krashen's hypotheses are outlined, including that they do not sufficiently distinguish between conscious and unconscious learning. The document also discusses Merrill Swain's Output Hypothesis, which argues that output also plays an important role in developing language proficiency.
Translation Principles
Kuatnya pengaruh bahasa Jawa pada makna kata-kata pinjaman bahasa Sansekerta menjadi subyek penelitian yang menarik bagi para ahli bahasa.
Linguistic Fundamentals in Translation and Translation Studies
This document discusses the role of linguistics in translation. It begins by defining linguistics as the scientific study of language and explores its various branches including theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics. The document then explains how linguistics relates to and assists with translation. Specifically, it notes that translators need knowledge of linguistics to understand word functions and meanings in context. The document also summarizes several key levels of linguistics - including phonology, grammar, semantics, and context - that translators must understand to perform accurate translations between languages.
Purposes(skopos theory)
The document discusses the Skopos theory of translation. Some key points:
- Skopos theory proposes that the purpose or intended function ("skopos") of the target text, rather than faithfully translating the source text, should be the guiding principle for the translator.
- Hans Vermeer explained the "skopos rule," which states that a translation should be produced in a way that enables it to function for the people who want to use it and for the purpose they want it to serve.
- Translations may have different purposes than the source texts. According to skopos theory, the translator's decisions should be determined by the target audience and purpose rather than strict equivalence to the
Translation the basics_
This document provides an overview of the book "Translation: The Basics" by Juliane House. It introduces the book as an accessible introduction to translation studies that presents an integrated approach combining traditional text-based views with the wider context of translation. It summarizes some of the key questions addressed in the book, such as how translations can be approached, the role of social/cultural issues, and the effect of globalization on the field. The document also provides biographical information about the author Juliane House and lists other titles in the Routledge "Basics" book series.
Translation of Allusions
Allusions are one of the most complicated forms of intertextuality. Translation Studies have focused mainly on the problem itself rather than the solution. Nord (1994) noted that there is no significant difference between allusions and quotations suggesting the strategies of translating quotations for translating allusions which in many ways may be applicable. On the other hand, Gambier (2001) focused on the relationship between cultural specific items and allusions. However, Leppihalme strategies of translating allusions (1997) remains the most detailed one. After the distinction of allusions, Leppihalme (1997) proposed strategies for translating allusions then described the strategies in an empirical data and examined the effect of each strategy on the target audience.
Features of translation 2 (1)
The document discusses several features of translation including explicitation, simplification, normalization, and leveling out. Explicitation refers to adding implicit information from the source text explicitly in the target text. Simplification involves breaking up long sentences and omitting redundant information. Normalization is the tendency to conform to typical target language patterns. Leveling out means translated text gravitates toward the center rather than the fringes of a continuum. The document provides examples to illustrate each feature and discusses their universal nature in translation.
Inter language
1. The document discusses behaviourist and mentalist theories of second language acquisition. Behaviourism views language learning as habit formation through stimulus-response reinforcement, while mentalism posits an innate language acquisition device.
2. The concept of "interlanguage" is introduced, referring to a learner's unique linguistic system that draws on their first language but is also influenced by the target language. An interlanguage is rule-governed but permeable and transitional as a learner's grammar develops over time.
3. A computational model is presented where input is processed into intake and stored as L2 knowledge within the "black box" of the mind to produce learner output. This conceptualizes second language acquisition as analogous
Deixis
A presentation of sub material in Semantic
Definition of Deixis, Classification of Deixis, Anphora , Referential Ambiguity,
Happy Reding
Unit of Translation.pptx
A new solution of the translation unit problem based on translation studies methodological principles and the speech act theory.
Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa
Dokumen ini membahas tentang analisis kesalahan berbahasa, termasuk definisi, jenis, prosedur, dan manfaatnya dalam pengajaran bahasa.
ppt text register translation final.pptx
The document provides an overview of text register and its importance in translation. It defines register as how text type varies based on context of situation. Register considers field (subject matter), tenor (relationship between participants), and mode (communication method). It also discusses context of culture and how texts belong to genres and discourses that convey ideology. The document notes genre and discourse shifts must be considered in translation to maintain text function. Translators must understand both source text genres/discourses and common target text genres/discourses to produce coherent and appropriate translations.
Sociolinguistics
This document discusses the concepts of language, dialects, and varieties from a sociolinguistic perspective. It defines varieties as sets of linguistic items with similar distributions. Languages can refer to single norms or groups of related norms, and dialects refer to individual norms within a language. Seven criteria are identified for distinguishing language types: standardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, and de facto norms. Regional dialects vary based on geography in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary, and syntax. Social dialects originate from social groups and factors like social class, religion, and ethnicity. Registers are vocabularies associated with occupational or social groups. The document concludes that humans can comprehend many more language varieties than they can productively control
Grammar Translation Method
Grammar Translation Method, PdPP June 2021,
IPGK Ipoh,
Anis Suhaila
Erin Syazwani
Aftikah
Hazimah Izzati
Chapter 5.sociolinguisitcs
This document discusses national and official languages, providing examples from different countries. It defines a national language as the language of a political, cultural, and social unit that symbolizes national unity, while an official language is simply used for government business. Some countries have multiple official languages but one dominant national language. Developing a national language involves selecting a variety, standardizing its structure through codification, extending its functions through elaboration, and securing its acceptance among the population through prestige planning. Linguists often play an important role in the standardization and codification of national languages.
Development of translation theory (ling)
This document summarizes the development of linguistic translation theory from ancient times to the present. It traces the evolution of translation practices and theories through different historical periods and scholars. Some of the key developments discussed include:
- 5th century BC - Early translations focused on literal translation with no established theory.
- 16th century - Martin Luther advocated sense-for-sense translation to make religious texts more accessible. Others like William Tyndale used free translation.
- 17th century - Scholars like Dryden discussed different translation methods like metaphrase and paraphrase.
- 20th century - Structural linguistics influenced theories like Jakobson's concept of intralingual, interlingual,
Post Method Era
This document discusses the history of language teaching methods and the move to a post-methods era. It describes how early methods like the direct method, audiolingualism, and total physical response aimed to improve on previous approaches. However, methods began facing criticism for being too prescriptive and not accounting for student and classroom contexts. By the late 1980s, the dominance of methods was waning as it became clear there was no single best way to teach and methods needed to be adapted based on student needs. The post-methods era emphasizes drawing from multiple sources, understanding issues and controversies, and adapting teaching based on students rather than rigidly following any single method.
literary Translation
The document discusses the concept of pragmatic equivalence in translation, which focuses on conveying the intended meaning of a text for a new target readership rather than treating a text as a static object. It explains that coherence and implicature help readers and translators understand how a text makes sense based on context. Several factors are described that can impact a text's coherence for different readers based on their background knowledge and experiences.
Comprehension of Sentences.pptx
This document discusses sentence comprehension and some of the key theories about how it works. It defines sentence comprehension as understanding the meaning derived from words based on linguistic structures and constraints. Some important factors in comprehension are grammatical roles, sentence structure, and identifying constituents. Sentence comprehension must deal with ambiguities. Theories discuss modular vs. interactive processing, serial vs. parallel construction of interpretations, and models like the Garden Path model and constraint-based models that integrate probabilistic information.
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Dalam teori fungsionalisme kulturalisasi Talcott Parsons, konsep struktur sosial sangat erat hubungannya dengan kulturalisasi. Struktur sosial merujuk pada pola-pola hubungan sosial yang terorganisir dalam masyarakat, termasuk hierarki, peran, dan institusi yang mengatur interaksi antara individu. Hubungan antara konsep struktur sosial dan kulturalisasi dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut:
1. Pola Interaksi Sosial: Struktur sosial menentukan pola interaksi sosial antara individu dalam masyarakat. Pola-pola ini dipengaruhi oleh norma-norma budaya yang diinternalisasi oleh anggota masyarakat melalui proses sosialisasi. Dengan demikian, struktur sosial dan kulturalisasi saling memengaruhi dalam membentuk cara individu berinteraksi dan berperilaku.
2. Distribusi Kekuasaan dan Otoritas: Struktur sosial menentukan distribusi kekuasaan dan otoritas dalam masyarakat. Nilai-nilai budaya yang dianut oleh masyarakat juga memengaruhi bagaimana kekuasaan dan otoritas didistribusikan dalam struktur sosial. Kulturalisasi memainkan peran dalam melegitimasi sistem kekuasaan yang ada melalui nilai-nilai yang dianut oleh masyarakat.
3. Fungsi Sosial: Struktur sosial dan kulturalisasi saling terkait dalam menjalankan fungsi-fungsi sosial dalam masyarakat. Nilai-nilai budaya dan norma-norma yang terinternalisasi membentuk dasar bagi pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi sosial yang diperlukan untuk menjaga keseimbangan dan stabilitas dalam masyarakat.
Dengan demikian, konsep struktur sosial dalam teori fungsionalisme kulturalisasi Parsons tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kulturalisasi karena keduanya saling berinteraksi dan saling memengaruhi dalam membentuk pola-pola hubungan sosial, distribusi kekuasaan, dan pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi sosial dalam masyarakat.
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Translation padanan
- 2. Padanan ( equivalence) ? • “ sama dalam hal nilai, jumlah, dan makna” • Padanan merupakan konsep dasar atau inti dalam teori penerjemahan.
- 3. Masalah ketidaksepadanan • Penerjemah sering kesulitan mencari padanan karena perbedaan konsep suatu bahasa (BSU) dengan (BSA) yang lain. • Catford (1974) menyatakan faktor penyebab ketakterjemahan adalah 2 faktor yaitu linguistics dan non linguistics / cultural untranslatability.
- 4. For example • Bsu: Rudi menjijing tas itu. • Bsa: Rudi carries the bag • Bsu : “Ini waktunya bersantap sahur” • Bsa : “It is the time to eat for sahur” • Bsu: pencuri itu memakai blangkon • Bsa: The thief wears blangkon (a javanese hat) • Bsu: “Sama seperti Raden Ayu Ibunya” katanya lirih • Bsa: “Just like her mother” she said.
- 5. Tipe – tipe padanan 1. Padanan gramatikal = menitikberatkan pada kesamaan konsep antara BSU BSA, dalam hal jumlah, gender, persona, tense, dan aspek. 2. > Child ( tunggal) children (jmk) > I used to play guitar (lampau) dpt diterjemahkan “ Dulu saya bermain gitar”
- 6. Padanan tekstual • berkaitan dengan tema, informasi dan kohesi. • All the decks were covered with people.( BSU: pasif) – diterjemahkan Orang-orang memenuhi seluruh dek. (BSA:aktif)
- 7. Padanan pragmatik • digunakan dalam situasi komunikatif atau siapakah yang menjadi target pembaca atau pendengar sehingga dapat mengungkapkan teks dengan baik. • Penerjemahan dituntut menjelaskan ungkapan yang tidak akrab menjadi akrab dan dimengerti.
- 8. Padanan teknikalitas • istilah teknis pada penerjemahan berdasarkan disiplin ilmu. • Bill of rights are the fundamental guarantees to the rights to due process and fair tail ( istilah dalam HAM ) yg diterjemahkan sebagai jaminan fundamental therhadap hak pembelaan diri dan pemeriksaan pengadilan yang adil. • NGO ( non goverment Organization) di terjemahkan sebagai LSM ( lembaga swadaya masyarakat.