The document discusses various means and methods of sports training. It categorizes training means into two main parts: principle means and additional means. Principle means include warming up, arrangement of exercises like general, specific, and competitive exercises, and limbering down exercises. Additional means include educational, health and nutritional, physiotherapeutic, psychological, biomechanical, natural, and material object means. All of these means help to improve sports performance, maintain fitness and health, prevent injuries, and allow for quick recovery from fatigue.

1. By
DR. PAWAN KUMAR
MMH College Ghaziabad

2. Aims of training means
The main aim of training is to achieve the high sports
performance , this high performance can only be achieve
if the training is done in the scientific and systematic
manner . during sports training any object, Method or
procedure which help to improve and maintain the
performance is called as training means. Similarly any
material immaterial object which help to achieve the
objectives of the sports trainings also called as training
means. There are various means and methods of training
but for better understanding of students/sportsman,
teacher/coaches and scientists the training means
means are classified into two main parts:-

3. 1. PRINCIPLE MEANS
Training means are the important means among all the
means for the improvement ,maintenance and faster
recovery. During sports training the training sessions
should begin carefully so that all the factors of training
can be arrange in a systematic and scientific manner.
This act of training will helps to ensure the best possible
performance.

4. Warming Up
For the effective training warming up is the important
aspects which not only raises the temperature of the
muscle but also minimizes the possibilities of the injury

5. Arrangement of Exercise
The proper sequential arrangement of the physical
exercises is the first and foremost principle which helps
to atain the highest performance and quick recovery
from fatigue after training.
Exercises are generally classified into three main parts :-

6. I-Gen Exercise
These types of exercises are taken from other sports in
general which do not have any relationship with the
movement of any kind of competitive sports. Generally
these exercise helps in all kind of sports movement
which are not performed with the help of any kind of
element or a apparatus.

7. II-Specific exercises
Specific exercises are of two types I type of exercise are
related to the sequence of movement of competitive
exercise but this type of exercises deviate from the
characteristics of training load.
To improve the performance load should be repeated
more than the demand. II types of exercise s are partial
related to the sequence of movements, but they are
specifically concerned with the particular event or an
individual. These exercises also activated the various
muscle in the same manner as desired for particular
competitive event.

8. III- Competitive exercises
Competitive exercises may be define as the form of
movement which are in the sequence of movements and
its typical features, corresponds broadly with the
demand of specific competitive event.

9. Limbering down exercises:- Each training session
should be followed by limbering down/cool down
exercises should be done for 10 – 15 .
Low pace exercises:- First of all low pace /low intensity
exercise should be done continuously so as to bring the
organism /body to the normal functioning .
Flexibility & Stretching exercises :- Low pace exercise
should be followed by the flexibility & stretching
exercise which not only reduce the possibility of fatigue
but also helps to remove the metabolic products from
the blood cells.

10. 2. ADDITIONAL MEANS
 There are different types of additional means which
are as follows:
 Educational means
 Health and nutritional means
 Physiotherapeutic means
 Psychological means
 Biomechanical means
 Natural means
 Material object means

11. I. Educational means
During training session the task is to be demonstrate,
explain , observe, verbal discussion and some sort of
lecture may be delivered. These means will helps the
player to gain knowledge about the task, make the
movement concept clear this act will not only develop
the mental abilities but also motivate the sportsman by
creating interest for active participation.

12. ii. Health &b Nutritional means
During and after the training for the improvement and
maintenance of health and fitness proper balance diet is
to be taken, during training liquid diet rich in minerals
and after training session carbohydrate rich diet should
be provided to the sportsman.

13. iii. Physiotherapeutic means
Physio- therapeutic means in the form of massage,
ultrasound, sauna bath, cryotherapy and electrotherapy
may be used so as to relaxation of body, prevention and
rehabilitation of injuries and quick recovery from
fatigue.

14. iv. Psychological means
In the training of a sportsman psychology plays an
important role in the enhancement of sports
performance. Physiological research indicates that the
nervous system is responsible for the recovery process
and this nervous system is control and regulated by so
many psychological factors. Keeping in view the fact
psychological means like mental training, autogenic
training, auto suggestion , ideo motor training and
psycho tonic training means may be used so as to
remove the fear, relaxation, develop the confidence and
psychological preparation of the athlete/sportsman.

15. v. Biomechanical means
There are various biomechanical means in the literature
but cinematography is an important means which not
only helps in the assessment of technical training but
also provide the feedback regarding the other
biomechanical aspect of training.

16. vi. Natural means
In the training of sportsman the natural means like
weather condition, light, air, water and altitude
indirectly affect the performance of the sportsman.
Keeping in view the venue of the completion, day and
time of the competitive event training of the athlete may
be done under the ideal natural condition so that the
sportsman get familiar with all possible circumstances.

17. vii. Material object means
In sports training material object means like training
equipment , apparatus and audio visual aids may be used as
important means so that movement concept become clear ,
provide feedback to the sportsman and helps to motivate the
sportsman to improve their technical and tactical efficiency.