This document provides an overview of transistors, including: - A brief history of transistors from their invention at Bell Labs to replacing vacuum tubes. - Descriptions of the two main types: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field effect transistors (FETs). - Details on BJT construction including the emitter, base and collector regions and PN junctions. - Explanations of NPN and PNP transistor operation and how current flows from emitter to collector when the base is biased. - Common applications of transistors like amplification, switching, and use in integrated circuits.

1. Presented By
G RAHUL REDDY
21P61A1250
Participatory Report Assessment

2. Contents
🠶 Introduction
🠶 History
🠶 Transistor Types
🠶 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
🠶 BJT Construction
🠶 BJT Types & Circuit Symbol
🠶 Transistor Action (NPN & PNP)
🠶 Importance Of Transistor Action
🠶 Hydraulic analogy of a transistor
🠶 Applications

3. Introduction
 A transistor is a 3 terminal electronic device made of semiconductor material. It is
consists of two p-n junctions formed by sandwiching either p-type or n-type
semiconductor between a pair of opposite types. The word “transistor” is a
combination of the terms “transfer” and “variable resistor”. Actually it means transfer
current across resistors.
Figure: Variety of shapes and sizes of Transistor

4. History
🠶 Before transistors were invented, circuits used vacuum tubes which are Fragile, large in size,
heavy, generate large quantities of heat, require a large amount of power.
🠶 The first transistors were created at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1947.Bardeen and
Brattain built the point contact transistor. They made it from strips of gold foil on a plastic
triangle, pushed down into contact with slab of germanium.
🠶 Shockley make the Junction transistor in 1949. This transistor was more practical and easier
to fabricate. The Junction Transistor became the central device of the electronic age and
overcome the problems of vacuum tubes.

5. Transistor Types
(but not
🠶 Two basic types of transistors, which differ in construction and usage
in main purpose)
🠶 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
🠶 Field Effect Transistors (FETs)
🠶 There are other types of transistors also available in markets such as:
🠶 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs)/IGFET
🠶 Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MESFETs)
🠶 Darlington Transistors
🠶 Photo Transistors
🠶 Unijunction Transistor (UJTs)
🠶 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). Etc….
We will discuss here about Bipolar Junction Transistors

6. Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)
🠶 A Bipolar Transistor essentially consists of a pair of PN Junction Diodes that are joined
back-to-back.
🠶 It is called bipolar because conduction channel uses both majority and minority carriers
for main electric current. It is the First type of transistor to be commercially mass-
produced.

7. BJT Construction
🠶 A BJT consists of three differently doped semiconductor regions, the emitter region, the base
region and the collector region. Each semiconductor region is connected to a terminal,
appropriately labelled:
emitter (E),base (B) and collector (C).
Two p-n junctions exist inside the BJT:
collector-base junction and base-emitter junction.
🠶 The emitter is heavily doped so that it can inject(emit) a large number of charge carriers
(electrons or holes) into the base. The base is lightly doped and very thin ; it passes most of the
emitter injected charge carriers to the collector. The collector is moderately doped. It 'collects'
charge carriers again once they've passed through the Base.
Original Manufacture

8. BJT Types & Circuit Symbols
🠶 It is two types: NPN and PNP
🠶 In NPN:
High potential at collector.
Low potential at emitter.
Allows current flow when the base is given a
high potential.
🠶 In PNP:
High potential at emitter.
Low potential at collector.
Allows current flow when base is connected
to a low potential.

9. Transistor Action
🠶 The emitter-base junction of a transistor is forward biased whereas collector-base
junction is reverse biased. If for a moment, we ignore the presence of emitter-base
junction, then practically no current would flow in the collector circuit because of
the reverse bias. However, if the emitter-base junction is also present, then we will
see the following:
🠶 Working Principle of NPN transistor:
Figure shows the NPN transistor with forward bias to emitter-base junction and
n
reverse bias to collector-base junction. The forward bias causes the electrons in the
-type emitter to flow towards the base. This constitutes the emitter current IE.As
these electrons flow through the p-type base, they tend to combine with holes. As
the base is lightly doped and very thin, therefore, only a few electrons (less than 5%)
combine with holes to constitute base current IB.The remainder (more than 95%)
cross over into the collector region to constitute collector current IC. In this way,
almost the entire emitter current flows in the collector circuit. It is clear that emitter
current is the sum of collector and b
a
I
s
E
e
=
c
u
IB
r
+
r
e
I
n
C
t
s i.e.

10. Importance of transistor
action
 🠶 The input circuit (i.e. emitter-base junction) has low resistance because
of forward bias whereas output circuit (i.e. collector- base junction) has
high resistance due to reverse bias. As we have seen, the input emitter
current almost entirely flows in the collector circuit. Therefore, a transistor
transfers the input signal current from a low-resistance circuit to a high-
resistance circuit. This is the key factor responsible for amplifying
capability of the transistor.

11. Hydraulic analogy of a transistor
🠶 Analogy of technical direction of current in an NPN transistor – to a water flow in a pipe system.

12. Application
Common transistor applications include
🠶 Amplification (Usually current amplifier but sometimes amplify voltage also)
🠶 Switching (Digital and Analog)
🠶 Regulator (Voltage, Current or power)
🠶 Buffer or Impedance matching between mis-matched circuits.
🠶 Used in building blocks of Integrated Circuits.

13. Thank You