This document discusses best practices for meter and instrument transformer testing in an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) system. It addresses the need to test meters and transformers for accuracy upon installation, return to service, and periodically while in service. Site verification testing is also recommended to check for wiring errors and ensure meters and transformers are properly sized. The document emphasizes that transformer-rated services, which represent a small portion of customers but a large portion of revenue, should be a priority for meter testing resources given their financial impact. AMI data can help identify transformer-rated services for further evaluation and testing.
This presentation discusses the differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CTs; meter accuracy testing in the field; checking the health of your CTs and PTs; and Site Verification. This presentation was given at the MEUA Meter School. 03/03/20
This presentation was given at MEUA Meter School and gives an introduction to meter testing and discusses why we test, how we test, the types of meter tests, what to do with test data and more. 03/03/20
This presentation was given at MEUA Meter School and gives attendees an introduction to meter testing. Topics covered include: why do we test; how do we test; field testing; complaint testing; general meter testing requirements; new meter testing programs; return to service testing; in-service testing; statistical test plans; tracking meter records, and more! 03/03.20
This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School and gives an overview of AMI including an overview of the technologies, the benefits, how AMI is changing the industry, and what the future looks like. 03/10/20.
This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School and gives an overview of self-contained metering, including why we test, how we test, the different types of meter tests, what to do with the data, and more. 03/10/20.
Given by SAMSCO's John Kretzschmar, this presentation covers the basics of meter testing including: why we test; how to test; types of meter tests; how utility tests differ from customer request tests; in-service testing; and what to do with the test data.
This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School and gives an introduction to transformer rated metering including meter forms, test switches, CTs, Blondel's Theorem, site verification and more. 03/10/20
Did you know vehicle manufacturers have announced over 100 electric vehicle models are to be introduced by 2024? This presentation was given at the Southeastern Distribution Apparatus School in Auburn, AL and covers Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE) and the testing of Electric Vehicle stations. This presentation covers types of EVSEs, market growth, regulatory environment and type approval and testing.
This presentation discusses the differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CTs; meter accuracy testing in the field; checking the health of your CTs and PTs; and Site Verification. This presentation was given at the MEUA Meter School. 03/03/20
This presentation was given at MEUA Meter School and gives an introduction to meter testing and discusses why we test, how we test, the types of meter tests, what to do with test data and more. 03/03/20
This presentation was given at MEUA Meter School and gives attendees an introduction to meter testing. Topics covered include: why do we test; how do we test; field testing; complaint testing; general meter testing requirements; new meter testing programs; return to service testing; in-service testing; statistical test plans; tracking meter records, and more! 03/03.20
This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School and gives an overview of AMI including an overview of the technologies, the benefits, how AMI is changing the industry, and what the future looks like. 03/10/20.
This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School and gives an overview of self-contained metering, including why we test, how we test, the different types of meter tests, what to do with the data, and more. 03/10/20.
Given by SAMSCO's John Kretzschmar, this presentation covers the basics of meter testing including: why we test; how to test; types of meter tests; how utility tests differ from customer request tests; in-service testing; and what to do with the test data.
This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School and gives an introduction to transformer rated metering including meter forms, test switches, CTs, Blondel's Theorem, site verification and more. 03/10/20
Did you know vehicle manufacturers have announced over 100 electric vehicle models are to be introduced by 2024? This presentation was given at the Southeastern Distribution Apparatus School in Auburn, AL and covers Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE) and the testing of Electric Vehicle stations. This presentation covers types of EVSEs, market growth, regulatory environment and type approval and testing.
This presentation discusses the importance of testing meters and the best practices and test equipment to do so. This presentation was given at MEUA Meter School. 03.03.20
This presentation covers differences between self-contained and instrument or transformer rated sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CTs; Blondel's Theorem; meter accuracy testing; checking the health of your CTs and PTs; and site verification (and not just meter testing). This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School. 03/10/20.
This presentation was given with LUCELEC at the CARILEC CEO & Leadership Conference and covers system loss and what to do to reduce it; why transformer rated metering is important; site verification and not just meter testing; and management systems and utilizing AMI data to control and reduce billing errors.
Understand the basics of site verification, from its importance to installation verifications. TESCO's Rob Reese goes over what you need to know about site verification and detailed testing theory and equipment.
In this presentation, you will learn the basics - differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and site verification
Then … Now … and Tomorrow. This presentation discusses how meters, loads, and communications have changed over the years and why it is important today. Standards Changes are reviewed as well as new definitions.
Part II also includes admittance and demag testing and uses more advanced equipment to test the meter. See live results from today’s newest test equipment.
To subject Electric Meters to non-nominal conditions more similar to what meters would experience in the field as opposed to the nominal operating conditions typically used when testing meter accuracy in a shop environment.
This presentation was requested by the Nebraska Meter Conference and covers all the components of field testing and best practices including a site check list, field test kits and hot socket repair kits.
This presentation will cover the basics and differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites. Also discussed are transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and Site Verification (and not just meter testing).
Learn the differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, test switches and CTs, Blondel’s Theorem, meter accuracy testing, site verification, and more! This presentation was given at MEUA Meter School. 03.03.20
This presentation is an overview of the ANSI C12 Standards that pertain to electric metering. This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School. 03/10/20.
In this presentation, the topics covered include: differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CT's; Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to us in metering; meter accuracy testing in the field; checking the health of your CT's and PT's; and site verification.
This presentation covers the basics of meter testing including: why we test; how to test; types of meter tests; how utility tests differ from customer request tests; in-service testing; and what to do with the test data. 06/26/2019
This presentation covers the differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why it matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and site verification (not just meter testing).
In this presentation, the topics covered include: differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CT's; Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to us in metering; meter accuracy testing in the field; checking the health of your CT's and PT's; and site verification. This presentation was given at the Mississippi Electric Meter School on October 10, 2018.
This presentation was given during the 2022 Southeastern Meter School in Auburn, AL. Understand the need and best practices for instrument transformer testing in an AMI world, including why and how to test, and what range of tests and checks to perform in the shop and in the field.
This presentation discusses the importance of testing meters and the best practices and test equipment to do so. This presentation was given at MEUA Meter School. 03.03.20
This presentation covers differences between self-contained and instrument or transformer rated sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CTs; Blondel's Theorem; meter accuracy testing; checking the health of your CTs and PTs; and site verification (and not just meter testing). This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School. 03/10/20.
This presentation was given with LUCELEC at the CARILEC CEO & Leadership Conference and covers system loss and what to do to reduce it; why transformer rated metering is important; site verification and not just meter testing; and management systems and utilizing AMI data to control and reduce billing errors.
Understand the basics of site verification, from its importance to installation verifications. TESCO's Rob Reese goes over what you need to know about site verification and detailed testing theory and equipment.
In this presentation, you will learn the basics - differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and site verification
Then … Now … and Tomorrow. This presentation discusses how meters, loads, and communications have changed over the years and why it is important today. Standards Changes are reviewed as well as new definitions.
Part II also includes admittance and demag testing and uses more advanced equipment to test the meter. See live results from today’s newest test equipment.
To subject Electric Meters to non-nominal conditions more similar to what meters would experience in the field as opposed to the nominal operating conditions typically used when testing meter accuracy in a shop environment.
This presentation was requested by the Nebraska Meter Conference and covers all the components of field testing and best practices including a site check list, field test kits and hot socket repair kits.
This presentation will cover the basics and differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites. Also discussed are transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and Site Verification (and not just meter testing).
Learn the differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, test switches and CTs, Blondel’s Theorem, meter accuracy testing, site verification, and more! This presentation was given at MEUA Meter School. 03.03.20
This presentation is an overview of the ANSI C12 Standards that pertain to electric metering. This presentation was given at the PREA Meter School. 03/10/20.
In this presentation, the topics covered include: differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CT's; Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to us in metering; meter accuracy testing in the field; checking the health of your CT's and PT's; and site verification.
This presentation covers the basics of meter testing including: why we test; how to test; types of meter tests; how utility tests differ from customer request tests; in-service testing; and what to do with the test data. 06/26/2019
This presentation covers the differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites, transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why it matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and site verification (not just meter testing).
In this presentation, the topics covered include: differences between self contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites; transformer rated meter forms; test switches and CT's; Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to us in metering; meter accuracy testing in the field; checking the health of your CT's and PT's; and site verification. This presentation was given at the Mississippi Electric Meter School on October 10, 2018.
This presentation was given during the 2022 Southeastern Meter School in Auburn, AL. Understand the need and best practices for instrument transformer testing in an AMI world, including why and how to test, and what range of tests and checks to perform in the shop and in the field.
This presentation discusses:
- Best practices regarding the need to ensure that all transformers used for metering circuits are properly sized
- The ability to optimize revenue regardless of customer usage over time
- Best practices to ensure that transformers and meters have been installed correctly in the field and continue to perform in the same fashion
- Best practices for certifying the accuracy class of the transformers and how to best set up a shop testing and field testing/verification program.
- What the costs of implementing such a system and what the costs of not implementing such a system can be.
This presentation was given during the 2023 Southeastern Meter School in Auburn, AL. Understand the need and best practices for instrument transformer testing in an AMI world, including why and how to test, and what range of tests and checks to perform in the shop and in the field.
Over much of the 20th century, utilities, regulators and customers each relied upon lab and field meter testing efforts which were primarily focused upon the accuracy of the watt-hour meter and demand register.
This focus is now changing with overwhelming deployment of electronic meters and significant deployment of AMR and AMI meters throughout the installed base in North America.
The focus has now shifted to the metering installation as a whole and not the accuracy of the meter.
This presentation covers the basics of meter testing including: why we test; how to test; types of meter tests; how utility tests differ from customer request tests; in-service testing; and what to do with the test data.
This presentation will cover the basics and differences between self-contained and transformer or instrument rated meter sites. Also discussed are transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CT's, Blondel's Theorem and why this matters to metering, meter accuracy testing in the field, checking the health of your CT's and PT's, and Site Verification (and not just meter testing).
As many utilities have elected to deploy advanced metering systems and millions of new solid-state, microprocessor based end-points with communications under glass, a dramatic shift has begun regarding where metering resources are being deployed and what they are doing. This presentation will highlight the new value proposition for metering personnel at their respective utility companies in a post-AMI World. Examples of issues which have arisen or been identified over the course of various deployments and in the immediate aftermath of an AMI deployment.
This presentation covers the basics of self-contained and transformer rated meter sites, transformer rated meter forms, test switches and CTs, Blondel's Theorom, meter accuracy testing in the field, and site verification. This presentation was given during the PREA Meter School in March 2019.
This presentation explains why we test, types of tests and requirements, and data tracking. It's anything and everything you wanted to know about meter testing!
This presentation covers the basics of meter testing including why we test; how to test; types of meter tests; how utility tests differ from customer request tests; in-service testing; and what to do with the test data—presented at NC Meter School 2022.
Over much of the 20th century, utilities, regulators and customers each relied upon lab and field meter testing efforts which were primarily focused upon the accuracy of the watt-hour meter and demand register.
This focus is now changing with overwhelming deployment of electronic meters and significant deployment of AMR and AMI meters throughout the installed base in North America.
The focus has now shifted to the metering installation as a whole and not the accuracy of the meter.
Over much of the 20th century, utilities, regulators and customers each relied upon lab and field meter testing efforts which were primarily focused upon the accuracy of the watt-hour meter and demand register.
This focus is now changing with overwhelming deployment of electronic meters and significant deployment of AMR and AMI meters throughout the installed base in North America.
The focus has now shifted to the metering installation as a whole and not the accuracy of the meter.
Over much of the 20th century, utilities, regulators and customers each relied upon lab and field meter testing efforts which were primarily focused upon the accuracy of the watt-hour meter and demand register. This focus is now changing with overwhelming deployment of electronic meters and significant deployment of AMR and AMI meters throughout the installed base in North America. The focus has now shifted to the metering installation as a whole and not the accuracy of the meter.
Over much of the 20th century, utilities, regulators and customers each relied upon lab and field meter testing efforts which were primarily focused upon the accuracy of the watt-hour meter and demand register.
This focus is now changing with overwhelming deployment of electronic meters and significant deployment of AMR and AMI meters throughout the installed base in North America.
The focus has now shifted to the metering installation as a whole and not the accuracy of the meter.
Over much of the 20th century, utilities, regulators and customers each relied upon lab and field meter testing efforts which were primarily focused upon the accuracy of the watt-hour meter and demand register.
This focus is now changing with overwhelming deployment of electronic meters and significant deployment of AMR and AMI meters throughout the installed base in North America.
The focus has now shifted to the metering installation as a whole and not the accuracy of the meter.
Presented at the North Carolina Electric Meter School. 6/2013
As many utilities have elected to deploy advanced metering systems and millions of new solid-state, microprocessor based end-points with communications under glass, a dramatic shift has begun regarding where metering resources are being deployed and what they are doing.
This presentation will highlight the new value proposition for metering personnel at their respective utility companies in this AMI dominated World.
Examples of issues which have arisen or been identified over the course of various deployments and in the immediate aftermath of an AMI deployment.
Similar to Electric Meter and Transformer Testing in an AMI World - AclaraConnect 2018 (20)
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
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What you will learn during the webinar:
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Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
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Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
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All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
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Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
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• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
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Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
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In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
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GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
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Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
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Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
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Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
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- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
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https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...
Electric Meter and Transformer Testing in an AMI World - AclaraConnect 2018
1. Electric Meter and
Transformer Testing in an
AMI World
Prepared by Tom Lawton
TESCO - The Eastern Specialty Company
Knopp, Inc. – A TESCO Company
for Aclara Connect
May 2018
2. Objective – understand the need and best
practices for meter and instrument transformer
testing in an AMI world
• Acceptance and Functional Testing during and after AMI
• Certification
• Accuracy Testing in the shop and field
• Blondel’s theorem and why this matters to us in metering
• Site Verification and not just meter testing
• Instrument Transformer Testing (in shop and in field)
• AMI meter population management
Slide 2
3. Slide 3
Questions to Answer
• Why do we test?
• How do we test?
• What types of meter tests are there?
• How do utility tests differ from customer request tests?
• What is In-Service Testing?
• How do we know meter tests are good?
• What do we do with the test data?
• What else should we test besides the meter?
• What range of tests/checks should be done in the shop?
• What range of tests/checks should be done in the field?
• Where is the biggest pay back for our limited meter service
resources (field and shop)?
4. Slide 4
Why Do We Test?
• Our regulatory commissions require us to test meters.
• But only for accuracy. State regulatory commissions want
electric utilities to ensure that no customer is being billed unfairly
and that no subset of customers is being unfairly subsidized by
the rest of the rate payers. Some states mandate only accuracy
tests and others require demand and time of use accuracy tests.
• Any tests beyond accuracy tests are tests that are simply good
business practice.
• And no tests are mandated for functional or accuracy testing of
the instrument transformers that are an integral part of the
metering circuit.
5. Slide 5
Complaint Testing
• Customers always have the right to request a meter test.
• Some utilities and some jurisdictions allow for testing at the
customer site, others require a test in a laboratory environment.
• Some allow the customer to witness the test and others require the
utility commission to witness the test.
• Utilities must show that the meter tests well and must demonstrate
that they have a test program in place to ensure the meters in
service are performing well.
6. Slide 6
General Meter Testing Requirements
• New Meters
– Manufacturers tests
– In-house tests on new
shipments
• Return to Service Testing
• In-Service Meters
– Periodic Tests
– Selective, random, or
statistical testing
• Retirement tests
• Testing of related metering equipment
7. Slide 7
New Meter Testing Programs
• Accept the Manufacturer’s Test results
• Perform a Statistical Test of an incoming shipment
• Perform a 100% test of an incoming shipment
8. Slide 8
Return to Service Testing
• Meters to be returned to service must
always (virtually every utility
commission requires this) be
accuracy tested before being
returned to service.
• Best business practices also require
that the meter is functionally tested
as well.
9. Slide 9
In Service Testing
• Meter Testing for new and in-service meters is specified in ANSI
C12.1-2015, American National Standard for Electric Meters, Code
for Electricity Metering. Most utility commissions use this Standard
a reference or the basis for their meter testing requirements.
10. Best Practices
• Residential vs Commercial
• Self-Contained vs Transformer Rated
• Follow the money and be as proactive as possible
Slide 10
11. Using AMI Data
• AMI data can provide actual usage
• Site Verification data can provide a correlation to the
Transformers installed at the installation
• Not a very difficult analysis to determine how often any one
particular installation is operating outside of the operationg
parallelogram for the installed transformers
• This allows the utility to replace these transformers with
transformers that operate more accurately over a larger range of
operating conditions. This is especially true as no utility can ever
know who the next tenant in a building will be or how they will
utilize the service or even how an existing company’s needs will
change over time.
• Look for missing current on a single leg or intermittent data
Slide 11
12. Self Contained
• Use AMI analytics on self-contained services to
determine where there are problems
• Look for technical and non-technical losses through
these analytics
• Minimize the use of field resources in checking these
services
• Free up as many field and shop resources as possible to
check on and be as proactive as possible with your
Transformer Rated services
Slide 12
14. Site Verification: Why should we invest our
limited meter service resources here
• These customers represent a
disproportionately large amount of the overall
revenue for every utility in North America.
• For some utilities the ten percent of their
customers who have transformer rated
metering services can represent over 70% of
their overall revenue.
• While these numbers will vary from utility to
utility the basic premise should be the same
for all utilities regarding where Meter Services
should focus their efforts
• This is perhaps one of the larger benefits that
AMI can provide for our Utilities – more time
to spend on C&I metering and less on
residential
Easy Answer: Money.
15. 9S Meter Installation with 400:5 CT’s
400A
400A
400A
LOAD
5A 5A 5A
SOURCE
PHASE A
PHASE B
PHASE C
The Basic Components
17. Slide 17
TESCO/Georgia Power 2017 Caribbean Meter School
Fundamentals of Polyphase Field Meter Testing and Site Verification
Full Load
Light Load
Power Factor
Meter Accuracy Testing
Meter Accuracy
Testing in a Nutshell
18. Slide 18
Three Phase Power
Blondel’s Theorem
The theory of polyphase watthour metering was first set forth on a scientific
basis in 1893 by Andre E. Blondel, engineer and mathematician. His theorem
applies to the measurement of real power in a polyphase system of any number
of wires. The theorem is as follows:
- If energy is supplied to any system of conductors
through N wires, the total power in the system is given
by the algebraic sum of the readings of N wattmeters, so
arranged that each of the N wires contains one current
coil, the corresponding voltage coil being connected
between that wire and some common point. If this
common point is on one of the N wires, the
measurement may be made by the use of N-1
wattmeters.
19. Slide 19
Three Phase Power
Blondel’s Theorem
• Simply – We can measure the power in a
N wire system by measuring the power in
N-1 conductors.
• For example, in a 4-wire, 3-phase system
we need to measure the power in 3
circuits.
20. Slide 20
Three Phase Power
Blondel’s Theorem
• If a meter installation meets Blondel’s
Theorem then we will get accurate power
measurements under all circumstances.
• If a metering system does not meet
Blondel’s Theorem then we will only get
accurate measurements if certain
assumptions are met.
21. Slide 21
Blondel’s Theorem
• Three wires
• Two voltage measurements with
one side common to Line 2
• Current measurements on lines
1 & 3.
This satisfies Blondel’s
Theorem.
22. Slide 22
Blondel’s Theorem
• Four wires
• Two voltage measurements to
neutral
• Current measurements on lines 1 &
3. How about line 2?
This DOES NOT satisfy Blondel’s
Theorem.
23. Slide 23
Blondel’s Theorem
• In the previous example:
– What are the “ASSUMPTIONS”?
– When do we get errors?
• What would the “Right Answer” be?
• What did we measure?
)cos()cos()cos( cccbbbaaasys IVIVIVP θθθ ++=
)]cos()cos([)]cos()cos([ bbcccbbaaasys IIVIIVP θθθθ −+−=
25. Slide 25
The Importance of CT Testing in the Field
• One transformer in three wired
backwards will give the customer a
bill of 1/3rd
the actual bill.
• One broken wire to a single
transformer will give the customer a
bill of 2/3rd
the actual bill
• One dual ratio transformer
inappropriately marked in the billing
system as 400:5 instead of 800:5
provides a bill that is ½ of the actual
bill. And the inverse will give a bill
double of what should have been
sent. Both are lose-lose situations
for the utility.
26. Slide 26
The Importance of CT Testing in the Field
(cont)
•Cross Phasing (wiring errors)
•Loose or Corroded Connections
•CT Mounted Backwards
•CT’s with Shorted Turns
•Wrong Selection of Dual Ratio CT
•Detect Magnetized CT’s
•Burden Failure in Secondary Circuit
•Open or Shorted Secondary
•Mislabeled CT’s
•Ensures all Shorting Blocks have been Removed
28. Poperly sizing Conventional and Extended
Range CT’s
CT Ratings/Parameters
Standard Accuracy Classes
Extended-Range Ratings/Types
Applying ERCTs
Advantages of ERCT
The historic revenue metering
class is 0.3, with 0.15 being used
with increasing frequency.
0.15 “high accuracy” classes were
introduced under IEEE C57.13.6.
Slide 28
29. Slide 29
Fundamentals of Polyphase Field Meter Testing
and Site Verification
Functionality with Burden Present on the Secondary Loop
PHASE A
• Some burden will always be
present – junctions, meter
coils, test switches, cables,
etc.
• CT’s must be able to
maintain an accurate ratio
with burden on the
secondary.
31. Fundamentals of Polyphase Field Meter Testing
and Site Verification
Functionality with Burden Present on the Secondary Loop
Example Burden Spec:
0.3% @ B0.1, B0.2, B0.5
or
There should be less than the 0.3%
change in secondary current from initial
(“0” burden) reading, when up to 0.5 Ohms
of burden is applied
Fundamentals of Polyphase Field Meter
Testing and Site Verification
33. CT Error
CT error is typically negative…meaning less
current in the secondary than there “should”
be by the defined ratio.
CT error becomes increasingly negative as
the primary current level decreases.
Negative Error = Lost Revenue
Slide 33
34. Idealized Transformer Circuit
Primary Winding Impedance Secondary Winding Impedance
Ideal Transformer
Core Loss Branch
(function of core mat’l,
core size, number of sec
turns)
This is an illustration that the excitation current is the current lost from the primary current
that does not get to the meter. Accuracy is largely a function of minimizing this excitation
current and why transformer accuracy is typically negative.
Slide 34
37. Fundamentals of Polyphase Field Meter Testing
and Site Verification
Functionality with Burden Present on the Secondary Loop
0.3% @ B0.1, B0.2, B0.5
0.0000
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
5.0000
6.0000
0 2 4 6 8
Initial Reading = 5Amps
0.3% x 5A = 0.015A
5A – 0.015 = 4.985A
Burden Reading
0 5.0000
0.1 4.9999
0.2 4.9950
0.5 4.9900
1 4.9800
2 4.9500
4 4.0000
8 0.8000
38. • Double check the meter number, the location the test result and the meter record.
• Perform a visual safety inspection of the site. This includes utility and customer equipment.
Things to look for include intact down ground on pole, properly attached enclosure,
unwanted voltage on enclosure, proper trimming and site tidiness (absence of discarded
seals, etc.).
• Visually inspect for energy diversions (intentional and not). This includes broken or missing
wires, jumpers, open test switch, unconnected wires and foreign objects on meters or
other metering equipment. Broken or missing wires can seriously cause the under
measurement of energy. A simple broken wire on a CT or VT can cause the loss of 1/3 to
1/2 of the registration on either 3 element or 2 element metering, respectively.
• Visually check lightning arrestors and transformers for damage or leaks.
• Check for proper grounding and bonding of metering equipment. Poor grounding and
bonding practices may result in inaccurate measurements that go undetected for long
periods of time. Implementing a single point ground policy and practice can reduce or
eliminate this type of issue.
• Burden test CTs and voltage check PTs.
Site Verification: Potential Site Check List
Slide 38
39. • Verify service voltage. Stuck regulator or seasonal capacitor can impact service voltage.
• Verify condition of metering control wire. This includes looking for cracks in insulation, broken wires,
loose connections, etc.
• Compare the test switch wiring with the wiring at the CTs and VTs. Verify CTs and VTs not cross
wired. Be sure CTs are grounded in one location (test switch) only.
• Check for bad test switch by examining voltage at the top and bottom of the switch. Also verify
amps using amp probe on both sides of the test switch. Verify neutral connection to cabinet
(voltage).
• Check rotation by closing in one phase at a time at the test switch and observing the phase meter
for forward rotation. If forward rotation is not observed measurements may be significantly impacted
as the phases are most likely cancelling each other out.
• Test meter for accuracy. Verify demand if applicable with observed load. If meter is performing
compensation (line and/or transformer losses) the compensation should be verified either through
direct testing at the site or by examining recorded pulse data.
Potential Site Check List (con’t)
• Loss compensation is generally a very small percentage of the overall measurement
and would not be caught under utilities normal high/low checks. However, the small
percentages when applied to large loads or generation can really add up overtime.
Billing adjustments can easily be in the $million range if not caught early.
Slide 39
40. • Verify metering vectors. Traditionally this has been done using instruments such as a
circuit analyzer. Many solid state meters today can provide vector diagrams along
with volt/amp/pf and values using meter manufacturer software or meter displays.
Many of these desired values are programmed into the meters Alternate/Utility
display. Examining these values can provide much information about the metering
integrity. It may also assist in determining if unbalanced loads are present and if CTs
are sized properly. The vendor software generally has the ability to capture both
diagnostic and vector information electronically. These electronic records should be
kept in the meter shop for future comparisons.
• If metering is providing pulses/EOI pulse to customers, SCADA systems or other
meters for totalization they also should be verified vs. the known load on the meter.
• Verify meter information including meter multiplier (rework it), serial number,
dials/decimals, Mp, Ke, Primary Kh, Kr and Rate. Errors in this type of information
can also cause a adverse impact on measured/reported values.
• Verify CT shunts are all opened.
Potential Site Check List (con’t)
Slide 40
41. Ratio of Primary Current to Secondary Current
PHASE A
SOURCE LOAD
400A
400A
400A
5A5A
Calculate Ratio
Fundamentals of Polyphase Field Meter Testing
and Site Verification
42. Periodic Site Inspections…..
….Can Discover or Prevent:
•Billing Errors
•Bad Metering set-up
•Detect Current Diversion
•Identify Potential Safety Issues
•Metering Issues (issues not
related to meter accuracy)
•AMR/AMI Communications Issues
•The need for Unscheduled Truck Rolls
due to Undetected Field Related Issues
•Discrepancies between what is believed to
be at a given site versus the actual setup
and equipment at the site
43. • Accuracy Testing
• Meter Communications
Performance
• Software & Firmware Verification
• Setting Verification
• Functional Testing
• Disconnect/Reconnect
Functionality
and as left setting
• Ratio and accuracy testing
• Polarity checking
• Accuracy class determination
Shop Testing
Slide 43
44. 100% of all Transformers
• If not possible then sample testing of all and 100% of all those
over a certain size for CT’s and all VT’s (generally not a large
volume)
Transformer testing should include
• Ratio and accuracy testing
• Polarity checking
• Accuracy class determination
100% of all transformer rated meters
• If not possible then sample testing of all transformer rated
meters and 100% of all those going into a certain size service
and over
Meter testing should include:
• Software & Firmware Verification
• Setting Verification
• Functional Testing
• Disconnect/Reconnect Functionality
and as left setting
Shop Testing Programs
Slide 44
45. AMI Meter Population Management
• A Meter Farm is a representation
of your meter population in the
field
• The Meter Farm is designed to
be a tool to measure base line
performance of your meters
• Meter farms are typically located
outside so meters are exposed to
the same temperatures, sun and
elements as your meter
population.
• Meter Farms should include a
simulation of the entire
communication network back to
the head end
Slide 45
46. AMI Meter Population Management
• A Meter Farm needs to have a statistically significant representation of your meter
population in the field. This means a minimum of 30 meters regardless of
population. Typical farms have 50 to 100 meters for populations up to 50,000
meters and several thousand meters for populations over two million.
• The breakdown of forms should be roughly representative of the breakdown of
meters within your population. 2S meters will typically have 85 to 90% of the spots
in a meter farm. Every polyphase meter is represented with a minimum of two to
three sockets if possible.
Slide 46
47. Summary
• Perform a shop test of every meter going into a transformer rated service. This
includes a functional test as well as an accuracy test.
• Perform a shop test of every CT going into a transformer rated service.
• Perform a shop test of every VT going into a transformer rated service.
• Perform a base line site verification of every transformer rated service in your service
territory.
• Use your AMI analytics to determine where there are misses:
• No draw on one leg
• Intermittent draw on one leg
• Performing outside the rated range for the installed transformers
• Reversed polarity
• Start checking for field issues all over again.
• Reduce the resources spent on self-contained metering by leveraging your AMI data
as much as possible and creating new systems and procedures to replace older
processes that did not have the availability of this type of data.
Slide 47
48. Questions and Discussion
Tom Lawton
TESCO – The Eastern Specialty Company
Knopp, Inc. – A TESCO Company
Bristol, PA and Emeryville, CA
215-688-0298 (cell)
215-785-2338 (office)
This presentation can also be found
on the TESCO web site:
www.tescometering.com
Slide 48