In the past ten years, the role of citizens to achieve smart city vision is realized and the people-centric
Smart City model has been stressed. In this paper, we propose “Riyadh Wiki Information and Complaining
System” for citizen engagement in Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia. The system follows the crowd sourcing
approach by allowing citizens to act as sources of data to support the government and to improve their city.
It also follows the co-design approach by being an open source platform that allows citizens to cooperate
to build the system and add new services. The system aims at enhancing citizens’ life and solving
governmental issues like transparency, trust, decision-making, and accountability in a cheap way. It is
developed as a web-based wiki system, so it can be used easily by the non-skilled citizens while allowing
skilled citizens to add new features, functionalities, and new services. It supports both Arabic and English
languages and exploits the widespread of social media to attract more citizens. Initial evaluations using eparticipation
assessment, web accessibility and web usability evaluation techniques have been carried out
and the results show the effectiveness of the system.
Introduction: Technological and methodical pillars for Smarter Environment Enablement
Part I: Smarter Environments Theoretical Grounding
What is a Smart Environment?
Technological enablers: IoT, Web of Data and Persuasive Technologies
Technology mediated Human Collaboration: need for co-creation
Killer application domains: Open Government & Age-friendly cities
Part II: Review of core enablers for Smarter Environments
Co-creation methodologies: Design for Thinking
Internet of Things and Web of Things
Web of Data: Linked Data, Crowdsourcing & Big Data
Part III: WeLive Case Study
WeLive as Open Government enabling methodology and platform
Reflections on the need for collaboration among stakeholders to realize Smarter Cities
Conclusions and practical implications
Cyclic open innovation framework with big data of citiesHELENA LEE
Many believe that “big data” will transform business, government, and other aspects of
the economy. But there is little framework or formulation for application of big data in
realization to apply to innovation framework. In this article we discuss how big data takes
the role to explain impact of open innovation with cities and suggest specific framework
for open innovation of cities. Also we outline some of the challenges in accessing and
making use of this framework.
AI is now an important component of sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, public administration and transportation, and is helping to address major challenges such as ageing and climate change. However, there is currently a lack of transparency in algorithmic governance systems, and this is worsened when these algorithms are integrated into already opaque governance structures in our cities. Moreover, over the past decade, the propagation of sensors and data collection machines in so-called ‘smart cities’ by both the public and the private sectors has created democratic challenges around AI, surveillance capitalism, and protecting citizens’ digital rights to privacy and ownership.
A Quintessential smart city infrastructure framework for all stakeholdersJonathan L. Tan, M.B.A.
Smart City Infrastructure Framework provides guidance to open government data and infrastructure essentials for ICT \ Telecom, Energy \ Renewable Energy, Water \ Waste Water, Transportation, Education, Health and Government Services systems
I. Smart City Drivers
Smart City Definition
Smart City Elements
II. Smart City Infrastructure Frameworks
III. Technology Ecosystem
Stakeholders
ICT Essentials
OGD
ICT for Building Automation
Smart Water
Smart Energy
Smart Transportation
Smart Education
Smart Healthcare
Smart City Services
IV. Smart City Applications
V. Smart City Systems Infrastructure
Top SC Vendors
"Collaboration in Cities: From Sharing to ‘Sharing Economy’". World Economic...eraser Juan José Calderón
White Paper del World Economic Forum de Diciembre de 2017 In collaboration with PwC del titulado: "Collaboration in Cities: From Sharing to ‘Sharing Economy’"
Introduction: Technological and methodical pillars for Smarter Environment Enablement
Part I: Smarter Environments Theoretical Grounding
What is a Smart Environment?
Technological enablers: IoT, Web of Data and Persuasive Technologies
Technology mediated Human Collaboration: need for co-creation
Killer application domains: Open Government & Age-friendly cities
Part II: Review of core enablers for Smarter Environments
Co-creation methodologies: Design for Thinking
Internet of Things and Web of Things
Web of Data: Linked Data, Crowdsourcing & Big Data
Part III: WeLive Case Study
WeLive as Open Government enabling methodology and platform
Reflections on the need for collaboration among stakeholders to realize Smarter Cities
Conclusions and practical implications
Cyclic open innovation framework with big data of citiesHELENA LEE
Many believe that “big data” will transform business, government, and other aspects of
the economy. But there is little framework or formulation for application of big data in
realization to apply to innovation framework. In this article we discuss how big data takes
the role to explain impact of open innovation with cities and suggest specific framework
for open innovation of cities. Also we outline some of the challenges in accessing and
making use of this framework.
AI is now an important component of sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, public administration and transportation, and is helping to address major challenges such as ageing and climate change. However, there is currently a lack of transparency in algorithmic governance systems, and this is worsened when these algorithms are integrated into already opaque governance structures in our cities. Moreover, over the past decade, the propagation of sensors and data collection machines in so-called ‘smart cities’ by both the public and the private sectors has created democratic challenges around AI, surveillance capitalism, and protecting citizens’ digital rights to privacy and ownership.
A Quintessential smart city infrastructure framework for all stakeholdersJonathan L. Tan, M.B.A.
Smart City Infrastructure Framework provides guidance to open government data and infrastructure essentials for ICT \ Telecom, Energy \ Renewable Energy, Water \ Waste Water, Transportation, Education, Health and Government Services systems
I. Smart City Drivers
Smart City Definition
Smart City Elements
II. Smart City Infrastructure Frameworks
III. Technology Ecosystem
Stakeholders
ICT Essentials
OGD
ICT for Building Automation
Smart Water
Smart Energy
Smart Transportation
Smart Education
Smart Healthcare
Smart City Services
IV. Smart City Applications
V. Smart City Systems Infrastructure
Top SC Vendors
"Collaboration in Cities: From Sharing to ‘Sharing Economy’". World Economic...eraser Juan José Calderón
White Paper del World Economic Forum de Diciembre de 2017 In collaboration with PwC del titulado: "Collaboration in Cities: From Sharing to ‘Sharing Economy’"
Big Data an opportunity for friendly cities
Lorena Pocatilu
The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Economic Informatics and Cybernetics Department Bucharest, Romania
lorena.pocatilu@ie.ase.ro
The use of big data solutions is the biggest opportunity for friendly cities in our years. This happened because we need to access, process and use different data type very fast and big data solutions offers these facilities.
The concept of big data which creating value is not new, and in our age the effective use of da-ta is to becoming the basis element of competition. Cities of our time have always wanted to use correctly and to the real value the information and knowledge in order to make better, smarter, real time, fact-based decisions, this necessity of correct knowledge has fueled the growth of using big data. In this case the big data concept is the most important support for cities’ evolutions. In the world, many cities who are agree that this is true aren't sure how to make the most of it implementation. After a literature review analysis, this paper presents the steps for implement the solutions of big data in the core area of cities.
More and more companies from business and administration are agree that big data is an op-portunity for friendly cities. This paper highlights with examples from all over the world that those areas which use big data have good results. The areas that succeed aren't the ones who have the most data, but the ones who use it best. Big data will fundamentally change the way cities compete and operate. Companies from business and administration that invest in and successfully derive value from their data will have a distinct advantage over their competitors — a performance gap that will continue to grow as more relevant data is generated, emerging technologies and digital channels offer better acquisition and delivery mechanisms, and the technologies that enable faster, easier data analysis continue to develop.
Investment and development are the keys of our cities. This paper presents the impact of the big data solutions and how can use all the facility of this in friendly cities development. Having in view the researches in this area the cities development using big data in accordance with sustainability principles has become an opportunity of this century. An efficient access and use of huge quantity of data through big data solutions and the involvement of citizens in the initi-atives of local communities are the key elements that a city can use to achieve a harmonious development.
The major research of this approach is centered on the necessity of use big data for friendly cities.
How relevant is the age of a city in determining its interest in, and ability to use, 'big data'? This briefing explores how both old and new cities have distinct advantages and disadvantages in their ability to use big data effectively, the lessons they can learn from each other, and their common challenges.
CRTL-ALT-DEL to ALT-GOV by Joan Batlle MonserratForesight Gent
This presentation was meant for the #OpenGovernance session in Ghent on 11 June 2018 CRTL-ALT-DEL to ALT-GOV as part of the Eurocities #Cities4Europe campaign. All copyright belongs to Joan Batlle Monserrat
Open Data initiatives are increasingly considered
as defining elements of emerging smart cities.
However, few studies have attempted to provide a
better understanding of the nature of this convergence
and the impact on both domains. This paper presents
findings from a detailed study of 18 open data
initiatives across five smart cities – Barcelona,
Chicago, Manchester, Amsterdam, and Helsinki.
Specifically, the study sought to understand how open
data initiatives are shaped by the different smart cities
contexts and concomitantly what kinds of innovations
are enabled by open data in these cities. The findings
highlight the specific impacts of open data innovation
on the different smart cities domains, governance of
the cities, and the nature of datasets available in the
open data ecosystem.
Link to the paper: http://conferences.computer.org/hicss/2015/papers/7367c326.pdf
A Data-Driven Digital Inclusion Strategy for Gigabit CitiesDenise Linn Riedl
This study offers up recommendations for gigabit cities and aspiring/future gigabit cities on how to decrease the digital divide. The recommendations stem from (1) a city and census tract-level analysis of broadband adoption barriers in gigabit cities and non-gigabit cities and (2) digital inclusion programming best practices from experts around the country.
If you have questions or requests for the author, email Denise_Linn@hks15.harvard.edu
The 2014 edition of the Networked Society City Index examines and ranks 40 cities from around the world, looking at their performance, challenges and opportunities in terms of ICT, sustainability and development. The extensive research gives us a glimpse into the future of the city.
The report also continues to explore the connection between ICT maturity and triple bottom line development in cities around the world.
Urban Living Labs: learning from practice
Giulia Melis
SiTI Istituto Superiore sui Sistemi Territoriali per l'Innovazione, Torino, Italy
giulia.melis@siti.polito.it
Martijn de Waal
Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
b.g.m.de.waal@hva.nl
ABSTRACT:
During recent years, the fast development of Information Technologies (IT) and digital media has introduced new opportunities for a sustainable and inclusive growth of cities, by produc-ing on the one hand lots of data about urban life, and on the other hand, digital media plat-forms.
The concept of planning itself is undergoing a cultural transformation, from designing the physical urban environment as an efficient, static backdrop for inhabitation, towards the con-cept of “citymaking”, where the spatial decision making process is dealing with cultural as-pects, liveability, community building, social cohesion and design.
Over the last few years a new methodology called ‘Living Lab’ has emerged to involve citizens in the design process. Initially is has mainly been used in the business sector to test commer-cial products, or to involve consumers as co-creators. Recently it has also progressively gained credibility in urban processes, as it facilitates the engagement of stakeholders and their under-standing of the planning problem, as well as the sharing of criteria for vision setting, thus ena-bling a transparent urban planning decision process.
During the STSM, which took place in April 2014, the authors have tried to outline how living labs are used in real cases of collaborative planning in the City of Amsterdam, and what is the role of new technologies in these living labs.
Nine experiments of Living labs -with or without such a label- on urban processes of planning and requalification were explored, with the aim of tracing out the achievements and weak-nesses of the practices undertaken so far. Through data collection, field surveys and inter-views, the authors asked whether technology is really helping non-expert citizens in being part of complex urban process, allowing real co-creation to happen; and, more generally, analyzed how the role of institutions, designers and citizens is changing in this dynamic scenario.
Amsterdam can be recognized as one of the most active cities in the European scenario in promoting innovative initiatives, by the use of open data and the development of smart pro-jects emerging from groups of citizen led proposals; participatory planning experiences are grounded on a solid tradition, and experimentation with numerous opportunities offered by new technologies. The city has recognized this potential and is investing on such projects, mainly by providing the conditions for a smart environment where open applications and initi-atives can be developed. There are several platforms that are already in place: these exhibit not only a high stage of development within the city itself, but also the role of cata
Published on Aug 15, 2016
As smart cities embrace and deploy innovative technology embedded in public spaces, residents voices need to be represented. To prevent disconnect between residents and their city’s technology, broad engagement is key — not only to inform residents of innovations, but to take inventory of public concerns and questions associated with them.
The purpose of this report is to describe the civic engagement and resident feedback collection process associated with a new Internet of Things (IoT) initiative in Chicago: The Array of Things. This report outlines the methods, decisions, and philosophies that went into this effort to increase Chicagoans’ engagement and involvement with smart city technology. Since the deployment of Internet of Things is so timely for cities around the world, we’ve shared the lessons we gleaned from our work. We hope this information can be of service to similar projects in other cities.
A Tale of Open Data Innovations in Five Smart CitiesAdegboyega Ojo
Open Data initiatives are increasingly considered as defining elements of emerging smart cities. However, few studies have attempted to provide a better understanding of the nature of this convergence and the impact on both domains. This paper presents findings from a detailed study of 18 open data initiatives across five smart cities – Barcelona, Chicago, Manchester, Amsterdam and Helsinki. Specifically, the study sought to understand how open data programs are shaped by the different smart cities contexts and concomitantly what kinds of innovations are enabled by open data in these cities. The findings highlight the specific impacts of open data innovation on the different smart cities domains, governance of the cities, and the nature of datasets available in the open data ecosystem.
An Innovative, Open, Interoperable Citizen EngagementCloud P.docxgreg1eden90113
An Innovative, Open, Interoperable Citizen Engagement
Cloud Platform for Smart Government and Users’
Interaction
Diego Reforgiato Recupero1,6 & Mario Castronovo2 &
Sergio Consoli1 & Tarcisio Costanzo3 &
Aldo Gangemi1,4 & Luigi Grasso3 & Giorgia Lodi1 &
Gianluca Merendino3 & Misael Mongiovì1 &
Valentina Presutti1 & Salvatore Davide Rapisarda2 &
Salvo Rosa2 & Emanuele Spampinato5
Received: 10 November 2015 /Accepted: 20 January 2016 /
Published online: 30 January 2016
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract This paper introduces an open, interoperable, and cloud-computing-based
citizen engagement platform for the management of administrative processes of public
administrations, which also increases the engagement of citizens. The citizen engage-
ment platform is the outcome of a 3-year Italian national project called PRISMA
(Interoperable cloud platforms for smart government; http://www.ponsmartcities-
prisma.it/). The aim of the project is to constitute a new model of digital ecosystem
that can support and enable new methods of interaction among public administrations,
citizens, companies, and other stakeholders surrounding cities. The platform has been
defined by the media as a flexible (enable the addition of any kind of application or
service) and open (enable access to open services) Italian Bcloud^ that allows public
administrations to access to a vast knowledge base represented as linked open data to
be reused by a stakeholder community with the aim of developing new applications
(BCloud Apps^) tailored to the specific needs of citizens. The platform has been used
by Catania and Syracuse municipalities, two of the main cities of southern Italy, located
J Knowl Econ (2016) 7:388–412
DOI 10.1007/s13132-016-0361-0
* Diego Reforgiato Recupero
[email protected]
1 National Research Council (CNR), Via Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
2 Sielte, Via Cerza 4, 95027 San Gregorio di Catania, Italy
3 Datanet, Syracuse, Contrada Targia 58, 96100 Syracuse, Italy
4 Paris Nord University, Sorbonne Citè CNRS UMR7030, France
5 Etna Hitech, Viale Africa 31, 95129 Catania, Italy
6 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
http://www.ponsmartcities-prisma.it/
http://www.ponsmartcities-prisma.it/
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s13132-016-0361-0&domain=pdf
in the Sicilian region. The fully adoption of the platform is rapidly spreading around the
whole region (local developers have already used available application programming
interfaces (APIs) to create additional services for citizens and administrations) to such
an extent that other provinces of Sicily and Italy in general expressed their interest for
its usage. The platform is available online and, as mentioned above, is open source and
provides APIs for full exploitation.
Keywords Smartcity.Smartgovernance.Linkedopendata.Citizenengagement.Cloud
computing
Introduction
Smart governance is defined as a subset of the s.
Big Data an opportunity for friendly cities
Lorena Pocatilu
The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Economic Informatics and Cybernetics Department Bucharest, Romania
lorena.pocatilu@ie.ase.ro
The use of big data solutions is the biggest opportunity for friendly cities in our years. This happened because we need to access, process and use different data type very fast and big data solutions offers these facilities.
The concept of big data which creating value is not new, and in our age the effective use of da-ta is to becoming the basis element of competition. Cities of our time have always wanted to use correctly and to the real value the information and knowledge in order to make better, smarter, real time, fact-based decisions, this necessity of correct knowledge has fueled the growth of using big data. In this case the big data concept is the most important support for cities’ evolutions. In the world, many cities who are agree that this is true aren't sure how to make the most of it implementation. After a literature review analysis, this paper presents the steps for implement the solutions of big data in the core area of cities.
More and more companies from business and administration are agree that big data is an op-portunity for friendly cities. This paper highlights with examples from all over the world that those areas which use big data have good results. The areas that succeed aren't the ones who have the most data, but the ones who use it best. Big data will fundamentally change the way cities compete and operate. Companies from business and administration that invest in and successfully derive value from their data will have a distinct advantage over their competitors — a performance gap that will continue to grow as more relevant data is generated, emerging technologies and digital channels offer better acquisition and delivery mechanisms, and the technologies that enable faster, easier data analysis continue to develop.
Investment and development are the keys of our cities. This paper presents the impact of the big data solutions and how can use all the facility of this in friendly cities development. Having in view the researches in this area the cities development using big data in accordance with sustainability principles has become an opportunity of this century. An efficient access and use of huge quantity of data through big data solutions and the involvement of citizens in the initi-atives of local communities are the key elements that a city can use to achieve a harmonious development.
The major research of this approach is centered on the necessity of use big data for friendly cities.
How relevant is the age of a city in determining its interest in, and ability to use, 'big data'? This briefing explores how both old and new cities have distinct advantages and disadvantages in their ability to use big data effectively, the lessons they can learn from each other, and their common challenges.
CRTL-ALT-DEL to ALT-GOV by Joan Batlle MonserratForesight Gent
This presentation was meant for the #OpenGovernance session in Ghent on 11 June 2018 CRTL-ALT-DEL to ALT-GOV as part of the Eurocities #Cities4Europe campaign. All copyright belongs to Joan Batlle Monserrat
Open Data initiatives are increasingly considered
as defining elements of emerging smart cities.
However, few studies have attempted to provide a
better understanding of the nature of this convergence
and the impact on both domains. This paper presents
findings from a detailed study of 18 open data
initiatives across five smart cities – Barcelona,
Chicago, Manchester, Amsterdam, and Helsinki.
Specifically, the study sought to understand how open
data initiatives are shaped by the different smart cities
contexts and concomitantly what kinds of innovations
are enabled by open data in these cities. The findings
highlight the specific impacts of open data innovation
on the different smart cities domains, governance of
the cities, and the nature of datasets available in the
open data ecosystem.
Link to the paper: http://conferences.computer.org/hicss/2015/papers/7367c326.pdf
A Data-Driven Digital Inclusion Strategy for Gigabit CitiesDenise Linn Riedl
This study offers up recommendations for gigabit cities and aspiring/future gigabit cities on how to decrease the digital divide. The recommendations stem from (1) a city and census tract-level analysis of broadband adoption barriers in gigabit cities and non-gigabit cities and (2) digital inclusion programming best practices from experts around the country.
If you have questions or requests for the author, email Denise_Linn@hks15.harvard.edu
The 2014 edition of the Networked Society City Index examines and ranks 40 cities from around the world, looking at their performance, challenges and opportunities in terms of ICT, sustainability and development. The extensive research gives us a glimpse into the future of the city.
The report also continues to explore the connection between ICT maturity and triple bottom line development in cities around the world.
Urban Living Labs: learning from practice
Giulia Melis
SiTI Istituto Superiore sui Sistemi Territoriali per l'Innovazione, Torino, Italy
giulia.melis@siti.polito.it
Martijn de Waal
Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
b.g.m.de.waal@hva.nl
ABSTRACT:
During recent years, the fast development of Information Technologies (IT) and digital media has introduced new opportunities for a sustainable and inclusive growth of cities, by produc-ing on the one hand lots of data about urban life, and on the other hand, digital media plat-forms.
The concept of planning itself is undergoing a cultural transformation, from designing the physical urban environment as an efficient, static backdrop for inhabitation, towards the con-cept of “citymaking”, where the spatial decision making process is dealing with cultural as-pects, liveability, community building, social cohesion and design.
Over the last few years a new methodology called ‘Living Lab’ has emerged to involve citizens in the design process. Initially is has mainly been used in the business sector to test commer-cial products, or to involve consumers as co-creators. Recently it has also progressively gained credibility in urban processes, as it facilitates the engagement of stakeholders and their under-standing of the planning problem, as well as the sharing of criteria for vision setting, thus ena-bling a transparent urban planning decision process.
During the STSM, which took place in April 2014, the authors have tried to outline how living labs are used in real cases of collaborative planning in the City of Amsterdam, and what is the role of new technologies in these living labs.
Nine experiments of Living labs -with or without such a label- on urban processes of planning and requalification were explored, with the aim of tracing out the achievements and weak-nesses of the practices undertaken so far. Through data collection, field surveys and inter-views, the authors asked whether technology is really helping non-expert citizens in being part of complex urban process, allowing real co-creation to happen; and, more generally, analyzed how the role of institutions, designers and citizens is changing in this dynamic scenario.
Amsterdam can be recognized as one of the most active cities in the European scenario in promoting innovative initiatives, by the use of open data and the development of smart pro-jects emerging from groups of citizen led proposals; participatory planning experiences are grounded on a solid tradition, and experimentation with numerous opportunities offered by new technologies. The city has recognized this potential and is investing on such projects, mainly by providing the conditions for a smart environment where open applications and initi-atives can be developed. There are several platforms that are already in place: these exhibit not only a high stage of development within the city itself, but also the role of cata
Published on Aug 15, 2016
As smart cities embrace and deploy innovative technology embedded in public spaces, residents voices need to be represented. To prevent disconnect between residents and their city’s technology, broad engagement is key — not only to inform residents of innovations, but to take inventory of public concerns and questions associated with them.
The purpose of this report is to describe the civic engagement and resident feedback collection process associated with a new Internet of Things (IoT) initiative in Chicago: The Array of Things. This report outlines the methods, decisions, and philosophies that went into this effort to increase Chicagoans’ engagement and involvement with smart city technology. Since the deployment of Internet of Things is so timely for cities around the world, we’ve shared the lessons we gleaned from our work. We hope this information can be of service to similar projects in other cities.
A Tale of Open Data Innovations in Five Smart CitiesAdegboyega Ojo
Open Data initiatives are increasingly considered as defining elements of emerging smart cities. However, few studies have attempted to provide a better understanding of the nature of this convergence and the impact on both domains. This paper presents findings from a detailed study of 18 open data initiatives across five smart cities – Barcelona, Chicago, Manchester, Amsterdam and Helsinki. Specifically, the study sought to understand how open data programs are shaped by the different smart cities contexts and concomitantly what kinds of innovations are enabled by open data in these cities. The findings highlight the specific impacts of open data innovation on the different smart cities domains, governance of the cities, and the nature of datasets available in the open data ecosystem.
An Innovative, Open, Interoperable Citizen EngagementCloud P.docxgreg1eden90113
An Innovative, Open, Interoperable Citizen Engagement
Cloud Platform for Smart Government and Users’
Interaction
Diego Reforgiato Recupero1,6 & Mario Castronovo2 &
Sergio Consoli1 & Tarcisio Costanzo3 &
Aldo Gangemi1,4 & Luigi Grasso3 & Giorgia Lodi1 &
Gianluca Merendino3 & Misael Mongiovì1 &
Valentina Presutti1 & Salvatore Davide Rapisarda2 &
Salvo Rosa2 & Emanuele Spampinato5
Received: 10 November 2015 /Accepted: 20 January 2016 /
Published online: 30 January 2016
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract This paper introduces an open, interoperable, and cloud-computing-based
citizen engagement platform for the management of administrative processes of public
administrations, which also increases the engagement of citizens. The citizen engage-
ment platform is the outcome of a 3-year Italian national project called PRISMA
(Interoperable cloud platforms for smart government; http://www.ponsmartcities-
prisma.it/). The aim of the project is to constitute a new model of digital ecosystem
that can support and enable new methods of interaction among public administrations,
citizens, companies, and other stakeholders surrounding cities. The platform has been
defined by the media as a flexible (enable the addition of any kind of application or
service) and open (enable access to open services) Italian Bcloud^ that allows public
administrations to access to a vast knowledge base represented as linked open data to
be reused by a stakeholder community with the aim of developing new applications
(BCloud Apps^) tailored to the specific needs of citizens. The platform has been used
by Catania and Syracuse municipalities, two of the main cities of southern Italy, located
J Knowl Econ (2016) 7:388–412
DOI 10.1007/s13132-016-0361-0
* Diego Reforgiato Recupero
[email protected]
1 National Research Council (CNR), Via Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
2 Sielte, Via Cerza 4, 95027 San Gregorio di Catania, Italy
3 Datanet, Syracuse, Contrada Targia 58, 96100 Syracuse, Italy
4 Paris Nord University, Sorbonne Citè CNRS UMR7030, France
5 Etna Hitech, Viale Africa 31, 95129 Catania, Italy
6 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
http://www.ponsmartcities-prisma.it/
http://www.ponsmartcities-prisma.it/
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s13132-016-0361-0&domain=pdf
in the Sicilian region. The fully adoption of the platform is rapidly spreading around the
whole region (local developers have already used available application programming
interfaces (APIs) to create additional services for citizens and administrations) to such
an extent that other provinces of Sicily and Italy in general expressed their interest for
its usage. The platform is available online and, as mentioned above, is open source and
provides APIs for full exploitation.
Keywords Smartcity.Smartgovernance.Linkedopendata.Citizenengagement.Cloud
computing
Introduction
Smart governance is defined as a subset of the s.
ICT-MECHANISMS OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN TAIPEI CITY AS A SMART...ijcsit
ICT-enabled service innovation is needed to provide a better service in a smart city. An example of ICTenabled
service innovation is intelligent transportation system (ITS) in Taipei City, Taiwan. We developed
a eight ICT-mechanisms that support development of service innovation in smart city. This study found that
ontime resource control was the most important mechanism. The expectation of this study is make easier
another city to develop a smart city’s concept.
Information & Communication Technology key to enable sustainable urbanizationEricsson
For the first time in human history more people live in cities than in rural areas. By 2050 it is expected that 7 out of 10 people will be urbanites, with the majority of growth occurring in cities of the Global South. A new report co-written with UN Habitat shows how technology can enable economically, socially and environmentally sustainable cities, with emphasis on solving the challenge of access to water.
Smart city governance in developing countries a systematic literature reviewAraz Taeihagh
Smart cities that make broad use of digital technologies have been touted as possible solutions for the population pressures faced by many cities in developing countries and may help meet the rising demand for services and infrastructure. Nevertheless, the high financial cost involved in infrastructure maintenance, the substantial size of the informal economies, and various governance challenges are curtailing government idealism regarding smart cities. This review examines the state of smart city development in developing countries, which includes understanding the conceptualisations, motivations, and unique drivers behind (and barriers to) smarty city development. A total of 56 studies were identified from a systematic literature review from an initial pool of 3928 social sciences literature identified from two academic databases. Data were analysed using thematic synthesis and thematic analysis. The review found that technology-enabled smart cities in developing countries can only be realised when concurrent socioeconomic, human, legal, and regulatory reforms are instituted. Governments need to step up their efforts to fulfil the basic infrastructure needs of citizens, raise more revenue, construct clear regulatory frameworks to mitigate the technological risks involved, develop human capital, ensure digital inclusivity, and promote environmental sustainability. A supportive ecosystem that encourages citizen participation, nurtures start-ups, and promotes public–private partnerships needs to be created to realise their smart city vision.
Smart city opportunities for digital media - Chris DymondDMEx
In just over 18 months, Digital Media Exchange (DMEx) has successfully built digital infrastructure and new opportunities for people in Sheffield to work in the creative and digital industries and to use digital technology to support new local businesses. Digital Opportunities: Pathways to Enterprise celebrated the achievements of the DMEx programme in Sheffield.
Abstract:
In 2050, the number of people living in cities will be almost as large as the world’s entire population today. That’s why we need completely new approaches to be taken in order to make our cities to be Smart City. Smart Cities gained importance as a means of making ICT enabled services and applications available to the citizens, and authorities that are part of a city’s system. It aims at increasing citizens’ quality of life, and improving the efficiency and quality of the services provided by governing entities and businesses. Smart City is a type of city that uses new technologies to make them more livable, functional, competitive and modern through the use of new technologies, the promotion of innovation and knowledge management. Cities today are facing significant challenges including increasing populations, infrastructures, and declining budgets.
WeLive project Open Government We-Government Tools Open Innovation Open Services Open Data Focus Groups Public Service Apps Bilbao Smart Cities Sustainable Participative Cities
A study on disruptive technologies toward smart cities governanceBOHRInternationalJou1
Digital technology is employed to enhance decision-making, streamline service delivery, and optimize
administrative processes within the government. Its purpose is to enhance the efficacy, efficiency, and transparency
of governance. In smart cities, smart governance plays a vital role in augmenting the efficiency and effectiveness
of municipal services while promoting transparency and citizen accountability. In our study, we have studied the
disruptive technologies in smart cities governance from a theoretical standpoint. We have focused on the primary
disruptive technologies utilized in the governance of smart cities—Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of
Things, Big Data, and 3D Printing—and we understand how each of these technologies is employed in the
growth of smart cities. We also examined citizen awareness of the use and deployment of these technologies
as part of our study. As part of our study, we also analyzed how aware citizens were of the use and deployment
of these technologies. When compared with other applications of various technologies, our analysis finds that
Big Data is the most extensively employed technology in the construction of smart cities. This article will
come to the conclusion that these technologies have a substantial impact on the growth of smart cities and
its governance.
Digital Twin Cities are advanced urban areas where physical and digital realms are integrated, allowing for data-driven management, intelligent services, and interactive systems. READ MORE
•Smart city and energy efficiency related citizen engagement
•Identified levels of citizen engagement
•Practical examples, tips and tools for each level
•Existing frameworks for citizen engagement
•Future perspectives
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TOWARDS SMART RIYADH: RIYADH WIKI INFORMATION AND COMPLAINING SYSTEM
1. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.10, No.2, May 2018
DOI : 10.5121/ijmit.2018.10206 95
TOWARDS SMART RIYADH: RIYADH WIKI
INFORMATION AND COMPLAINING SYSTEM
Eman Al Helal and Hala Mokhtar
College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, KSA, Riyadh
ABSTRACT
In the past ten years, the role of citizens to achieve smart city vision is realized and the people-centric
Smart City model has been stressed. In this paper, we propose “Riyadh Wiki Information and Complaining
System” for citizen engagement in Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia. The system follows the crowd sourcing
approach by allowing citizens to act as sources of data to support the government and to improve their city.
It also follows the co-design approach by being an open source platform that allows citizens to cooperate
to build the system and add new services. The system aims at enhancing citizens’ life and solving
governmental issues like transparency, trust, decision-making, and accountability in a cheap way. It is
developed as a web-based wiki system, so it can be used easily by the non-skilled citizens while allowing
skilled citizens to add new features, functionalities, and new services. It supports both Arabic and English
languages and exploits the widespread of social media to attract more citizens. Initial evaluations using e-
participation assessment, web accessibility and web usability evaluation techniques have been carried out
and the results show the effectiveness of the system.
KEYWORDS
Smart city, Engagement model, Wiki system, Complaint system, Crowd sourcing, Riyadh.
1. INTRODUCTION
Smart city is one of the hot topics that attracts much interest from both academic and business
fields. There is no unified definition for a smart city but it has several components including
Smart Economy, Smart Citizens, Smart Governance, Smart Mobility, Smart Environment and
Smart Living [1]. Smart city concept aims at improving the conditions and the environments for
the citizens to have better life.
This paper focuses on the role of smart citizens to support smart government and to achieve smart
city vision. In general, governments face many challenges including the transparency between the
government and the citizens, the trust of citizens on the government, the decision-making process,
and the accountability. Solving such issues is very expensive and needs much efforts and
resources.
Citizens’ engagement can enhance the quality of services provided by the government, and
reduce the costs and burdens of infrastructures. Engagements of citizens is defined as [2]: “the
process of informing residents, getting them excited and involved, and then participating in the
smart city programmes from early stage of design to implementation and expansion”. There are
different ways for citizens’ engagement. They can volunteer on developing initiatives to their
cities, participate on the improvement of the available services by providing their insights and/or
2. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.10, No.2, May 2018
96
feedback. They can also act as sensors and provide data for the government as they can capture
any issue in the city using their smartphones and report it to the government [3]. Co-design, co-
production, co-decision, co-creation, co-evaluation, are different notions of engagement, andeach
one of them named by the role of citizen in this cooperation [4].
The solutions proposed by the citizens are based mainly on the web tools and Smartphones which
are freely available with citizens. Citizens’ engagement increases the levels of transparency,
accountability, and the trust between the government and the citizens. However, citizens are
usually reluctant to engage, and they may lack the technical background and skills needed for
such engagement. To promote their participation there should be a simple and attractive
engagement model that is suitable for non-skilled citizens. Existing engagement models can be
broadly classified into two main categories: co-design and crowdsourcing. Co-design means
cooperate in creating solutions, applications and services. In this approach, the government opens
its data to citizens while the citizens create services and solutions to benefit from these data. On
the other hand, crowdsourcing involves taking a large task and breaking it into small, well-
defined tasks for a crowd of people to complete. In this approach citizens act as a source of data
by using their mobile phones capabilities like cameras and GPS to collect data and images,
provide feedback and raise issues about their city to be used in policy formation and governance.
In this paper, a crowdsourcing web-based wiki system “Riyadh Wiki Information and
Complaining System” is proposed to engage citizens in Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia.
Crowdsourcing approach has been selected as it is the most scalable approach that does not
require highly skilled citizens. Using this approach, the huge task of data collection is divided
into smaller tasks to be carried out by the crowd. Co-design approach has been supported also by
allowing the skilled citizens toadd new features and new services to the system. Web-applications
are easy to use by non-skilled citizens while wiki systems enable users to develop the website and
to share information in a collaborative low-cost way [5, 6]. As defined in [7], “a wiki is a
collaborative web site whose content can be edited by visitors to the site, allowing users to easily
create and edit web pages collaboratively”. It is a dynamic flexible shared web site that allows
users to add contents, links, categories, and add data to be shared by other users.
“Riyadh Wiki Information and Complaining System” is an initiative for the smartness of Riyadh
city and presents a model of engagement, where the citizens can engage in the smartness of their
city by publishing Riyadh issues and data about specific sectors such as health and education
sectors with the ability to addnew sectors and new information to the system. In other words, the
system will allow citizens in Riyadh to act as sensor nodes and sources of data to support the
government and to improve their city. Wikia tool has been selected for the system
implementation as it is a free open source tool with useful features to reduce the development
effort.
This paper is structured as follows: section 2 presents related work on literature. Section 3
describes the new system. Evaluation is provided in section 4, and finally, conclusions are
presented in section 5.
2. RELATED WORK
Several cities around the world have been transformed to smart cities. Dubai, Trikala, Barcelona,
Blacksburg Electronic Village, Amsterdam, Singapore [8], Rio de Janeiro, Dubuque, Bornholm,
and Songdo IBD [9] are examples of cities that transformed to smart cities. To achieve the visions
3. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol.10, No.2, May 2018
97
of smart city, different models of engagements and different initiatives have been developed.
These engagement models can be broadly classified into two main categories: co-design and
crowdsourcing.
Co-design approach is based upon engaging citizens in the design, development, and evaluation
of services and applications. Several works based on the co-design approach have been
developed. Álvaro Oliveira and Margarida Campolargo in [10]propose the use of technologies as
enablers to connect and engage government and citizens. To investigate the Human Smart Cities
concept, the authors presented MyNeighbourhood platform as an example. As described by the
authors “The ultimate aim of MyNeighbourhood is to create a momentum and dynamics leading
multiple urban neighbors across Europe to use the MyNeighbourhood Platform to reconnect with
one another, share new ideas, create new ways of interacting and help to make their lives
‘smarter’ [10]”. MyNeighbourhood platform is based on the collaboration and co-design between
the citizens to create smart solutions that focus on the human rather than technology. They used
games technology and gamification method to encourage the citizens to use the platform and to
invent new services.
MyNeighbourhood project has been used in different cities like Aalborg, Birmingham, Lisbon,
and Milan; and the services provided for each city cover different sectors such as health care and
transportation. The project highlights the advantages for the co-design approach as a low cost
scalable approach that does not need huge infrastructure.
Carina Veeckman and Shenja van der Graaf in [11] also discuss the importance of the co-design
and the engagement of the citizens in the smartness of a city. They view the city as a living
laboratory in which the government open its data and the citizens collaborate in the invention of
new services. The paper presents the collaboration in producing smart city services between
different actors in the living lab environment; those actors are research organizations, citizens as
users in providing the feedback, and developers in co-design process. The living lab provides
templates that the citizens can use to develop smart services by accessing the open data. Twenty-
five developers were selected in four cities to use the system and feedback from logging,
questionnaires and interviews was collected. However, the initial results showed that the
developers did not use the application templates. Consequently, a tool has been created to allow
users to combine various datasets in a city and to build basic applications without writing single
line of code. Several applications and services have been developed using the living lab
environment. As an example, the “City Navigator App” application is currently used in different
cities in Europe [11].
Co-design is a low-cost efficient solution, but it has many limitations. The previous examples
show how the co-design approach can produce useful smart city services and highlight the
difficulty to engage citizens in the co-design process. As described above, engagement of citizens
can be improved if appropriate tools are provided. However, the level of citizens’ involvement
depends on the capabilities of the tools and the personal skills of citizens. Also, citizens may be
reluctant to use these tools which limits its applicability. This limits the scope and number of
citizens who would participate in the delivery of the smart city services.
On the other hand, crowdsourcing approach is based upon collecting data, feedback and issues
relevant to a city by its citizens. Consequently, huge data can be collected about the different
sectors easily in a cheap way. Karim Benouaret, Raman Valliyur-Ramalingam, and François
Charoy [12] developed a platform (CrowdSc) that enables citizens to participate with the
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government in the data collection, selection, and evaluation tasks. This framework consists of
three models: input, task and output models. Citizens enter their queries using the input model
and get the answers through the output model. The task model processes the queries and divides
them into smaller tasks by using different strategies. After that the data is collected from the
crowd and after processing and cleaning, the results will be returned to the citizens.
Another framework following crowdsourcing approach is a mobile sensing application presented
in [13]. This framework is called Gather-Share-Govern (GSG) and consists of three layers and
three plans. The first one is the gather plan that uses the mobile phone sensors for gathering data.
The second is the share plan for the mobile network infrastructure and communication. The third
is the govern plan for the analysis of the data.
The authors in [14] presented an open source platform for citizen engagement called
ImproveMyCity. The role of citizens is reporting to government by submitting issues about their
neighborhood such as broken street light. ImproveMyCity is available as a web-system and as a
mobile application where citizens are able to add comments, vote, in addition to reporting their
neighborhood issues. The different issues will be automatically directed to the appropriate
department in the government which will process and fix these issues via back-end infrastructure.
Citizens are able to track the status of their submitted issues.
Crowdsourcing is a more scalable low-cost approach that improves the government transparency
and trust by considering citizens as a source of information. However, easy to use tools to share
data, images and feedback should be provided to encourage citizens to participate. Web
applications and social networks are the most useful and easy to use tools that any citizen can use
without a need to particular skills. However, most portal systems and websites are limited and
cover specific sectors only.
To increase the scope of engagement so that it can cover large number of sectors, Wiki systems
can be used, so that the citizens rather than the government will carry out the web-development
process. In this paper, we propose a scalable Wiki system for citizens’ engagement in Riyadh
city. This system exploits the wide spread of mobile devices with GPS, cameras and many
sensors as a major source of information. Moreover, skilled citizens can add new functionalities
and services to the system so it can be considered as a hybrid engagement model based on both
crowdsourcing and co-design approaches.
3. A NEW RIYADH WIKI SYSTEM
“Riyadh Wiki Information and Complaining System” is an initiative for the smartness of Riyadh
city. It presents a hybrid model of engagement, where the citizens can engage in the smartness of
their city by publishing Riyadh issues and data about different sectors such as health and
education sectors; in addition, citizens can add new features, functionalities and even new sectors
to the system. In other words, the system follows the crowdsourcing approach by allowing
citizens to act as sensor nodes and sources of data to support the government and to improve their
city. It also follows the co-design approach by being an open source platform that allows citizens
to cooperate to build the system and add new features and functionalities to it.
The system aims at enhancing citizens’ life quality and solving many governmental issues in a
cheap and easy way. Using it, the citizens will be aware of the different Riyadh issues, and will
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be encouraged to participate in publishing the issues. As a complaining system, it adds the
following benefits [15]:
• Opening a connection between the people and the governmental agencies, where people can
share their issues and the agency can listen to them.
• Improving agencies’ services by hearing the people issues and fixing them.
• Increasing the level of people satisfaction.
• Saving agency time, by discovering the problem earlier from the people and fixing them.
• Saving agency money, by taking a good decision that can meet people needs, instead of
taking wrong decision that cost a lot to fix them.
In other words, the system aims at solving the previously mentioned government issues:
transparency, trust on the government, decision-making, and accountability in a cheap way as
follows:
• Transparency: there will be a connection between the citizens and the government, so the
citizens can know everything happen in their government and in their city.
• Trust: The citizens can report their issues to the government, and appropriate actions from
the government side will be taken to solve these issues. This will increase the trust of
citizens in their government
• Decision making: there will be an interaction between the government and the citizens to
know their real needs and taking the right decisions that can meet these needs, so this also
will reduce the costs on the government that resulting from the inaccurate decisions, thus
accelerate and improve the government decision-making process.
• Accountability: where each government agency performance and services can be evaluated
by citizens via providing feedback, voting…etc. thus raising the accountability level.
3.1. SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITIES
“Riyadh Wiki Information and Complaining System” is a web-based system where citizens can
discuss, add and share data and issues in the city of Riyadh in order to publish important
information, fix issues and improve their city. The home page of the system is shown in Fig 1.
The main functions of the system are:
• Manage Sector - contribute on building the system by adding new sectors or voting on
building new sectors to add them.
• Manage Information: view/add/delete/update information in the different sectors.
• Manage Complaint: view/add/delete/update complains relevant to the different sectors.
• Add photos and/or videos that support the information or complains.
• Add location: use Riyadh map to specify locations related to the information or
complains, and Fig 2 presents Riyadh map.
• Add comments to the information or complains added by other citizens.
• Share information to specific government agents and/or other citizens on social networks.
This will ensure the reaches of information to a large segment of the society; it will also
encourage other citizens to participate in the system.
• Share complaints on any sector with the government on the application or via social
networks specifically twitter which is the cheapest and fastest channel of communication.
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• General search: search about any information on any sector on the system or ask other
citizens about any information on any sector.
• View twitter timeline: view latest news or information on any sector on twitter timeline.
• Voting: vote for adding new sector.
Fig 1 System home page
3.2 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
To increase the scope of engagement so that it can cover large number of citizens and large
number of sectors, the system has been developed using Wiki tools so that the citizens rather than
the government will carry out the web-development process. Using Wiki, citizens can add new
sectors and share data, complains, and feedback about the different sectors in the city, and the
different services that the government provides. Wikis have several benefits [16-18] by allowing
anyone to edit and share the content, allowing the creation of a content in a collaborative way,
using simple version of HTML as a markup scheme , easy linking between the web pages, where
the web page titles avoid the spaces in naming to allow faster creating, editing, and linking the
web pages and finally the web content is “ego-less, time-less, and never finished” [16].
Fig. 2 Riyadh map
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Riyadh Wiki has been developed using the Wikia tool [19], which is free tool that gains its
revenue from the advertisements. The used markup language on Wikia is Wikitext, in addition to
some HTML tags and CSS [20]. Wikia tool has been selected after in-depth analysis of several
available tools and a comparison between 25 Wiki tools in terms of different featured needed for
the system. Wikia was selected because it covers most of required features including being a free
open source tool, mobile friendly and the support of Arabic and English languages.In addition,
Wikia has features or services that are useful on building the system such as Polls, Top 10 lists,
and Achievements.
The system has been developed with many features that encourage and facilitate the citizens’
participation. Based on the citizen’s interest, he/she can use different ways to add information,
e.g. as text, images or videos. Image gallery can be accessed from the navigation bar as an easy
way to attract citizens to specific topics using attractive images. The widespread of social
networks has been exploited to attract more users to the system.
The system was initially developed with two main sectors: education and health in both Arabic
and English languages. Citizens can add information by adding new pages to each sector and/or
adding content to these pages. They also have the ability to edit these pages or delete them. In
addition, citizens can just update the existing pages on the system on each sector by adding
content to them. There are two types of interactivity tools available for the citizens to add ideas,
issues or questions: Discussions and Forums. Discussions allow citizens to add, update and delete
information, comment on any topic, or rate the topic by using upvote. Citizens can also share the
topic on Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, or Tumblr. Forums allow citizens to add, update and delete
information, comment on any topic, or rate the topic by using kudos and preview information
before posting it. They also provide notification service and allow users to add link, photo, pdf
files, or video to their information.
Riyadh map is used to allow citizens to add locations on a map to their information, events and
complains, or to describe locations and relate them to pages on the system or external links. The
map has been developed using map extension on Wikia, where this extension can be used by
citizens to propose ideas in a smart and creative manner as the system allows users to invent maps
that serve their ideas, by drawing images and link each part on the image to pages inside or
outside the system.
The system exploits also useful features of Wikia like voting systems and achievements tool. The
system provides a Top 10 list that can be used to support the government decision making process
by allowing citizens to vote in any topic. Currently, it is used to select among different sectors to
be added to the system. Achievement tool is also a useful feature to encourage the citizens to use
the system by earning points for every contribution they made to the system. This can be used by
the government to provide annual rewards for the active citizens thus promoting citizens’
participation.
4. EVALUATION OF THE SYSTEM
In this section, initial evaluation of “Riyadh Wiki Information and Complaining System” is
presented. The system emphasizes the importance of people's interactions and participation to
support the government and to achieve smart city vision. As the success of the system is based on
contributions of users on building the content of the web pages, evaluation of the system will be
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based upon e-participation assessment, web accessibility evaluation and the web usability
evaluation.
4.1. E-PARTICIPATION ASSESSMENT
E-Participation is a new means of participation and a subset of e-governance and e-democracies
[21]. It is based on modern ICT supported platform to facilitate the participation in government
and governance [21].
The assessment of the success of e-participation in the system is based on the existence of e-
participation features that are provided by United Nations e-Government Survey [22]. Results of
e-participation assessment are shown in table 1.
As shown in the table the first and second features do not exist currently in the system. However,
they can be added in future if the government adopt the system and run it. All other features are
available on the system.
4.2. WEB ACCESSIBILITY EVALUATION
Web accessibility means that “people with disabilities can perceive, understand, navigate, and
interact with the Web, and that they can contribute to the Web” [23]. Web accessibility also
includes older people with changing capabilities due to aging [24].
Table 1 e-participation assessment.
no The features The
system
1 “Existence of archived information
(policies, budget, legal documents etc.)
related to education, health, finance,
social welfare, labour information and
environment [22]”.
No
2 “Existence of datasets on education,
health, finance such as government
spending, social welfare, labour
information and environment [22]”.
No
3 “Access to government website in
more than one official national
language [22]”.
Yes
4 “Availability of social networking
features [22]”.
Yes
5 “Presence of e-consultation
mechanisms for the six sectors:
education, health, finance, social
welfare, labour information and
environment [22]”.
Yes
6 “Availability of tools in order to obtain
raw (non-deliberative) public opinion
for public policy deliberation such as
online forums, media tools, polls,
voting tolls and petition tools [22]”.
Yes
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7 “Presence of e-decision-making tools
for the six sectors: education, health,
finance, social welfare, labour
information and environment [22]”.
Yes
A manual accessibility testing that focuses on citizens with motor disability, and citizens with
visual disability has been conducted:
• For citizens with motor disability:
Navigate without a mouse technique is used on this testing, where for citizens with motor
disability accessing the web content by using keyboard, because using the mouse is difficult for
them [25].
On this test, Tab key used to navigate, shift key with Tab key to back, and Enter key to do action
[25]. As a result of this testing, all pages of the system are accessed successfully without using a
mouse, so the system is accessible for citizens with motor disability.
• For citizens with visual disability:
“Visual disabilities range from mild or moderate vision impairments in one or both eyes ("low
vision" or "partial sight"), to substantial and uncorrectable loss of vision in both eyes
("blindness") [26]”.
Zoom a page and enlarge text technique is used on this testing, where citizens with visual
disability enlarge text on the page to read it clearly [25].
On this test, Ctrl key with plus key are used to enlarge the content, Ctrl key with minus key is
used to make it smaller, and Ctrl key with number zero to return it to default state [25]. As a
result of this testing, the content of all pages of the system zoom in and out on the range 150%-
200% and it is still readable, so the system is considered accessible for citizens with visual
disability.
4.3.WEB USABILITY EVALUATION
ISO defines usability as the “extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve
specified goals effectively, efficiently and with satisfaction in a specified context of use" (in ISO
9241-11) [28]”. To ensure the usability on our system, the following conditions should be
satisfied:
1. The system must operate on any device: laptop, smartphone, or tablet.
2. The system must be accessible anytime and anywhere.
3. The system must be available on different languages.
4. The system must be free of charge.
5. As the content of the system will be created by the citizens, the system should have
usability features that will facilitate their work.
6. Complaining systems must have features to facilitate adding and reinforcing complains.
By evaluation the system against these conditions we can conclude that accessing the system can
be achieved via different channels: Web site for laptop, Web site with mobile friendly feature for
smartphone and tablet, and Mobile view for smartphone and tablet (A request to Wikia has been
submitted to). This satisfies condition 1. Regarding condition 2, citizens will just need to have
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internet access to access the system anytime and anywhere. For condition 3, the system supports
both Arabic and English languages. The system is also free which satisfies condition 4. Regarding
condition 5, several features facilitate the citizens work such as: Section Editing, Page Templates,
Double-Click Edit, Toolbar, and Access Keys [28]. In addition, for editing we have two types of
editors that can ensure all citizens with their different knowledge levels can participate on
creating the content, which are Visual editor (What You See Is What You Get) Editing, and
Classic editor. Finally, for condition 6, the citizens can add their complaints as a text, then they
can reinforce their complaint by adding video, image, location, or pdf file.
Also, to ensure that citizens can use the system and carry out the different functions in an easy
manner, a number of citizens of different ages and different education background in Riyadh city
test the system and feedback has been collected from them. The test includes measuring the time
needed to carry out the main functions of the system (Add/Delete sector, Add/Update/Delete
information, Add/Update/Delete complain, General search, Add photo/video/comment/location,
share on social networks, Vote). Also, feedback about difficulty or problem faced was collected.
Overall, the results of the survey show that the system is easy to use by citizens regardless of the
education level though some functions took more time by less educated citizens. An example of
the time needed to add information to the system is shown in Fig 3 where time is expresses in
seconds.
Fig. 3 Time needed to add information
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we present “Riyadh Wiki Information and Complaining System” to promote the
engagement of Riyadh citizens with the government to achieve the vision of a smart Riyadh city.
The aim of the system is to solve many governmental issues like transparency, trust, decision
making and accountability in a cheap and easy way. The system follows a hybrid approach
where, following the crowd source approach, citizens act as sensor nodes that provide data and
information about their cities. On the other hand, following the co-design approach, skilled
citizens can develop new functionalities and services to the system. The system is developed as a
web application so non-skilled citizens can use it easily. It is a Wiki system, where citizens rather
than the government carry out the web-development process. The system supports both Arabic
and English language and exploits the widespread of social media to attract more citizens. It
allows different presentations of information as text, images, video and maps and provides voting
and reward systems to encourage citizens’ participation. The system has been evaluated using e-
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participation assessment, web accessibility assessment, and web usability assessment. Results
show that the system is easy to use by citizens regardless of their background and skills. The
system can be enhanced by adding audio features to it. Also, the government can provide their
data and statistics for the citizens to use and to create new services based on available data.
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