In this presentation, the topics covered include: differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CT's; Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to us in metering; meter accuracy testing in the field; checking the health of your CT's and PT's; and site verification.
This presentation covers the differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why it matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and site verification (not just meter testing).
This presentation will cover the basics and differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites. Also discussed are transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and Site Verification (and not just meter testing).
This presentation will cover the basics and differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites. Also discussed are transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and Site Verification (and not just meter testing).
In this presentation, the topics covered include: differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CT's; Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to us in metering; meter accuracy testing in the field; checking the health of your CT's and PT's; and site verification. This presentation was given at the Mississippi Electric Meter School on October 10, 2018.
This presentation covers the basics of self-contained and transformer rated meter sites, transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CTs, Blondel's Theorom, meter accuracy testing in the field, and site verification. This presentation was given during the PREA Meter School in March 2019.
Learn the differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, test switches and CTs, Blondel's Theorem, meter accuracy testing, site verification, and more! 01/29/2019
Four quadrant metering can be used to understand individually or collectively:
Real Power consumed by the end user
Apparent Power delivered by the utility
Real Power delivered to the utility by an end user’s generation source
Apparent Power generated by the end user’s generation source
Having these measurements allows for the calculation of Reactive Power, VA and VARS as well as providing kWh for billing purposes.
This presentation covers the differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why it matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and site verification (not just meter testing).
This presentation will cover the basics and differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites. Also discussed are transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and Site Verification (and not just meter testing).
This presentation will cover the basics and differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites. Also discussed are transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and Site Verification (and not just meter testing).
In this presentation, the topics covered include: differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CT's; Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to us in metering; meter accuracy testing in the field; checking the health of your CT's and PT's; and site verification. This presentation was given at the Mississippi Electric Meter School on October 10, 2018.
This presentation covers the basics of self-contained and transformer rated meter sites, transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CTs, Blondel's Theorom, meter accuracy testing in the field, and site verification. This presentation was given during the PREA Meter School in March 2019.
Learn the differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, test switches and CTs, Blondel's Theorem, meter accuracy testing, site verification, and more! 01/29/2019
Four quadrant metering can be used to understand individually or collectively:
Real Power consumed by the end user
Apparent Power delivered by the utility
Real Power delivered to the utility by an end user’s generation source
Apparent Power generated by the end user’s generation source
Having these measurements allows for the calculation of Reactive Power, VA and VARS as well as providing kWh for billing purposes.
Learn the differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, test switches and CTs, Blondel’s Theorem, meter accuracy testing, site verification, and more! This presentation was given at MEUA Meter School. 03.03.20
This document provides an overview and agenda for an advanced training session on field CT testing. It discusses the key topics of ratio, burden, and admittance testing to evaluate the functionality and health of current transformers (CTs). The summary discusses:
- Ratio testing measures the proportional relationship between primary and secondary currents.
- Burden testing checks that CTs maintain accurate ratios with varying levels of burden on the secondary loop, up to specified limits.
- Admittance testing uses injected audio signals to evaluate the overall "health" of the CT's secondary loop in millisiemens values. Interpreting the results requires analysis to understand implications.
- Demagnetization procedures are also covered to address issues like
John Kretzschmar presented on advanced polyphase metering on June 20, 2017. The presentation covered the evolution of meters and loads over time, from the past to present and possibilities for the future. It also discussed changes in communications and how non-linear loads have impacted the basic computations of metering. The bulk of the presentation was focused on providing an overview of three-phase power concepts including phasors, voltage and current relationships, and different connection types for three-phase systems.
Current transformers (CTs) are tested for correct ratio and functionality at rated burdens. Ratio testing involves measuring the primary and secondary currents to calculate the ratio. Burden testing applies varying levels of burden to the secondary loop to ensure the CT maintains accuracy within 0.3% up to 0.5 ohms of burden, as specified by ANSI standards. Admittance testing uses an audio frequency signal to measure the "health" of the secondary loop. CTs can become magnetized over time and may need to be demagnetized by slowly increasing and decreasing the secondary resistance to saturate and remove residual magnetism.
The best way to be sure you are getting the correct revenue from a site is to test the entire site. Learn how to find any diversions, corrosion, broken or frayed wiring as well as all the tests you can perform while at a site.
This presentation was for an Advanced Session at North Carolina Meter School and discussed CT functionality Basics, Terminology and Specifications, Ratio Testing, Burden Testing, Admittance Testing, and Demag Functions.
How to conduct the test on the linearity of impulse voltage divider? (www.him...Fang Sam
Abstract: In the process of tracing the impulse voltage measuring system, low-voltage DC source or impulse voltage calibrator is utilized to measure the scale factor of voltage divider. Therefore, the effect of linearity of voltage divider on uncertainty of measuring system must be taken into account. Given that the national standard has not been established, an experimental method is put forward in the paper for measuring the linearity of voltage divider. The resistor divider R200S is made use of to obtain the linearity of impulse voltage generator; DC divider is adopted to measure the charge voltage of generator and the ratio of HCR600 indication value to charge voltage; then the linearity of amended generator is obtained. The results show that the linearity of HCR600 decreases from +0.4% to﹣0.8%; the maximum difference between positive polarity and negative polarity is 0.14%; the linearity of negative polarity is superior to that of positive polarity. Moreover, the linearity of 500kV resistor divider with known linearity is used to be compared with that of HCR600. The results show that two curves match basically, and the maximum difference is 0.15% at the same voltage. That means that this method can be used to correctly measure the linearity of measuring divider. In addition, this method can also be applicable to verify the test during the establishment of national standards. If the generator equipment meets some requirements, the method can also be used to calibrate the UHV impulse equipment.
Key words: linearity, impulse voltage generator, impulse voltage divider, efficiency deviation, comparison calibration; scale factor, charge voltage
Electronics measurements and instrumentation basicsAbhishek Thakkar
This document discusses electronic measurements and instruments. It covers units and standards used in measurement, as well as concepts like accuracy, precision, resolution, and error. It also describes common electrical and non-electrical units, temperature scales, and metric prefixes used in engineering notation. The document outlines measurement standards and statistical analysis techniques used to characterize measurements. Finally, it provides a basic overview of the components in an electronic measurement system, including transducers, signal conditioners, analog-to-digital converters, signal processors, and display units.
Here are the key details about the voltmeter and circuit:
- Voltmeter has sensitivities of 20 kΩ/V
- It has ranges of 5 V, 10 V, and 50 V
- It is connected across resistor RA in the circuit
The question is asking to calculate:
1) The voltage reading on the 5 V range
2) The voltage reading on the 10 V range
3) The voltage reading on the 50 V range
4) The percentage loading error for each reading
Given these details, the appropriate calculations using the voltmeter loading effects equations can be done to solve the problem.
This document discusses voltage, current, resistance and power measurements using analog instruments. It describes the operating principles of moving coil meters for measuring DC current and voltage. A moving coil meter consists of a coil suspended in a magnetic field that deflects proportional to the current or voltage. Higher current and voltage ranges are achieved using shunt and multiplier resistors. The document also covers resistance measurement using an ohmmeter, and compares analog and digital instruments.
The document provides details about three experiments conducted using instrumentation and control systems lab equipment:
1. The first experiment investigates strain gauges and how metal foil gauges can be used to measure strain. A linear relationship was observed between position and output voltage.
2. The second experiment uses a Wheatstone bridge circuit to determine the value of an unknown resistor. The measured value matched closely with the theoretical value.
3. The third experiment studies a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) and how it can convert mechanical displacement into an electrical output signal. Graphs of AC and DC output versus core position showed the expected linear relationship.
This lab aimed to design basic DC meters to measure current and voltage. For the ammeter, the resistance of the meter movement was found to be 344.68 Ω. Using this value, a shunt resistor of 14.37 Ω was calculated. Testing showed the designed ammeter had an average error of 1.815% compared to a multimeter. A voltmeter was also designed using a meter movement and 49,655 kΩ resistor, which tested with an average 6.06% error. Finally, voltage dividers were analyzed theoretically and with the designed voltmeter, showing close agreement.
This document discusses primary injection testing of transformers with 415V AC and calculations to determine currents. It provides calculations to determine the full load current on the high voltage and low voltage sides of the transformer. It also discusses selecting the proper CT ratio between the primary and secondary of the transformer. The document then discusses using a differential busbar protection scheme to isolate only the faulty section of a busbar during a fault, in less than 0.1 seconds, to ensure system stability. This is an improvement over earlier distance protection or overcurrent schemes which could not discriminate the faulty section or had longer operating times.
This presentation, given by Georgia Power for the Caribbean Meter School, covers transformer rated service installations including field meter testing, instrument transformers, system analyzers, and safety protocols. Several grids are included showing single phase service, three phase services, power factor, harmonics, and more.
In this slide I have explained how two watt meters can be used to measure 3 phase power. Some of the added advantage of this method is that we can calculate 3 phase reactive power and power factor of load as well.
This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School and gives an introduction to transformer rated metering including meter forms, test switches, CTs, Blondel's Theorem, site verification and more. 03/10/20
This presentation covers differences between self-contained and instrument or transformer rated sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CTs; Blondel's Theorem; meter accuracy testing; checking the health of your CTs and PTs; and site verification (and not just meter testing). This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School. 03/10/20.
Learn the differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, test switches and CTs, Blondel’s Theorem, meter accuracy testing, site verification, and more! This presentation was given at MEUA Meter School. 03.03.20
This document provides an overview and agenda for an advanced training session on field CT testing. It discusses the key topics of ratio, burden, and admittance testing to evaluate the functionality and health of current transformers (CTs). The summary discusses:
- Ratio testing measures the proportional relationship between primary and secondary currents.
- Burden testing checks that CTs maintain accurate ratios with varying levels of burden on the secondary loop, up to specified limits.
- Admittance testing uses injected audio signals to evaluate the overall "health" of the CT's secondary loop in millisiemens values. Interpreting the results requires analysis to understand implications.
- Demagnetization procedures are also covered to address issues like
John Kretzschmar presented on advanced polyphase metering on June 20, 2017. The presentation covered the evolution of meters and loads over time, from the past to present and possibilities for the future. It also discussed changes in communications and how non-linear loads have impacted the basic computations of metering. The bulk of the presentation was focused on providing an overview of three-phase power concepts including phasors, voltage and current relationships, and different connection types for three-phase systems.
Current transformers (CTs) are tested for correct ratio and functionality at rated burdens. Ratio testing involves measuring the primary and secondary currents to calculate the ratio. Burden testing applies varying levels of burden to the secondary loop to ensure the CT maintains accuracy within 0.3% up to 0.5 ohms of burden, as specified by ANSI standards. Admittance testing uses an audio frequency signal to measure the "health" of the secondary loop. CTs can become magnetized over time and may need to be demagnetized by slowly increasing and decreasing the secondary resistance to saturate and remove residual magnetism.
The best way to be sure you are getting the correct revenue from a site is to test the entire site. Learn how to find any diversions, corrosion, broken or frayed wiring as well as all the tests you can perform while at a site.
This presentation was for an Advanced Session at North Carolina Meter School and discussed CT functionality Basics, Terminology and Specifications, Ratio Testing, Burden Testing, Admittance Testing, and Demag Functions.
How to conduct the test on the linearity of impulse voltage divider? (www.him...Fang Sam
Abstract: In the process of tracing the impulse voltage measuring system, low-voltage DC source or impulse voltage calibrator is utilized to measure the scale factor of voltage divider. Therefore, the effect of linearity of voltage divider on uncertainty of measuring system must be taken into account. Given that the national standard has not been established, an experimental method is put forward in the paper for measuring the linearity of voltage divider. The resistor divider R200S is made use of to obtain the linearity of impulse voltage generator; DC divider is adopted to measure the charge voltage of generator and the ratio of HCR600 indication value to charge voltage; then the linearity of amended generator is obtained. The results show that the linearity of HCR600 decreases from +0.4% to﹣0.8%; the maximum difference between positive polarity and negative polarity is 0.14%; the linearity of negative polarity is superior to that of positive polarity. Moreover, the linearity of 500kV resistor divider with known linearity is used to be compared with that of HCR600. The results show that two curves match basically, and the maximum difference is 0.15% at the same voltage. That means that this method can be used to correctly measure the linearity of measuring divider. In addition, this method can also be applicable to verify the test during the establishment of national standards. If the generator equipment meets some requirements, the method can also be used to calibrate the UHV impulse equipment.
Key words: linearity, impulse voltage generator, impulse voltage divider, efficiency deviation, comparison calibration; scale factor, charge voltage
Electronics measurements and instrumentation basicsAbhishek Thakkar
This document discusses electronic measurements and instruments. It covers units and standards used in measurement, as well as concepts like accuracy, precision, resolution, and error. It also describes common electrical and non-electrical units, temperature scales, and metric prefixes used in engineering notation. The document outlines measurement standards and statistical analysis techniques used to characterize measurements. Finally, it provides a basic overview of the components in an electronic measurement system, including transducers, signal conditioners, analog-to-digital converters, signal processors, and display units.
Here are the key details about the voltmeter and circuit:
- Voltmeter has sensitivities of 20 kΩ/V
- It has ranges of 5 V, 10 V, and 50 V
- It is connected across resistor RA in the circuit
The question is asking to calculate:
1) The voltage reading on the 5 V range
2) The voltage reading on the 10 V range
3) The voltage reading on the 50 V range
4) The percentage loading error for each reading
Given these details, the appropriate calculations using the voltmeter loading effects equations can be done to solve the problem.
This document discusses voltage, current, resistance and power measurements using analog instruments. It describes the operating principles of moving coil meters for measuring DC current and voltage. A moving coil meter consists of a coil suspended in a magnetic field that deflects proportional to the current or voltage. Higher current and voltage ranges are achieved using shunt and multiplier resistors. The document also covers resistance measurement using an ohmmeter, and compares analog and digital instruments.
The document provides details about three experiments conducted using instrumentation and control systems lab equipment:
1. The first experiment investigates strain gauges and how metal foil gauges can be used to measure strain. A linear relationship was observed between position and output voltage.
2. The second experiment uses a Wheatstone bridge circuit to determine the value of an unknown resistor. The measured value matched closely with the theoretical value.
3. The third experiment studies a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) and how it can convert mechanical displacement into an electrical output signal. Graphs of AC and DC output versus core position showed the expected linear relationship.
This lab aimed to design basic DC meters to measure current and voltage. For the ammeter, the resistance of the meter movement was found to be 344.68 Ω. Using this value, a shunt resistor of 14.37 Ω was calculated. Testing showed the designed ammeter had an average error of 1.815% compared to a multimeter. A voltmeter was also designed using a meter movement and 49,655 kΩ resistor, which tested with an average 6.06% error. Finally, voltage dividers were analyzed theoretically and with the designed voltmeter, showing close agreement.
This document discusses primary injection testing of transformers with 415V AC and calculations to determine currents. It provides calculations to determine the full load current on the high voltage and low voltage sides of the transformer. It also discusses selecting the proper CT ratio between the primary and secondary of the transformer. The document then discusses using a differential busbar protection scheme to isolate only the faulty section of a busbar during a fault, in less than 0.1 seconds, to ensure system stability. This is an improvement over earlier distance protection or overcurrent schemes which could not discriminate the faulty section or had longer operating times.
This presentation, given by Georgia Power for the Caribbean Meter School, covers transformer rated service installations including field meter testing, instrument transformers, system analyzers, and safety protocols. Several grids are included showing single phase service, three phase services, power factor, harmonics, and more.
In this slide I have explained how two watt meters can be used to measure 3 phase power. Some of the added advantage of this method is that we can calculate 3 phase reactive power and power factor of load as well.
This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School and gives an introduction to transformer rated metering including meter forms, test switches, CTs, Blondel's Theorem, site verification and more. 03/10/20
This presentation covers differences between self-contained and instrument or transformer rated sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CTs; Blondel's Theorem; meter accuracy testing; checking the health of your CTs and PTs; and site verification (and not just meter testing). This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School. 03/10/20.
This presentation discusses the differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CTs; meter accuracy testing in the field; checking the health of your CTs and PTs; and Site Verification. This presentation was given at the MEUA Meter School. 03/03/20
In this presentation, you will learn the basics - differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and site verification
The best way to be sure you are getting the correct revenue from a site is to test the entire site. Learn how to find any diversions, corrosion, broken or frayed wiring as well as all the tests you can perform while at a site.
This presentation goes over CT functionality basics, ratio testing, burden testing, admittance testing, and demag functions. Presented at NC Meter School 2022.
This document discusses best practices for meter and instrument transformer testing in an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) system. It addresses the need to test meters and transformers for accuracy upon installation, return to service, and periodically while in service. Site verification testing is also recommended to check for wiring errors and ensure meters and transformers are properly sized. The document emphasizes that transformer-rated services, which represent a small portion of customers but a large portion of revenue, should be a priority for meter testing resources given their financial impact. AMI data can help identify transformer-rated services for further evaluation and testing.
This document discusses best practices for instrument transformer testing. It recommends performing shop tests on every meter, current transformer (CT), and voltage transformer (VT) going into a transformer rated service to check accuracy and functionality. Field technicians should perform an initial site verification at every transformer rated service to establish a baseline and then re-check problematic sites identified through AMI analytics, focusing on issues like reversed polarity, missing load on a phase, or performance outside rating ranges. Reducing resources spent testing self-contained meters allows leveraging AMI data to replace older processes and focus on transformer rated services where revenue is highest.
This presentation was given during the 2023 Southeastern Meter School in Auburn, AL. Understand the need and best practices for instrument transformer testing in an AMI world, including why and how to test, and what range of tests and checks to perform in the shop and in the field.
The document discusses instrument transformer testing in shops and fields. It emphasizes the importance of testing transformer-rated services, where revenue is highest. Key points include: testing all CTs and VTs in shops, including ratio and accuracy checks; performing baseline site verifications of all transformer-rated services; and using AMI data to identify field issues like no draw on legs or reversed polarity for re-testing. The goal is reducing time on self-contained metering to focus limited resources on transformer-rated sites where testing and verification provide the highest payback.
This presentation was given with LUCELEC at the CARILEC CEO & Leadership Conference and covers system loss and what to do to reduce it; why transformer rated metering is important; site verification and not just meter testing; and management systems and utilizing AMI data to control and reduce billing errors.
To subject Electric Meters to non-nominal conditions more similar to what meters would experience in the field as opposed to the nominal operating conditions typically used when testing meter accuracy in a shop environment.
Part II also includes admittance and demag testing and uses more advanced equipment to test the meter. See live results from today’s newest test equipment.
This presentation discusses:
- Best practices regarding the need to ensure that all transformers used for metering circuits are properly sized
- The ability to optimize revenue regardless of customer usage over time
- Best practices to ensure that transformers and meters have been installed correctly in the field and continue to perform in the same fashion
- Best practices for certifying the accuracy class of the transformers and how to best set up a shop testing and field testing/verification program.
- What the costs of implementing such a system and what the costs of not implementing such a system can be.
Learning meter forms is as easy as 1S-2S-3S! You’ll learn the most common metering forms and how they are used. This presentation also dives into Blondel’s Theorem and how it is used to determine what type of meter to install at different services.
This presentation covers why meters are tested and the type of tests that are performed on meters. An overview of field test methods and field equipment is also included. 01/28/2019
Over much of the 20th century, utilities, regulators and customers each relied upon lab and field meter testing efforts which were primarily focused upon the accuracy of the watt-hour meter and demand register.
This focus is now changing with overwhelming deployment of electronic meters and significant deployment of AMR and AMI meters throughout the installed base in North America.
The focus has now shifted to the metering installation as a whole and not the accuracy of the meter.
Presented at the North Carolina Electric Meter School. 6/2013
Why test on site? The utility wants to receive full payment for the services it provides. The customer wants to be billed fairly to get the lowest bill possible. This set of infographics is to facilitate the understanding of the need to test electricity meters and practically show how testing should be done. Intended for technicians, engineers, students, utilities staff and all interested in reliable energy measurement. Many definitions and examples are simplified to get clear way of reliable test results obtaining. Although the author tried to avoid errors, they can probably be found in the content, hence any comments are welcomed.
Why test on site? The utility wants to receive full payment for the services it provides. The customer wants to be billed fairly to get the lowest bill possible. This set of infographics is to facilitate the understanding of the need to test electricity meters and practically show how testing should be done. Intended for technicians, engineers, students, utilities staff and all interested in reliable energy measurement. Many definitions and examples are simplified to get clear way of reliable test results obtaining. Although the author tried to avoid errors, they can probably be found in the content, hence any comments are welcomed.
Similar to Transformer Rated Metering 09.27.17 (20)
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
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Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
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See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
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2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
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UiPath integration with generative AI
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
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The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
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#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
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Transformer Rated Metering 09.27.17
1. Slide 1
10/02/2012 Slide 1
Transformer Rated
Metering
Prepared by Tom Lawton,TESCO
Mississippi Meter School
Wednesday, September 27, 2017
11:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.
2. Slide 2
Topics we will be covering
• The Basics- Differences Between Self
Contained and Transformer or Instrument
Rated Meter Sites
• Transformer Rated Meter Forms
• Test Switches and CT’s
• Blondel’s Theorem and why this matters to
us in metering
• Meter Accuracy Testing in the Field
• Checking the Health of your CT’s and PT’s
• Site Verification and not just meter testing
3. Slide 3
Self Contained Metering
•Typically found in residential
metering
•Meters are capable of handling
the direct incoming amperage
•Meter is connected directly to
the load being measured
•Meter is part of the circuit
•When the meter is removed
from the socket, power to the
customer is interrupted
4. Slide 4
Transformer Rated Metering
• Meter measures scaled down
representation of the load.
• Scaling is accomplished by the use
of external current transformers
(CTs) and sometimes voltage
transformers or PTs).
• The meter is NOT part of the circuit
• When the meter is removed from
the socket, power to the customer
is not effected.
5. Slide 5
9S Meter Installation with 400:5 CT’s
400A
400A
400A
LOAD
5A 5A 5A
SOURCE
PHASE A
PHASE B
PHASE C
The Basic Components
7. Slide 7
TESCO/Georgia Power 2017 Caribbean Meter School
Fundamentals of Polyphase Field Meter Testing and Site Verification
Full Load
Light Load
Power Factor
Meter Accuracy Testing
Meter Accuracy
Testing in a Nutshell
8. Slide 8
The Importance of CT Testing in the Field
• One transformer in three wired
backwards will give the customer a
bill of 1/3rd
the actual bill.
• One broken wire to a single
transformer will give the customer a
bill of 2/3rd
the actual bill
• One dual ratio transformer
inappropriately marked in the billing
system as 400:5 instead of 800:5
provides a bill that is ½ of the actual
bill. And the inverse will give a bill
double of what should have been
sent. Both are lose-lose situations
for the utility.
9. Slide 9
The Importance of CT Testing in the Field
(cont)
•Cross Phasing (wiring errors)
•Loose or Corroded Connections
•CT Mounted Backwards
•CT’s with Shorted Turns
•Wrong Selection of Dual Ratio CT
•Detect Magnetized CT’s
•Burden Failure in Secondary Circuit
•Open or Shorted Secondary
•Mislabeled CT’s
•Ensures all Shorting Blocks have been Removed
11. Slide 11
Fundamentals of Polyphase Field Meter
Testing and Site Verification
Functionality with Burden Present on the Secondary Loop
PHASE A
• Some burden will always be
present – junctions, meter
coils, test switches, cables,
etc.
• CT’s must be able to
maintain an accurate ratio
with burden on the
secondary.
12. Slide 12
Fundamentals of Polyphase Field Meter
Testing and Site Verification
Functionality with Burden Present on the Secondary Loop
Example Burden Spec:
0.3% @ B0.1, B0.2, B0.5
or
There should be less than the 0.3%
change in secondary current from initial
(“0” burden) reading, when up to 0.5Ohms
of burden is applied
13. Slide 13
Fundamentals of Polyphase Field Meter
Testing and Site Verification
Functionality with Burden Present on the Secondary Loop
0.3% @ B0.1, B0.2, B0.5
0.0000
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
5.0000
6.0000
0 2 4 6 8
Initial Reading = 5Amps
0.3% x 5A = 0.015A
5A – 0.015 = 4.985A
Burden Reading
0 5.0000
0.1 4.9999
0.2 4.9950
0.5 4.9900
1 4.9800
2 4.9500
4 4.0000
8 0.8000
14. Slide 14
Ratio of Primary Current to Secondary Current
PHASE A
SOURCE LOAD
400A
400A
400A
5A5A
Calculate Ratio
Fundamentals of Polyphase Field Meter
Testing and Site Verification
15. Slide 15
Three Phase Power
Blondel’s Theorem
If energy be supplied to any system of conductors
through N wires, the total power in the system is given
by the algebraic sum of the readings of N wattmeters,
so arranged that each of the N wires contains one
current coil, the corresponding voltage coil being
connected between that wire and some common point.
If this common point is on one of the N wires, the
measurement may be made by the use of N-1
wattmeters.
16. Slide 16
Three Phase Power
Blondel’s Theorem
• Simply – We can measure the power in a
N wire system by measuring the power in
N-1 conductors.
• For example, in a 4-wire, 3-phase system
we need to measure the power in 3
circuits.
17. Slide 17
Three Phase Power
Blondel’s Theorem
• If a meter installation meets Blondel’s
Theorem then we will get accurate power
measurements under all circumstances.
• If a metering system does not meet
Blondel’s Theorem then we will only get
accurate measurements if certain
assumptions are met.
18. Slide 18
Blondel’s Theorem
• Three wires
• Two voltage measurements with
one side common to Line 2
• Current measurements on lines
1 & 3.
This satisfies Blondel’s
Theorem.
19. Slide 19
Blondel’s Theorem
• Four wires
• Two voltage measurements to
neutral
• Current measurements on lines 1 &
3. How about line 2?
This DOES NOT satisfy Blondel’s
Theorem.
20. Slide 20
Blondel’s Theorem
• In the previous example:
– What are the “ASSUMPTIONS”?
– When do we get errors?
• What would the “Right Answer” be?
• What did we measure?
)cos()cos()cos( cccbbbaaasys IVIVIVP θθθ ++=
)]cos()cos([)]cos()cos([ bbcccbbaaasys IIVIIVP θθθθ −+−=
21. Slide 21
Blondel’s Theorem
• Phase B power would be:
– P = Vb Ib cosθ
• But we aren’t measuring Vb
• What we are measuring is:
– IbVacos(60- θ) + IbVccos(60+ θ)
• cos(α + β) = cos(α)cos(β) - sin(α)sin(β)
• cos(α - β) = cos(α)cos(β) + sin(α)sin(β)
• So
23. Slide 23
Blondel’s Theorem
• If Va ≠ Vb ≠ Vc then the error is
• %Error =
-Ib{(Va+Vc)/(2Vb) - (Va-Vc) 0.866sin(θ)/(Vbcos(θ))
How big is this in reality? If
Va=117, Vb=120, Vc=119, PF=1 then E=-1.67%
Va=117, Vb=116, Vc=119, PF=.866 then E=-1.67%
25. Slide 25
Site Verification: Why should we invest our
limited meter service resources here
• These customers represent a
disproportionately large amount of the overall
revenue for every utility in North America.
• For some utilities the ten percent of their
customers who have transformer rated
metering services can represent over 70% of
their overall revenue.
• While these numbers will vary from utility to
utility the basic premise should be the same
for all utilities regarding where Meter Services
should focus their efforts
• This is perhaps one of the larger benefits that
AMI can provide for our Utilities – more time
to spend on C&I metering and less on
residential
Easy Answer: Money.
26. Slide 26
Potential list of tasks to be completed during a Site
Veriification of a Transformer Rated Metering SIte
• Double check the meter number, the location the test result and the meter record
• Perform a visual safety inspection of the site. This includes utility and customer equipment. Things
to look for include intact down ground on pole, properly attached enclosure, unwanted voltage on
enclosure, proper trimming and site tidiness (absence of discarded seals, etc.)
• Visually inspect for energy diversions (intentional and not). This includes broken or missing wires,
jumpers, open test switch, unconnected wires and foreign objects on meters or other metering
equipment. Broken or missing wires can seriously cause the under measurement of energy. A
simple broken wire on a CT or VT can cause the loss of 1/3 to 1/2 of the registration on either 3
element or 2 element metering, respectively.
• Visually check lightning arrestors and transformers for damage or leaks.
• Check for proper grounding and bonding of metering equipment. Poor grounding and bonding
practices may result in inaccurate measurements that go undetected for long periods of time.
Implementing a single point ground policy and practice can reduce or eliminate this type of issue.
• Burden test CTs and voltage check PTs.
27. Slide 27
Site Verification Checklist (cont)
• Verify service voltage. Stuck regulator or seasonal capacitor can impact service voltage.
• Verify condition of metering control wire. This includes looking for cracks in insulation, broken wires,
loose connections, etc.
• Confirm we have a Blondel compliant metering set up
• Compare the test switch wiring with the wiring at the CTs and VTs. Verify CTs and VTs not cross
wired. Be sure CTs are grounded in one location (test switch) only.
• Check for bad test switch by examining voltage at the top and bottom of the switch. Also verify amps
using amp probe on both sides of the test switch. Verify neutral connection to cabinet (voltage).
• Check rotation by closing in one phase at a time at the test switch and observing the phase meter for
forward rotation. If forward rotation is not observed measurements may be significantly impacted as
the phases are most likely cancelling each other out.
• Test meter for accuracy. Verify demand if applicable with observed load. If meter is performing
compensation (line and/or transformer losses) the compensation should be verified either through
direct testing at the site or by examining recorded pulse data.
• Loss compensation is generally a very small percentage of the overall measurement and would not
be caught under utilities normal high/low checks. However, the small percentages when applied to
large loads or generation can really add up overtime. Billing adjustments can easily be in the $million
range if not caught early.
28. Slide 28
Site Verification Checklist (cont)
• Verify metering vectors. Traditionally this has been done using instruments such as a circuit
analyzer. Many solid state meters today can provide vector diagrams along with volt/amp/pf and
values using meter manufacturer software or meter displays. Many of these desired values are
programmed into the meters Alternate/Utility display. Examining these values can provide much
information about the metering integrity. It may also assist in determining if unbalanced loads are
present and if CTs are sized properly. The vendor software generally has the ability to capture both
diagnostic and vector information electronically. These electronic records should be kept in the
meter shop for future comparisons.
• If metering is providing pulses/EOI pulse to customers, SCADA systems or other meters for
totalization they also should be verified vs. the known load on the meter. If present test/inspect
isolation relays/pulse splitters for things like blown fuses to ensure they are operating properly.
• Verify meter information including meter multiplier, serial number, dials/decimals, Mp, Ke, Primary
Kh, Kr and Rate. Errors in this type of information can also cause a adverse impact on
measured/reported values.
• Verify CT shunts are all opened.
• Look for signs of excessive heat on the meter base e.g.
melted plastic or discoloration related to heat
29. Slide 29
Periodic Site Inspections…..
….Can Discover or Prevent:
•Billing Errors
•Bad Metering set-up
•Detect Current Diversion
•Identify Potential Safety Issues
•Metering Issues (issues not
related to meter accuracy)
•AMR/AMI Communications Issues
•The need for Unscheduled Truck Rolls
due to Undetected Field Related Issues
•Discrepancies between what is believed to
be at a given site versus the actual setup
and equipment at the site
30. Slide 30
Questions and Discussion
Tom Lawton
TESCO – The Eastern Specialty Company
Bristol, PA
Tom.Lawton@tescometering.com
Cell: 215-688-0298
This presentation can also be found under Meter Conferences
and Schools on the TESCO web site: www.tesco-advent.com